概要寫(xiě)作示例與寫(xiě)作訓(xùn)練3【寫(xiě)作示例】【原文呈現(xiàn)】閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways.Sharingbreadorotherfoodsisacommonhumantraditionthatcanpromoteunityandtrust.Foodcanalsohaveaspecificmeaning,andplayasignificantroleinafamilyorculture'scelebrationsortraditions.Thefoodsweeat—andwhenandhowweeatthem—areoftenuniquetoaparticularcultureormayevendifferbetweenrural(農(nóng)村的)andurbanareaswithinonecountry.Sharingbread,whetherduringaspecialoccasion(時(shí)刻)oratthefamilydinnertable,isacommonsymboloftogetherness.Manyculturesalsocelebratebirthdaysandmarriageswithcakesthatarecutandsharedamongtheguests.Earlyformsofcakeweresimplyakindofbread,sothistraditionhitsitsrootsinthecustomofsharingbread.FoodalsoplaysanimportantroleinmanyNewYearcelebrations.InthesouthernUnitedStates,piecesofcornbreadrepresentblocksofgoldforprosperity(興旺)intheNewYear.InGreece,peopleshareaspecialcakecalled

vasilopita.Acoinisputintothecake,whichsignifies(預(yù)示)successintheNewYearforthepersonwhoreceivesit.Manycultureshaveceremoniestocelebratethebirthofachild,andfoodcanplayasignificantrole.InChina,whenababyisonemonthold,familiesnameandwelcometheirchildinacelebrationthatincludesgivingred-coloredeggstoguests.Inmanycultures,roundfoodssuchasgrapes,bread,andmooncakesareeatenatwelcomecelebrationstorepresentfamilyunity.Nutritionisnecessaryforlife,soitisnotsurprisingthatfoodissuchanimportantpartofdifferentculturesaroundtheworld.【思維路徑】[核心內(nèi)容]本文是一篇說(shuō)明文，全文共分五段。第一段主要講了食物和文化有著深刻的聯(lián)系，不同的文化包含著不同的飲食傳統(tǒng)和慶祝方式。食物通過(guò)這兩種基本的方式扮演著溝通的角色。第二段以分享面包為例，說(shuō)明了分享食物可以促進(jìn)團(tuán)結(jié)和建立信任。第三段舉了兩個(gè)具體的列子說(shuō)明食物在慶祝新年時(shí)起的重要作用。第四段解釋了食物在其他一些慶祝儀式中所扮演的角色，如新生命的誕生，家庭的團(tuán)聚。第五段總結(jié)全文，俗話說(shuō)，民以食為天，食物在不同文化當(dāng)中的作用如此之大其實(shí)不足為奇。[寫(xiě)作思路](1)理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意。理清文章脈絡(luò)、概括段落大意是寫(xiě)摘要的基礎(chǔ)，同學(xué)們可以通過(guò)找主題句、分析段落的邏輯關(guān)系來(lái)梳理文章的脈絡(luò)，概括大意。該文第一段的主題句是Foodservesasaformofcommunicationintwofundamentalways；第二第三段主題句是段落的首句。第四段沒(méi)有明顯的主題句，但是可以歸納為foodplaysanimportantroleinmanyotherceremoniessuchasfamilyunity；第五段的整一句句子是本段的主題句。(2)確定表達(dá)要點(diǎn)、靈活準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。每段的段落大意都是我們要表達(dá)的要點(diǎn)，這可以確保不漏點(diǎn)。本文的摘要要把全文第一句作為一個(gè)要點(diǎn)，因?yàn)樗侨牡倪壿嬈瘘c(diǎn)。在確定表達(dá)要點(diǎn)后要思考如何準(zhǔn)確靈活表達(dá)，這是難點(diǎn)。因?yàn)樵u(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)要求完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言。靈活表達(dá)的重要技巧是對(duì)原來(lái)的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行同義替換(paraphrase)，同時(shí)要對(duì)相關(guān)內(nèi)容進(jìn)行整合。第一段主要講了食物作為一種溝通方式對(duì)文化起了兩種基礎(chǔ)性的作用，所以可以將第一段概括成“Foodcanbeawayofcommunicationintwobasicways”，是概要當(dāng)中的要點(diǎn)1,；第二段以分享面包為例，說(shuō)明了食物可以承載團(tuán)圓之意，為避免照抄原文，可將原文“isacommonsymboloftogetherness”轉(zhuǎn)換成“carrythemeaningofunity”，為要點(diǎn)2；第三段講到在新年之際，人們會(huì)吃一些特別的食物，比如在蛋糕中放入錢(qián)幣，這其實(shí)是人們將新年的美好愿望承載于食物當(dāng)中，因此可以表達(dá)成“Foodbearspeople’sbestwishes”，這一點(diǎn)信息是要點(diǎn)3；第四段是對(duì)第三段更進(jìn)一步的說(shuō)明，即在其他的一些慶祝儀式上，食物也充當(dāng)著重要的作用，包含著特定的意義，如文中的兩個(gè)例子，代表新生命的紅雞蛋和代表家庭團(tuán)圓的圓形食物，概要當(dāng)中可將這兩點(diǎn)簡(jiǎn)要概括成要點(diǎn)4。最后一段主要強(qiáng)調(diào)了食物對(duì)于文化的重要作用取決于它是人類(lèi)安生立命的必需品，概要中用necessity一詞強(qiáng)調(diào)了食物的這一作用，為要點(diǎn)5。[參考范文]Foodcanbeawayofcommunicationintwobasicways.(要點(diǎn)1)Sharingbreadonsomespecialsituationscarriesthemeaningofunity.(要點(diǎn)2)InmanyNewYearcelebrations,foodbearspeople’sbestwishessuchassuccessandprosperity.(要點(diǎn)3)Moreover,foodalsoplaysansignificantpartinotherceremoniessuchasfamilyunityandcelebrationsforthenewborn.(要點(diǎn)4)Asfoodissuchanecessity,itisnotsurprisetoknowitsvitalroleindifferentcultures.(要點(diǎn)5)(76words)[范文解析]范文把要點(diǎn)1當(dāng)中的twofundamentalways替換成twobasicways；要點(diǎn)2省略了文中的具體例子，用unity一詞來(lái)概括了分享食物這一傳統(tǒng)所包含的意義；要點(diǎn)3和要點(diǎn)4都旨在說(shuō)明在各種慶祝儀式中食物充當(dāng)?shù)淖饔?，要點(diǎn)4是要點(diǎn)3的補(bǔ)充，所以范文中用了moreover一詞，表明遞進(jìn)。原文第三和第四段給出多個(gè)例子來(lái)支撐短首的中心句，由于受到字?jǐn)?shù)的限制，范文用了幾個(gè)名詞性短語(yǔ)familyunity,celebrationsfornewborn,successandprosperity高度概括了文章所給的例子；要點(diǎn)5用necessity替換了原文中的形容詞，用itsvitalrole代替suchaimportantpart，含義相同，簡(jiǎn)潔易懂。[提煉歸納]1.語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換語(yǔ)義轉(zhuǎn)換是新題型概要寫(xiě)作中很重要的一項(xiàng)基本技能，因?yàn)樵u(píng)價(jià)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)對(duì)“使用自己的語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行觀點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立表達(dá)”有較高的要求。范文中我們將“團(tuán)結(jié)的象征symboloftogetherness”表達(dá)為“meaningofunity”，意義相同，可避免與原文重復(fù)。原文第二段和第三段都在講食物在不同文化中承載的意義，為避免用詞單一，范文先后用了carry和bear來(lái)表達(dá)“承載”的意思。2.要點(diǎn)整合為了達(dá)到概要寫(xiě)作規(guī)定的字?jǐn)?shù)，在準(zhǔn)確梳理原文要點(diǎn)的基礎(chǔ)上，我們需要對(duì)原文的觀點(diǎn)進(jìn)行必要的整合，可以幫助我們更簡(jiǎn)潔、有效地表達(dá)。本篇文章主要是通過(guò)論點(diǎn)加例子的形式進(jìn)行論證的，在形成概要的過(guò)程中，例子是“莖”，論點(diǎn)是“稈”，論點(diǎn)當(dāng)中的要點(diǎn)一個(gè)都不能少，那么相應(yīng)的例子必須做到極其的簡(jiǎn)練概括，范文中familyunity,celebrationsfornewborn,successandprosperity等名詞性質(zhì)的短語(yǔ)都是對(duì)大篇幅例子的概括處理。【寫(xiě)作演練】1.閱讀下面短文,根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要.Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman,authorofTheAtoZGuidetoRaisingHappyandConfidentKids,says,"We'vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict."Bygivingkidsalotofpraise,parentsthinkthey'rebuildingtheirchildren'sconfidence,when,infact,itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand,whengiveninawaythat'sinsincere,makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents'praisehasputthem.Still,don'tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey'renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon'tcareand,asaresult,mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome,youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren'seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal,”saysDonahue,authorofParentingWithoutFear:LettingGoofWorryandFocusingonWhatReallyMatters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit'stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe'soutthereeverydayandplayinghard,youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenshehasworkedhardtocleantheyard,cookdinner,orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis,praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱(chēng)的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________2.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。ElephantscantellItiseasyforustotellourfriendsfromourenemies.Butcanotheranimalsdothesame?Elephantscan!Theycanusetheirsenseofvisionandsmelltotellthedifferencebetweenpeoplewhoposeathreatandthosewhodonot.InKenya，researchersfoundthatelephantsreactdifferentlytoclothingwornbymenoftheMaasaiandKambaethnicgroups.YoungMaasaimenkillanimalsandthusposeathreattoelephants；Kambamenaremainlyfarmersandarenotadangertoelephants.Inanexperimentconductedbyanimalscientists，elephantswerefirstpresentedwithcleanclothingorclothingthathadbeenwornforfivedaysbyeitheraMaasaioraKambaman.WhentheelephantsrecognizedthesmellofclothingwornbyaMaasaiman，theymovedawayfromthesmellfasterandtooklongertorelaxthanwhentheyrecognizedthesmellsofeitherclothingwornbyaKambamanorclothingthathadnotbeenwornatall.Clothingcoloralsoplaysarole，thoughinadifferentway.Inthesamestudy，whentheelephantssawredclothingnotwornbefore，theyreactedangrily，asredistypicallywornbyMaasaimen.Ratherthanrunningawayastheydidwiththesmell，theelephantsactedaggressively(攻擊性地)towardtheredclothing.Theresearchersbelievethattheelephants’emotionalreactionsarebecauseoftheirdifferentunderstandingofthesmellsandthesights.Smellingapotentialdangermeansthatathreatisnearbyandthebestthingtodoisrunawayandhide.Seeingapotentialthreatwithoutitssmellmeansthatriskislow.Therefor，insteadofshowingfearandrunningaway，theelephantsexpresstheirangerandbecomeaggressive.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。WhyisAmerica'sMilkIndustryinsomuchtrouble?FormuchofThe20thcentury,milkwasasimplepartofdailylifeintheU.S.,asfarmersraisedcows,milkmendeliveredbottlesandchildrendrankitatschool.Butthosedaysarefading—afactemphasizedbytheannouncementonJan.5byBordenDairy,amilkprocessor,thatitisfilingforbankruptcyprotection.Borden,whichsaiditwasimpactedby“marketchallengesfacingthedairyindustry,”followsDeanFoods,America'slargestmilkproducer,whichfiledforbankruptcyprotectioninNovember.Americahasfallenoutoflovewithdrinkingmilkandpeoplearesubstitutingwaterbottlesformilkcartons.ThedownturnhasbeentoughondairyprocessorslikeBordenandDean,whichbuyfreshmilkfromfarmsandusetechniqueslikepasteurization(加熱殺菌法)tocreateaconsumer-safebeveragewithalongershelflife.Forthepastfiveyears,thankstotechnologythatincreasedmilkproduction,fresh-milkpriceswererelativelylow.Butpricesbegantickingupagainlastyear,squeezingtheprocessors'alreadytightmargins.“Decliningsalesinathin﹣marginbusinessisnotagoodrecipeforsuccess,”saysMarkStephenson,directorofdairypolicyanalysisattheUniversityofWisconsin.(Americansarestilleatingcheese,butterandicecream,butfluid-milkprocessorssuchasDeanandBordenaren'tbigplayersinthosebusinesses.)Milkprocessorsarealsofacingcompetitionfrombigretailers,whichhavesetuptheirownprocessingplants.In2018,Walmartopenedamilk﹣processingplantinIndianatoservehundredsofstoresintheMidwest,takingawayapproximately95milliongal.ofmilk﹣processingbusinessfromDeanFoods.Ontheotherendofthesupplychain,dairyfarmsarefacingtroubleoftheirown.Thelowpricesthatwereabenefittoprocessorsleftsmallfarmersstrugglingacrosstheindustry.ThenumberofChapter12farmbankruptciesin2019wasup24%fromthepreviousyear.“We'retryingourbesttohangon,”saysMaryRieckmann,adairyfarmerinWisconsinwhosefamilyhasturnedtoGoFundMetokeeptheircentury﹣oldfarmrunning._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________4.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。OnNovember18,1995,ItzhakPerlman,theworldfamousviolinist,cameonstagetogiveaconcertatLincolnCentreinNewYorkCity.IfyouhaveeverbeentoaPerlman'sconcert,youknowthatgettingonstageisnoteasyforhim.Hegotpolio(小兒麻痹癥)asachild,andhastowalkwiththeaidoftwocrutches(拐杖)now.ThatnightPerlmanwalkedslowlytohischair.Thenhesatdownandbegantoplay.But,suddenly,oneofthestringsonhisviolinbroke,Youcouldhearitbreak—itbrokewithaloudnoise.Peoplethoughttothemselves,"Hewillhavetogetuptoeitherfindanotherviolinorfindanotherstringforthisone."Buthedidn't.Instead,hewaitedamoment,closedhiseyesandthensignaledtheconductortobeginagain.Theorchestrabegan,andheplayedfromwherehehadstopped.Heplayedwithsuchpassionandsuchpower.Ofcourse,everyoneknowsthatitisimpossibletoplayasymphonicworkwithjustthreestrings.ButthatnightItzhakPerlmanrefusedtoknowthat.YoucouldseehimchangingandrecomposingthepieceinhisheadWhenhefinished,therewasasilenceintheroom.Thenpeopleroseandcheered.Wewereallonourfeet,doingeverythingwecouldtoshowhowmuchweappreciatedwhathehaddone.Hesmiledandthenhesaidinaquiettone,"Youknow,sometimesitistheartist'stasktofindouthowmuchmusicyoucanmakewithwhatyouhaveleft.”HiswordshavestayedinmymindeversinceIheardthem.Thatisalsothewayoflife.Perhapsourtaskinthisquicklychangingworldinwhichweliveistomakemusic,atfirstwithallthatwehave,andthen,whenthatisnolongerpossible,tomakemusicwithwhatwehaveleft.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________5.閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫(xiě)一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。Ifyouhaven’tseenorheardanythingaboutRoadRage(路怒)inthelastfewmonths,you’veprobablybeenavoidingthemedia.Therehavebeencountlessstoriesaboutthisnewandscaryphenomenon,consideredatypeofaggressivedriving.You’vemostlikelyencounteredaggressivedrivingorRoadRagerecentlyifyoudrive.Whyisthisphenomenonoccurringmorethanevernowandwhyisitsomethingthatseemedalmostnonexistentafewshortyearsago?Expertshavecertaintheoriesandallareprobablypartiallycorrect.Onesuggestionisovercrowding.Inthelastdecade,thenumberofthecarsontheroadshasincreasedbymorethan11percent,andthenumberofmilesdrivenhasincreasedby35percent.However,thenumberofnewroadmileshasonlyincreasedby1percent.Thatmeansmorecarsinthesameamountofspace;andtheproblemisevenseriousinurbanareas.Also,peoplehavelesstimeandmorethingstodo.Withpeopleworkingandtryingtofitextrachoresandactivitiesintotheday,streetlevelshaveneverbeenhigher.Stresscreatesanxiety,whichleadstoshorttempers.Thesefactors,whencombinedincertainsituations,cancauseRoadRage.Youmaythinkyouarethelastpersonwhowoulddriveaggressively,butyoumightbesurprised.Forinstance,haveyoueveryelledoutloudataslowerdriver,soundedthehornlongandhardatanothercar,orspeduptokeepanotherdriverfrompassing?Ifyourecognizeyourselfinanyofthesesituations,watchout!Whetheryouaregettingangryatotherdrivers,oranotherdriverisvisiblyupsetwithyou,therearethingsyoucandotoavoidanymajorconflict.IfyouareeasilyinfluencedtoRoadRage,thekeyistodischargeyouremotioninahealthyway.Ifyouarethetargetofanotherdriver’srage,doeverythingpossibletogetawayfromtheotherdriversafely,includingavoidingeyecontactandgettingoutoftheirway._______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________答案與解析1.【參考范文1】Parentstendtogotoextremeswhenitcomestopausingtheirkids.However,toomuchortoolattepraisecanbeequallydamaging.Whengivingpraise,parentsshouldbesincereandconcentrateontheprocessinsteadoftheresult.Similarly,theyoughttogivepraiseforhowmuchefforttheirkidshaveinvestedinthework.【參考范文2】Parentsbelievepraisingcanhelpraisechildren'sconfidence,buttoomuchpraisemayresultintheoppositeeffect.Yet,toolittlepraisecandiscouragethem.Accordingtosomeexperts,itisthequalityofpraiseratherthanquantitythatmatters,whichshowsparents'sincerityandconcentrationontheprocess.Meanwhile,kidsdodeservepraiseiftheystrivetodotheirduty.Anyway,theamountofpraisedependsontheirperformance.【解析】本文是概要寫(xiě)作。我們需要用正確的英語(yǔ)把給出的要點(diǎn)表達(dá)出來(lái)。動(dòng)筆前，一定要認(rèn)真分析要點(diǎn)，理解要點(diǎn)要表達(dá)的含義，不能遺漏要點(diǎn)，跑題偏題。本作文中給出的要點(diǎn)比較具體，故需要準(zhǔn)確表達(dá)。文章第一段主要講述在教育孩子方面，父母?jìng)冏呦蛄硪粋€(gè)極端；第二段講述過(guò)多的批評(píng)也是不合適的；第三段講述專(zhuān)家說(shuō)，重要的是表?yè)P(yáng)的質(zhì)量而不是數(shù)量，這表明了父母對(duì)這個(gè)過(guò)程的誠(chéng)意和專(zhuān)注。第四段講述表?yè)P(yáng)的數(shù)量取決于他們的表現(xiàn)。寫(xiě)作時(shí)注意準(zhǔn)確運(yùn)用時(shí)態(tài)，上下文意思連貫，符合邏輯關(guān)系，盡量使用自己熟悉的單詞句式，同時(shí)也要注意使用高級(jí)詞匯和高級(jí)句型使文章顯得更有檔次。特別注意在選擇句式時(shí)要賦予變化。平時(shí)除了加強(qiáng)詞匯積累，寫(xiě)作聯(lián)系以外，還可以適當(dāng)記憶一些類(lèi)似的范文，這樣在考試中可以起到事半功倍的效果。【范文點(diǎn)評(píng)】高級(jí)句型：1.Currently,contrarytowhatpeopledidinthepast,manyparentsthinkhighlyoftheirkidstoooften.?譯文：目前，與過(guò)去的做法相反，許多父母過(guò)于高度評(píng)價(jià)自己的孩子。分析：what引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。2.Itissaidthatwhatmattersisnot

thequantitybutthequalityofpraise.譯文：據(jù)說(shuō)重要的不是表?yè)P(yáng)數(shù)量，而是表?yè)P(yáng)質(zhì)量。分析：使用Itissaidthat據(jù)說(shuō)，what引導(dǎo)主語(yǔ)從句。2.【參考范文】Studieshaveshownthatelephantscanusetheirsightandsmelltodistinguishbetweenthosewhoposeathreatandthosewhodonot.InKenya,researchershavefoundthatelephantsresponddifferentlytoclothingwornbymasaiandKambapeople.Thecolorofclothesalsoplaysarole,albeitinadifferentway.Theresearchersbelievethatelephants'emotionalresponseisduetotheirdifferentinterpretationsofsmellsandsights.【解析】這是一篇概要寫(xiě)作。寫(xiě)作步驟1)細(xì)讀原文。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要說(shuō)明了研究表明大象可以用它們的視覺(jué)和嗅覺(jué)來(lái)區(qū)分那些構(gòu)成威脅的人和那些沒(méi)有構(gòu)成威脅的人。在肯尼亞，研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)大象對(duì)馬賽人和坎巴人穿的衣服反應(yīng)不同。衣服的顏色也有一定的作用，雖然方式不同。研究人員認(rèn)為，大象的情緒反應(yīng)是因?yàn)樗鼈儗?duì)氣味和景象的理解不同。2)弄清結(jié)構(gòu)，歸納段意。概要寫(xiě)作是寫(xiě)全文概要，不是寫(xiě)某一部分的概要，或者就某些問(wèn)題寫(xiě)出要點(diǎn)。因此一定要弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)，歸納文章各段大意。3)列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分。4)在寫(xiě)作時(shí)要特別注意下面幾點(diǎn)：(1)概要應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)，略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。(2)安排好篇幅的比例，概要應(yīng)同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫(xiě)重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫(xiě)次要內(nèi)容。(3)注意要點(diǎn)之間的銜接，要用適當(dāng)?shù)年P(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)貫通全文，切忌只簡(jiǎn)單地寫(xiě)出一些互不相干的句子，但也不要每?jī)删渲g都加關(guān)聯(lián)詞語(yǔ)，以免顯得生硬。(4)不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的話語(yǔ)表達(dá)，至少對(duì)原文句子做一些同義詞替換，如果結(jié)構(gòu)上也能有一些轉(zhuǎn)換會(huì)更好。(5)計(jì)算詞數(shù)，看是否符合規(guī)定的詞數(shù)要求。【范文點(diǎn)評(píng)】本文描寫(xiě)詳略得當(dāng)，使用了高級(jí)詞匯和高級(jí)句子。如：Studieshaveshownthatelephantscanusetheirsightandsmelltodistinguishbetweenthosewhoposeathreatandthosewhodonot.賓語(yǔ)從句和定語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用；Theresearchersbelievethatelephants'emotionalresponseisduetotheirdifferentinterpretationsofsmellsandsights.賓語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用等高級(jí)句式。3. 【參考范文】Americandairyindustryisfacingchallengesastheconsumersswitchfrommilktootherbeverages.Companiesthatprocessmilknowhavelowermargins,makingithardtosustainthebusiness.Bigretailerswhohavetheirownmilk﹣processingplantsalsotakebusinessawayfromdairycompanies.Farmerswhosellfreshmilkforlowpricesnowstruggletohangon.【解析】寫(xiě)作步驟1)細(xì)讀原文。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，掌握文章主旨。文章主要說(shuō)明了隨著消費(fèi)者從牛奶轉(zhuǎn)向其他飲料，美國(guó)乳制品行業(yè)正面臨挑戰(zhàn)。牛奶加工企業(yè)現(xiàn)在的利潤(rùn)率較低，很難維持這項(xiàng)業(yè)務(wù)。大型零售商有自己的牛奶加工工廠也從乳制品公司拿走生意。那些以低價(jià)出售鮮奶的農(nóng)民現(xiàn)在都在為維持生計(jì)而掙扎。2)弄清結(jié)構(gòu)，歸納段意。概要寫(xiě)作是寫(xiě)全文概要，不是寫(xiě)某一部分的概要，或者就某些問(wèn)題寫(xiě)出要點(diǎn)。因此一定要弄清文章結(jié)構(gòu)，歸納文章各段大意。3)列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分?！痉段狞c(diǎn)評(píng)】本文描寫(xiě)詳略得當(dāng)，使用了高級(jí)詞匯和高級(jí)句子。如：switchfrom，beverages，makeithardtodosth.等高級(jí)詞匯；Companiesthatprocessmilknowhavelowermargins,makingithardtosustainthebusiness.運(yùn)用現(xiàn)在分詞作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)；Farmerswhosellfreshmilkforlowpricesnowstruggletohangon.運(yùn)用定語(yǔ)從句等高級(jí)句式。4.【參考范文】Asapoliovictimsincehischildhood,ItzhakPerlmanalwaysfa