對(duì)英譯漢中文化缺失現(xiàn)象

的探究AnAnalysisonthe

PhenomenonofCulture

“Lost”inEnglishtoChinese

TranslationContentsTOC\o"1-5"\h\zAbstract 1Keywords 1\o"CurrentDocument"Introduction 1\o"CurrentDocument"Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferentreligionsandfaiths 2Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferent social backgrounds 3ThesourcesofEnglishsurname 4Namesofoldplaces………………4Dwelling places…………………4\o"CurrentDocument"Career 4\o"CurrentDocument"Colors 4\o"CurrentDocument"Family names 4\o"CurrentDocument"Namesofanimalsandplants 4\o"CurrentDocument"Naturalphenomenon 4\o"CurrentDocument"Shapenickname 4ThesourcesofEnglishnames 5Season,month,dateand weather 5\o"CurrentDocument"NamesofAnimals 5\o"CurrentDocument"Namesofplants 5\o"CurrentDocument"Namesofmetals 5\o"CurrentDocument"NamesofGodandhero 5Namesofsurnamesofparents ……5\o"CurrentDocument"Differentassociatemeanings 7\o"CurrentDocument"Geographicalreasons 7Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferent historicalbackgrounds 8YCultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferent political backgrounds 10\o"CurrentDocument"VI.Conclusion 10\o"CurrentDocument"Reference 10AnAnalsisonthePhenomenonofCulture“Lost”inEnlishtoChineseTranslationAnAnalsisonthePhenomenonofCulture“Lost”inEnlishtoChineseTranslation第第#頁(yè)共12頁(yè)摘要：本文主要研究翻譯中的文化差異所產(chǎn)生的交流方面的影響。盡管文化是個(gè)復(fù)合體,它仍然被分為三個(gè)流派:物質(zhì)文化,制度文化以及人文文化.語(yǔ)言屬于制度文化,也緊緊的依附于人文文化之上。人文文化的不同造成了翻譯中的文化缺失現(xiàn)象。本文將首先分析各種翻譯文化缺失的具體原因，再進(jìn)一步闡述如何解決文化缺失這一英譯漢翻譯中的難題。關(guān)鍵詞:英語(yǔ)漢語(yǔ)翻譯文化缺失Abstract:Thisarticlediscussestheinfluenceofculturaldifferencesonacross-culturaltranslationevent.Howevercomplexacultureis,itcanroughlybedividedintothreecategories:materialculture,institutionalcultureandhumanitarian.Languagebelongstoinstitutionalculture,whichiscloselyrelatedtomentalcultureinformationandperformance.Differencesinhumanitarianarewhatproducethedifferencesinlanguagesinvolvedintranslation.Thearticlefirstelaboratesthereasonforproducingsomanyculturelostproblems,thenfurtherprovideseffectivemethodstosolveculture-lost-problemsintranslationfromEnglishintoChinese.Keywords:EnglishChinesetranslationculturelostIntroductionTranslationisunavoidabletoconnectwiththeabundantculturalinformationcontainedinthelanguage.Atthebeginningoflanguagemanipulation,translationcomesintocontactwiththeculture.Languagereactsthecultureinformationontwolevels,theyareinteriorlanguageandexteriorlanguage.Wearetryingtousetypicaltranslationcasestoanalysisandresearchhowtranslationcompletedthetasksofculturalinformationdeliveryonthebasisofknowingtheculturalinformationthatthelanguageitselfcarriedtorealizethecommunicationbetweendifferentcultures.Intheprocessoftranslation,differentculturalaccumulationappearingapparentlyintheirownlanguages,hasbecomeindependent,withnoconnectionbetweenthemanuscriptandsourcelanguage.Itiswell-knownthattheculturereferstothesummaryofsubstantialwealthandspiritualwealthwhichcreatedbyhuman-beingsduringthelonghistory.Generallyspeaking,culturereferstothesocialideologyandthecorrespondingsystem.Thecultureisahistoricalphenomenon,everysocietyhasacertainculturewhichfitforit,andindifferentperiods,thesamecountryhasdifferentculturaldetails.Languageistheingredientandthecarrierofculture;itisthebasewhichlanguagedependson,thesourceoflanguagemetabolismatthemeantime.Asamatteroffact,languageisthereflectionofculture,andalsoanefficienttooltomasteraculture.Thetranslatorshavetonotonlymasterthesourcelanguageandthetargetlanguageskillfully,butalsobefamiliarwiththecultureofthetwolanguages,thenconfirmthedifferencesbetweenthem.Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferentreligionsandfaithsInourmany-facetworld,thesystem,thefaith,theaestheticappreciation,thenotionofmoralityandtheideaofvalueofdifferentnationsarevaried,peoplehavedifferentopinionsonthesamething.Eg.TheAmericanandtheChinesehavedifferentviewpointsonhumanrights.Democracy,freedom,justiceandhumanism,thiskindofabstractconceptionhavethesamefate.Forexample,“individualism”comestoChinaandisregardedas“egoism”.However,asamatteroffacttheyarequitedifferentfromeachother.Historically,Chinesepeoplethinkthatthecommunityissuperiortoindividual.Incontrast,“egoism”istheoppositeofthespiritandislookeddownupon.However,Americansrespectindividualismbecauseoftheirhistory.ThoseEuropeanpioneerswhocametoAmericansurvivedanddevelopedbasedontheindividualspirit.Somepeoplethinkthatindividualismshouldbetranslatedas“individualconsciousness”and“individualspirit”.SinceinChina,“spirit”ismorepositiveand“consciousness”isneutral.InEnglishitcanbecalled“egoism”.Foranotherexample,ournatureiscolorful,anddifferentnationsdefinethesecolorsintodifferentmeanings.Itiswell-knownthatinChina,thecolor“red”referstothemeaningofjubilant,propitious,sothereisacustomwhenChinesebridesontheirwedding,theyareinredandwearredflowers,therefore,intheWesterncountries,thebrideisinwhitetostandforthecleanandhonestlove.AsinChinawhiteisasadcolorwhichstandforcondolences,sometimesblackplaysthesamerole.InChinayellowisaauthoritycolorwhichcannotbeinfringed,onlyimperialfamilyhavetherighttowearyellowclothes.Butthemeaningof“yellowbook(色情書(shū)籍)”inChinaisdifferentfromthecoloritself.Inwesternculture,wecanknowfromthesewords“bluefilms,bluegag”thattheyuse“blue”insteadof“yellow”.sotoatranslatorwhoknowsnothingaboutlanguagecolor,itisdifficulttounderstandtheintentionofit.EnglandandotherwesterncountriesareChristendomandhaveformedstrongChristculture.ButinChina,peoplemainlybelieveinBuddhismwhichseriouslyinfluenceChinesepeople.Theregoesawell-knownChineseproverbofthreemonks.ItisdifficulttotranslatetheproverbintoEnglishsincewesternersarenotfamiliarwiththeconception“monks”andtheyrarelyknowthemeaningofit.InEnglishthereisasimilarsetphrase:“oneboyisboy;twoboysarehalfaboy;threeboysarenoboy.”O(jiān)r“toomanycooksspoilthebroth.”Ifyouneedpaymoreattentiontoformwecantranslateliterally:onemonk,twobuckets;twomonks,onebucket;threemonks.(nobucket,nowater-morehand,lesswork)AndthewesternersalsohavestoriesfromtheBible.Eg.LetbothsideswritetoheedinallconcernsofearthcommandofIsaiahto“undotheheavyburdens(and)lettheoppressedgofree”(JohnKennedy:InauguralSpeech)IsaiahisaprophetinOldTestamentofBible.Heisnamed“rescueJesus”.Heiswellcultivated,intelligent,knowledgeableandbraveenoughtooffendthepowerandpredictthatonedayIsraelwillberescued.Inthatshortinauguralspeech,Kennedymentionedthename,whichiswellknownbypeopleofChristendom.Butifitistranslatedjustaccordingword’spronunciationwithoutanyexplanation,manyChinesepeopledon’tknowthemissionendowedbyGod.Foranotherexample,DavidandGoliath Davidisashepherdboy,whenhefoughtwiththegiantGoliath,hekilledhimwithacatapult.Sopeopleusethissampletometaphorthattheweakeronedefeatedthestrongerone.JudasisoneoftheJehovahvotarieswhobetrayedJehovah,sopeopleusethenameJudastometaphorthetraitor,andhegotthirtypiecesofsilverisusedtorefertothewealthofbetraymyothers,atthemeantime,JudaskissedJehovahtomakehimarrested,so“akissofdeathreferstofriendlyonthesurface,butframeothersupinthedarkness.And“forbiddenfruit”,“bearone’scross”,havetheirspecialmeanings,too.Therefore,themainreligionconvictionofHannationalityisBuddhismandTaoism,sotheyhavesomespecialculturalphrasesaboutthem.eg.“道高一尺，魔高一丈，“放下屠刀，立地成佛”，“臨時(shí)抱佛腳”，“做一天和尚，撞一天鐘”，“不看僧面看佛面”，“苦海無(wú)邊，回頭是岸”，“救人一命勝造七級(jí)浮屠"etc.Translatorshavetoresearchthentounderstandandmasterthem.Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferentsocialbackground;Differentsocialbackgroundscausedifferentculturephenomena,italsocausesculturelost.Differentcountrieshavevarioussocialforms,peoplelivingindifferentplaceshavedifferentopinionsonsocialevents,thatisthemainreasonswhyculturelostappeared.Inthefollowing,IwillstudythecaseoftheoriginsoftheChineseandEnglishnames.InChina,weuseourfather’ssurnameandpassittoourchildren,inwesterncountries,theycreatetheirsurnamesbynamesofplaces,career,colorsandsoon,whenwetranslateEnglishnamesandsurnamesintoChinese,wecannotunderstandtherealmeaningsofthesenames.Herearesomeexamplesbelow:.ThesourcesofEnglishsurnameNamesofoldplaces“Lancaster”（蘭開(kāi)斯特）and“Boston”（波士頓）arenamesofcitiesinBritainandU.S.,“Everest”（埃弗里斯特）isthenameofthehighestmountainintheworld,“Snowdon”（斯諾登）isthenameofaBritishmountain,“Thames”（泰晤士）and“Hudson”（赫德森）isnamesofrivers.DwellingplacesField（費(fèi)爾德田野）Hill（希爾小山）Brook（布魯克小溪）Lane（萊蒽鄉(xiāng)間小路）Shore（肖爾海濱）CareerBaker（貝克面包師）Carpenter（卡朋特木匠）Fisher（費(fèi)希爾漁夫）Hunter（亨特獵手）Butcher（布切爾屠夫）Manson（曼森泥瓦工）Merchant（默昌特商人）Sailor（塞爾水手）Scrivener（斯克萊文那公證人）Tailor（泰勒裁縫）Smith（史密斯鐵匠）Goldsmith（古德史密斯金屬鐵匠）Tinsmith（廷史密斯白鐵匠）Coppersmith（古柏史密斯銅匠）Blacksmith（布萊克史密斯鐵匠）ColorsBlue（布魯藍(lán)色）Brown（布朗褐色）Red（萊德紅色）Green（格林綠色）Orange（奧蘭治橙色）Black（布萊克黑色）Scarlet（斯卡麗特猩紅色）White（懷特白色）FamilynamesTomJohnson（湯姆約翰遜）isthesonofTomJohn（湯姆約翰）,Macarthur（邁克阿瑟）isthesonofArthur（阿瑟），F(xiàn)itzgerald（費(fèi)茨杰拉德）isthesonofGerald（杰拉德）.NamesofanimalsandplantsLamb（萊姆羊羔）Fox（?？怂购偅￤ood（伍德木頭）Flower（弗拉華花朵）NaturalphenomenonSnow（斯諾雪）Frost（弗洛斯特霜）Cloud（克羅德云）Rain（瑞恩雨）ShapenicknameBiggie（比基大塊頭）Bunch（邦奇駝背）Fatt（凡特胖子）Small（斯默小塊頭）Short（肖特矮小）Long（朗高個(gè)子）Longfellow（朗費(fèi)羅高個(gè)子）ThesourcesofEnglishnamesSeason,month,dateandweatherSpring（斯普林春天）Summer（薩默夏天）Fall（福爾秋天）Winte（溫特冬天）March（馬奇三月）April（阿普利爾四月）May（梅五月）June（茱六月）August（奧古斯特八月）Friday（弗萊德星期五）Sunday（桑德星期天）Wind（溫德風(fēng)）Rainy（瑞尼雨）Frost（弗洛斯特霜）Snow（斯諾雪）Cloud（克羅德云）NamesofAnimalsBear（拜爾熊）Bull（布爾牛）Mule（繆爾騾）Seal（塞爾海豹）Peacock（匹科克孔雀）Parrot（帕羅特鸚鵡）Goose（古斯鵝）Swan（斯萬(wàn)天鵝）NamesofplantsApple（阿普爾蘋(píng)果）Peach（皮奇桃子）Pear（皮爾梨子）Graper（格雷珀葡萄）Bean（比恩豆子）Corn（科恩玉米）Rose（羅斯玫瑰）Lily（莉莉百合花）Daisy（德塞雛菊）Lotus（洛特斯蓮花）NamesofmetalsGold（古德金）Silver（希爾弗銀）Copper（古柏銅）Iron（艾恩鐵）Tinn（廷錫）Lead（里德鉛）Goldisthenameofthefirstsonordaughter,Silveristhenameofthesecondsonordaughter.NamesofGodandheroApollo（阿波羅太陽(yáng)神）Jupiter（丘比特愛(ài)神）Diana（戴安娜月亮女神）Hymen（海曼婚禮女神）Mars（馬斯戰(zhàn)神）Athena（雅典娜智慧女神）Washington（華盛頓美國(guó)第一任總統(tǒng)）Lincoln（林肯第十六任美國(guó)總統(tǒng)）Franklin（弗蘭克林美國(guó)科學(xué)家、物理學(xué)家、社會(huì)活動(dòng)家,資產(chǎn)階級(jí)革命時(shí)期的民主主義者）

NamesofsurnamesofparentsA19thpainterEdwardBurne-Jones（愛(ài)德華波尼瓊斯），Burne（波尼）ishismother'ssurname,Jones（瓊斯）ishisfather,ssurname.JohnD.RockefellerSenior（老約翰洛克菲勒）isJohnD.RockefellerJunior,s（小約翰洛克菲勒）fatherSomeEnglishnameswerenotcreatebynamesofplacesorcareers,buttheystillhavesomeimplymeanings.WehavenowaytotranslatethesenamesastheirownimplymeaningintoChinese.EnglishnamesChinesetranslationMeaningAlexander亞歷山大人類(lèi)的慰藉Andrew安德魯剛強(qiáng)Anthony安東尼無(wú)比可貴Charles查爾斯大丈夫Edward愛(ài)德華財(cái)富守護(hù)者Frank弗蘭克自由Frederick弗雷德里克愛(ài)和平的統(tǒng)治者George喬治耕作者Henry亨利統(tǒng)治者Harold哈羅德武士Jack杰克剛強(qiáng)John約翰神的恩典Mark馬克戰(zhàn)神之子Micheal邁克爾神之寵兒Richard理查德剛正Walter沃爾特強(qiáng)有力的統(tǒng)治者William威廉姆意志Allen埃倫陽(yáng)光Alice愛(ài)麗斯美麗Anne安妮高雅Catherine凱瑟琳純潔Emily埃米莉勤勞Elizabeth伊麗莎白神的誓言Helen海倫光明的使者Jane簡(jiǎn)神之愛(ài)Jenny詹妮文靜Joan瓊溫柔Margaret瑪格麗特珍珠Nancy南希高雅Susan蘇珊百合花Julia朱麗婭秀顏WecanunderstandtheresourcesofEnglishnamesandsurnameshavemanymeanings,theyaredifferentfromtheChinesetranslation.Thelanguageisanimportanttoolforexpression,atthetimeofdescribingsomeaffairs,weusuallywanttodoajudgmentinevitably.Whilechoosingsomephrasestoevaluatethemeaning,thereporterexpectsthesephrasesofmeaningarisepersonaljudgmentinthereader'sbrain.Inthenewsliterarystyle,thereporterworryaboutso-calledreliabilityofinfluence,whilechoosethisphrase,usuallytheyareverycareful.AtthetimeofreportingCentralAmericaairplanecollidingwitheachother,manyAmericanreportersused"thespyplane"butdidnotuse"thereconnaissanceplane",thiskindofwritingmethodonceletmilitaryauthoritydisatisfactiongreatly.Thisjustisjustawritinggame,usinginspiteofwhatphrase.Themainpurposeoftranslationistoinformthemeaning,especiallysmalldifferencesofthemeaning.Pleaseseethefollowingexamples:TodaytheAmericansarebitterthattheBritishhaveletthemdownbynotsupportingthem.（現(xiàn)在美國(guó)人則十分埋怨英國(guó)人不仗義。）“EverytimewetrustedDemocrats,”saysHouseRepublicanWhipNewtGingrich,“theycheated.”Suchkindergartencomplimentswerehappilyreturned.（“每次我們只要一信任民主黨人,”眾議院共和黨領(lǐng)袖金里奇聲言,“他們準(zhǔn)使詐?！边@種幼稚的攻訐迅即遭到了猛烈的反擊。）Tothecontrary,whatwehaveseenisaredoutlineofSaddamHussein’seffortstodestroycompletelyKuwaitpeople.（相反，我們所看到的是薩達(dá)姆.侯賽因變本加厲地要全部摧毀科威特及其人民。）inexample（1）,themeaningof“l(fā)etdown”is“tofailtosupport;tofallshortoftheexpectationsof.”thepejorativemeaninghereisnotobvious.butinthetranslation,thetranslatoruse“不仗義”,means“不忠實(shí)”,therealmeaningiseasilyfelt.DifferentassociatemeaningsInChineseandEnglishculture,therearesomanyobjectswhichhavethesamemeanings,buttheyalwayshavedifferentassociatemeaning,evensomeofthemarecompleteopposite.IntheChineseculture,weadore“old”verymuch,wethinkitisafungiblewordofwitnessandauthority,becauseourancestorsaresoexcellent.Somerestaurantevenlikethespecialslogan“歷史悠久、百年老店”.InAmerican,peopletherehavequitedifferentopinionfromus.Theythinkthatnewandyoungisthesymboloflifeandvigor,peopleworshipyouth;oldisthesymbolofdeathanddecline,soageisatabootopicinAmericanconversation.Thebestwayforyoutobecomeasourpassisaskingtheageofafemalenative-Englishspeaker.Manywesternerareafraidtocelebratetheir40thbirthday,theythinkthatwhentheypasstheir40,thesocietymayditchthembecausetheyaretooold.“Youcannotteachanolddognewtricks”isacommonslanginAmerican.Geographicalreasons“Jennyislatebecauseshehasotherfishtodry”,becauseweChinesepeopleliveontheland,wedependonagriculture,ifyoudon’tknowtheBritishliveontheislandgeographically,fishingandsailingplayanimportantroleintheirdailylife,maybethetranslationwillbelikethis“珍妮晚了，因?yàn)樗獣耵~(yú)”,actuallytherealmeaningofthissentenceis“珍妮晚了，因?yàn)樗屑笔乱觥?Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferenthistoricalbackground;WesternershavedifferentopinionsonsomeimagesfromtheChinesepeople’sdefinitions.ItisinterestingthatthemeaningofadogiscompletelycontraryintheChineseandEnglishculture.IntheWestern,dogisafaithfulfriendofhuman-beings,therearesomanysayings“l(fā)oveme,lovemydog”（愛(ài)屋及烏），“topdog”（最重要的人）”luckydog”（幸運(yùn)兒）,“everydoghashisday”（凡人皆有得意時(shí)）,etc.Nevertheless,inChina,thedoghasatragicdestiny,eg.“狗崽子”、“狗腿子”、“狗仗人勢(shì)”、“狐朋狗友”、“狗急跳墻”、“狼心狗肺”、“狗嘴里吐不出象牙”.InEnglish,thereis“aswiseasanowl”,sincepeopleinEnglishspeakingcountriesconsiderowlasthesymbolofwisdom.Onthecontrary,Chinesehaveadifferentideaaboutit.Somepeoplefeartoseeorhearit,whichisasymbolofbadluck.InChinese“oneowlcomesintohouse”meansdisasterwillcometothefamily.BatisasymbolofluckhealthandhappinessinChina.However,itistheimageofuglyferociousanimalinEngland.Bytheway,inChinesepeople’sopinion,thepinetree,thebambooandtheplumblossomsymbolizetheexcellentcharactersofperseverance,buttheWesternersthinkthattheyarenormalplantswithnodifferencesfromotherplants.Foranotherexample,Chinesepeopleregarddragonasamagicalanimal,fromancienttimetothepresent,theHannationalitythinksthatdragonsymbolizeshonor,wecallourselvesthesuccessorofdragon,itstandsforpowerfulnationalspirit.Inancienttime,Chinesepeoplesymbolizeddragonasemperor,evendividedchoppersintothreekinds:dragon,tigeranddog,wecanseethatdragonisreallyahonorableanimalinChineseculture.However,inEnglish,dragonisaterriblelizardwithalongtailwhichcansprayfirefromitsmouth.Everyracehasitsfoodculture.“jiaozi”isthetypicalfoodofChinaandsardineistheordinaryfoodofwesterncountries.InEnglish,“itispackedlikesardines”thatmeanscrowdedpeople.ButweChineseoftensay“asmanypeopleasjiaozi”.Withmoreandmorecultureexchanges,manyChineseknowsardinesandEnglishandAmericansbecomefamiliarwithChinesetypicalfoodjiaoziandacceptitasaborrowedword.So,thetranslatorshavetobefamiliarwiththelanguageculture,otherwiseitwillaffectthequalityoftranslation.Differentracedevelopedalongdifferenthistoricaltrack,sotheirculturalbackgroundbecomevarious.Eg.InChina,thecoreofafamilyisfatherorson.However,inwesternworldespeciallyinAmericanandBritain,thecoreofthefamilyisthecouple.Fromancienttimetothepresent,Chinahasbeenanagriculturalcountryallthetime,andthecattleisthemostfamiliaranimalofChinesefarmers.BecausemostoftheChinesefarmersusethecattleasatool,itisthemostdiligentfriendofChinesepeople,therefore,therearesomanyphrasesorsayingsaboutcattleinChinesehistory,eg.“力大如?！薄ⅰ皩?duì)牛彈琴”、“俯首甘為孺子?！保琱owever,inancienttime,Englishspeakingcountriesusehorseinsteadofcattle,andtheyusehorseasafigureofspeech,eg“eatlikeahorse,”“awillinghorse”,“putthecartbeforethehors”eetc.Thereasonwhysomanydifferentculturalphenomenonappearisthattheyhavedifferentculturalbackground.ThelanguageofEnglish-speakingcountriesisalsoconnectedwithitsownculturalbackground,eg.“GrosstheRubiconandburnonesboats”（背水一戰(zhàn)）meanshavenootherchoicesbutstruggleinthebattle;“meetone,sWaterloo”（一敗涂地）meansfailedinthebattle;“armedtotheteeth”（武裝至ij牙齒）meansthearmyhavethebestweapons;“sticktoone,sguns”（堅(jiān)持立場(chǎng)）meanspersistonbelievingone,sopinion;“round-tablemeeting”（圓桌會(huì)議）“Watergatescandal”（水門(mén)事件）etc.Everynationhasitsownculturalestate,thiscannotbemutualwithothernations,eg.“說(shuō)曹操曹操至”、“三個(gè)臭皮匠頂個(gè)諸葛亮”、“過(guò)五關(guān)斬六將”、“有眼不識(shí)泰山”andsoon,theyhaveobviouscharacterwhichrelatecloselytotheHanculture.TherearestillsomedifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishwhichcomefromtheirownliteraturewritings.Inwesterncountries,Grandetistheincarnationofgreedymiser,inChina,ZhugeLiangistheincarnationofwitness.ThewesternerswhohavenoideaofChineseclassicalliteraturecannotunderstandtheaccuratemeaningof“鴻門(mén)宴”,assomeHanreaderscannotunderstandthemeaningof“acatch-22situation（軍規(guī)式的困境）.AllofthesearebecauseoftheEnglishandtheChinesehistoricalbackground.Themoreknowledgeyouknowaboutthesourcelanguage,thebetteryoutranslate.WhenAmericansmeetothers,theywouldliketosay“Hello”or“Hi”,theBritishliketalkingabouttheweather,buttheChineseusuallyask“Haveyoueaten（吃了嗎）?”or“Whereareyougoing（去哪里）?”Althoughwesternersregarditisimpolitetopayintoother’sprivatethings.Butmaybeyouwilloffendormakeothersangryifyouarenotfamiliarwiththeirdifferentculturalbackground.Oneofmyclassmatesissocutethatshewouldlovetoask“Wheredidyougo?”“Whereareyougoing?”Wearesofamiliarwithher,soweknowthatthisisamethodofhertoshowhersolicitude.Butoneday,shemettheforeignteacherandsheaskedconditionedreflex“Wheredidyougo?”（Actually“Hello”isOK）theteacherwassoawkwardbecausehewasjustwalkedoutofthemen’sroom,hewastrytobranchoffthetopic,butthegirlwassoenthusiasticaboutthisandaskedcontinuously“Haveyoueaten?”Thatisreallyafunnysituation!Cultural“l(fā)ost”causedbydifferentpoliticalbackground.DifferentpoliticalsystemsofChinaandEnglishalsocauseculturebla