PAGEPAGE1TheapplicationofPLCtechniqueinthecontrolofmarineboilersProgrammableforewordcontroller,IscalledPCorPLC,ItappearscausesthecontroldomainfacedwithatechnicaltransformationTaketherelayasthefoundationengineroomcontroldevicestructurecomplex,thecomponentaremany,Thereliabilityisbad,ThebreakdownsometimesoccursThecurrentourcountryshipsusetheimportcompletesetcontroldevice,Itsfunctionconsummates,Thereliabilityisalsohigh,ButthepriceisexpensiveNumberyearago,IuseimportPLCamthecontroller,Owndesignthehardware,Establishmentcontrolprocedure,DevelopssuccessfullythePC-GCprogrammableboilercombustioncontrolinstallment,SubstitutesfortheEnglishHAMWORTHYCorporationproductInthenearfuturethesimilarproductwillcomparewiththiscompany,Performancequite,Thepriceonlyisits12.5~13.4year,AltogetherhasPC-GCtoinstall12setsinDazing414andsoon6Stripoiltankersolidshipuse,ExperiencestheSouthChinaSeastormandthenearly70℃hightemperatureadversecircumstancetests,Movesgood,DoesnothaveabreakdownTheexperienceindicated,Introducestheminorityessentialcomponent,Accordingtoconcretecontrolsystemrequest,Designstheappropriatesoftwareandthenecessaryhardware,Istheshipstechnologicaltransformationsandtheequipmentdispositiongoodmeans1systemcompositionThesystemiscomposedbybelowseveralparts:ProgrammableforewordcontrollerPC;PowersourcePS;ExaminationunitCooperationunitOB;ActuationunitM;DisplaymonitorIB;AuxiliaryrelayunitJB;LinebankL,Likechart1showsThefirstsixpartsarethecontroldevicebasiccompositionThisinstallmentadditionallybuildsauxiliaryrelayunitJBincludingfour8portsintermediaterelayJ1,J2,J3andJ4and12portslightcontrolsrelayJGC.Whenthecontrolleroutputmustactuatethehigh-powerload,NeedstocarryonthevoltageorthepowerconversionthroughtheintermediaterelayTheintermediaterelaybesidescompletesthehostwhichitundertakestocontrolthefunction,Alsoprovidesmanyvice-auxiliaryports,Mayusefortheinterconnectionrelatedequipmentorputthroughtheconditionindicatinglamp,DoesthismaysavethehosttocontroltheunitthehardwareresourcesAfterestablishmentlinebank,Thepowersource,thePCboard,examinethecomponent,carriesoutthecomponent,operatesthebutton,thedisplaylampandsoonthecompletecontactalllinkstothelinebankplugin,Thisfortheequipmentsetup,theserviceandthesearchbreakdownhasprovidedtheconvenienceSystemeachpartofcompositionsandconnection。2Systemscontrolsrequest2.1Burningmanagementcontrol(1)FueloilchoiceThefuelmaychoosetheheavyoilorthelightoilIfchoiceheavyoil,Theoiltemperaturemustin80℃above,ThesidecancarryonburningTheoiltemperatureislowerthan80℃,Thenblowing-out,Andthestartheatsuptheinstallmenttoheatuptotheheavyoil(2)CombustioncontrolAccordingtothestart,frontsweepsthegas,theignition,opensthe#1sprayhole,opensthe#2sprayholetheordertostartboilerburning;Afterclosesthe#2sprayhole,closestheorderblowing-outwhichthe#1sprayhole,sweepswasmad(3)SteampressureintermittentcontrolAccordingtoboilersteampressurepANDgatelimitingvaluep1(0.7MPa,p2(approximately0.6MPa)controlstwosprayholesapproximately)theworkWhenp>p1,#1,the#2sprayholecloses;Whenp1>p>p2,The#1sprayholealoneworks;Whenp2>p,#1,the#2sprayholeopens。(4)Boilerwatermonitortheboilerwaterlevelusesthepairofpositioncontrolmode,whichknewverywell,Therefore,doesnotgiverelatesindetail2.2Interconnectionprotections(1)SteamoverpressureinterconnectionThesteampressurearrivesreportstothepolicethresholdvaluep0(approximatelytime0.72MPa),Sendsout"thesteamoverpressure"thewarning,Blowing-out,Andshutsofftheloadpowersource,Stopstoallexecutionscomponentpowersupply(2)TheboilerwaterlevelreportstothepoliceTheestablishmenthighreportstothepolicethewaterlevelandthelowestdangerwarningwaterlevelWhencontrolsmalfunctions,Thewaterlevelsurpassesreportstothepolicethewaterlevel,Thensendsoutthehighwatermarktoreporttothepolice,AndshutsoffthefeedpumpelectricmotorpowersourceWhenthewaterlevelislowerthanthedangerwarningwaterlevel,Thensendsoutthelowwaterleveltoreporttothepolice,Boilerblowing-out。(3)Theemergencyblowing-outprotectsWhenthecollectioncontrolsTaiwantohavetheblowing-outtoorder,Thensendsout"theemergencyblowing-out"thewarning,Boilerblowing-out(4)HeavyoiltemperaturecontrolinterconnectionWhenchoiceheavyoil,Theoiltemperatureishigherthan80℃procedurestobeabletomoveTheoiltemperaturelowlyislowerthanthisvalue,Sendsoutthewarning,Boilerblowing-out(5)FlamesurveillanceunusualinterconnectionWhenappearstheignitiondefeat,themidwayflameoutortheburningconditionworsening,Sendsout"theflamesurveillancetobeunusual"thewarning,Boilerblowing-out(6)Manual,automaticoperationinterconnectiononlywhencutstheswitchtoset"manually"("isautomatic")theposition,onlythenallowscarriesonmanually(isautomatic)alloperations(7)The#1sprayholedoesnotwork,Ortheairthrottlehasnotstartedinabigway,The#2sprayholedoesnotworkandsoon3HardwaredesignsThehardwaredesignmainlyrevolvesthesystemthereliabilityandtheconsummationitsfunctiontwogoalcarrieson3.1PCshapingTheprogrammableforewordcontrolleruses,theexcellentcraftmanufactureadvanced,itsreliabilityisthegenerallaborcontrolsthemicrocomputer4~6todouble,ThereforeshouldstressfromthecontrolfunctionanglechoosesPC.Regardingthesingleplane,themediumscale,useinguaranteeingtheboilersafeoperationtheautomaticcontrolsystem,Toconservesenergythegoaltobepossiblenottoconsider,ThereforedoesnotneedthePIDcontrolfunctionSuchsystembyconditioncontrol,sequentialcontrolprimarily,Bytheswitchquantitylogicoperation,thetime,countsisinthemajority,Toaspecttheandsooncomponentrunningrateperformancedoesnothavethespecialrequest,Thereforemayactaccordingtotheproceduretoneedthecapacity(IOportnumberandmemorysize)makesthePCshapingThestoragecapacity(procedurestep)may)*∑(IO)maketheestimateaccordingtoempiricalformulaQ=6~10,Iftheuserprogramisnotbig,SavesTheaccumulatorcapacitydemandiseasytosatisfyThissystemaltogethermustinputtheport,outputporteach14(ifincreaseboilerwatermonitorfunction,Mustagainincreasetheinput,outputporteach4),ThereforeusesMitsubishiCorporationF1-30MRorF1-40MRisthecontrollerF1-30MRisthesubminiatureprogrammableforewordcontroller,Itsinput,outputstheportwithPCmachinetoassembleintogether,DoesnotneedtochoosetheIOmoduleagainF1seriesPCdoesnothavebreakdowntimeintervalMTBFis300,000hours,Themutable(0~+55℃,Work;-15℃~+65℃,Stock),Bearsthevibration,theimpact(conformstoJISC0911,theC0912standard),Adoptsthepowersourceprotection,thesupplyvoltagesurveillance,theinstantaneouspowercutcompensates,measureandsoonanti-leveldisturbance,ThereliabilityandtheantjammingabilityareveryhighItalsohasmakesamistakefromthediagnosisability,Includingcirculartelegramdiagnosis,proceduremonitoringdevice(Watchdog)andEOL,MayguaranteethecorrespondenceandtheprocedureexecutionaccuracyF1-30MRhasinputport16,Outputsport14,CansatisfytheprocedureexactlytheneedWhentheexpansionprocedurefunctionalneedincreasestheIOport,Maythroughaffixtheexpansionlist3.2PowersourcesprotectionsandantjammingAlthoughPChasthegoodpowersourceadaptiveness,Alsoshouldtakethemeasurefromtheelectricalpowersystem,Reducesintheinstallmentpowersupplyasfaraspossiblethedisturbance,theundulation,owespresses,theinstantaneoushighpressuretothesystemtheinfluenceTherefore,UsesintheelectricalpowersystemSeparationpowersourcepowersupply,insulatingtransformerandpowerfailureprotectorPCmachine,theinputcircuitandtheoutputcircuitbyseparatethepowersource,throughtheinsulatingtransformerpowersupplyInsulatingtransformershieldlevelgoodearth,ThesecondaryoutputusesthetwistedpairlineThesemeasuresregardingsuppressintheelectricalnetworkandmixintheinputoutputcircuitthedisturbancetocausetheproceduredisoperationtohavethegoodeffectTheinsulatingtransformerusesthehighqualityhighmagnetic-fluxdensitynottohavecutsthecircularcross-sectioncore,Losesslightly,Enabletheequipmentanti-voltageundulationtheabilitytoobtaintheenhancementFrontendtheoutputcircuitpowersourcehasalsoestablishedtheemergencypowerfailureswitch,Whenhastheemergencycase,Maythedump,Protectionsystemsecurity3.3IOallocationandexteriorcircuitdesignControlsystembyPCmachineandinputandoutputcircuitconnectionconstitution,EachpartindependentlysuppliespowerbyelectricalnetworkPS,Seeschart1.Theinputcircuitdividestheexaminationinputcircuitandtheoperationinputcircuittwokinds:TheexaminationinputcircuitreceivesthelighttocontrolthelightwhichthetubeandthesensorcontrolstocontroltheswitchandmagneticcontactorG,Si(i=1,2,)AndPCinputportconnection,PotThestoveconditioninformationfeedbackgivesPC.Operationinputcircuitbutton,change-overswitchandsoonandPCinputportconnection,ToPCtransferoperationorderInthecontrolsystemmovementfixedtimeandthesteampressure,thetemperatureandsoontheentiredefinitevaluereadsinPCbytheprogramming,ThereforesupposestheparameterinstallationelectriccircuitnotinadditionTheoutputcircuitincludingactuatestheelectriccircuitandthedisplaycircuittwokinds:ActuatestheelectriccircuittotransmitthePCporttheoutput,Actuatestocarryoutthecomponentmagnetcoil,therelay,Oractuatestheairblower,thefeedpumpelectricalmachinery,toputthroughtheheavyoilheaterandsoonThedisplaycircuitpassesdisplaymonitorIBthelight,Indicatingdeviceoperation,equipmentcondition,Simulatestheautomaticcontroltheflow,Sendsoutthebreakdownwarning4PLCtechnologiesinshipsengineroomautomationapplicationprospectTheindustrialautomationhasexperiencedfromtheblack-whitecontrolsystemcontrolsthemicrocomputersystemtothelaborthedevelopingprocessappearance,BecauseIthasthewellknownaseriesofmerits,EnableittoobtaintherapiddevelopmentalpresenttechnicalrepresentativePLCcurrentcontroldomainadvancedlevel,PLChasbecometheautomatedsystemthebasicinstallmentFacingPLCtechnologyimpact,Toshipsengineroomautomation,AccelerationtakePLCtechnologyascentraltechnologicaltransformationsstep,ImperativeTheauthorthoughtthat,Theengineroomautomationshouldexertoneselfin:Large-scaleinstallmenttosmalldevelopment;Thesingleplane(網(wǎng)絡化)developstothesystem;FromisunitaryorthepartialfunctiondevelopstothesynthesisfunctionandtheintelligentcontroldirectionThePLCcomponentminiaturization,themicrominiaturizationarenowthetechnologicaldevelopmenttendency,BetweenthesmallPLCfunctionandthelarge-scalePLCdisparityisreducing,Programmingskillmaturity,HasprovidedthematerialbaseandthetechnologybaseforthisMakethecheckanalysisbytheEnglishHAMWORTHYCorporation'sboilercontrolsystemandPC-GC:ItscontrollerusestheUSTexasInstrumentscompanyPM550,Ituses16microprocessors,Hasthecounterandtimereach99,ThebiggestswitchmeasuresIOport512,PIDcontrolloop8(thesystemcausesWithIOport32,PIDreturnroute4).WithPC-GCcomparison,TwohasthebigdisparityintheinstallmentcapacityandtheoperationfunctionInsystemscontrolfunctiondisparitymainreflectioninparametercontinuouslyadjustment,Inothercontrolfunctiondisparitydoesnotcalculatetooinabigway,Itshassoftwareandhardwarefromdiagnosisfunction,Likeproceduremonitoringdevice(Watchdog),Summationexamination(SumCheck)andflowsimulationdisplaypanel(MimicDiagram)andsoon,PC-GCalsobasicallyhasMoreoverinstallmentminiaturization,Isadvantageousinadaptsthemultipurposeability,Alsoisadvantageoustotherealizationstandardization,Furtherreducesthecost(thePC-GCstandardizeddegreeis94.8%,Standardizedcoefficient75.7%,Standardpartcoefficient19.1%).Obviously,TheengineroomequipmentvarioussingleplanescontrolsystemfunctionsumtotalislowerthanitsorganiccombinationEstablishesanengineroomequipmentalwaysBodycontrolsystem,Ismoreadvantageoustothedisplayshipsdynamicsystemfunction,Hasdevelopedmaturetodayinthecomputernetwork,IsdoesnothavethequestionThecontrolsystemnetworkingselectsonthepositionconnectionmethodtobegoodOnthepositionmachineusesthecomputertojointhemulti-TaiwanPLCcontrolsystemThroughcomputermanagementeachPLCsystemwork,Andtocollectsthemassiveinformationcarriesonanalysisprocessingtoxinincontrolsystemnetworkingfoundation,MaymoredisplaythePLCsystemthefunction,Besidescompletesthecontrolfunction,Alsomaydevelopthedynamicsystemthebreakdowndiagnosis,Functionandartificialintelligencesystemandsoonengineroommanagement。可編程控制技術在船用鍋爐控制系統(tǒng)中的應用可編程序控制器,簡稱PC或PLC,其出現(xiàn)使控制領域面臨一場技術變革.以繼電器為基礎的機艙控制設備結構復雜、器件多,可靠性差,故障時有發(fā)生.當前我國船舶多采用進口成套控制設備,其功能較完善,可靠性亦高,但價格昂貴.數(shù)年前,我所采用進口PLC為控制器,自己設計硬件,編制控制程序,研制成功PC-GC型可編程鍋爐燃燒控制裝置,取代英國HAMWORTHY公司產(chǎn)品.與該公司近期同類產(chǎn)品比較,性能相當,價格僅為其12.5~13.4年來,共有PC-GC裝置12套在大慶414等6條油船實船使用,經(jīng)歷南海風浪和近70℃高溫的惡劣環(huán)境考驗,運行良好,無一故障.經(jīng)驗表明,引進少數(shù)關鍵器件,根據(jù)具體控制系統(tǒng)要求,設計合適的軟件和配套硬件,是船舶技術改造和裝備配置的較好辦法.1系統(tǒng)組成系統(tǒng)由以下幾部分組成:可編程序控制器PC;電源PS;檢測單元S;操作單元OB;驅動單元M;顯示屏IB;輔助繼電器組JB;接線排L,如圖1所示.前六部分是控制裝置的基本組成.本裝置增設的輔助繼電器組JB包括四個8端口的中間繼電器J1、J2、J3和J4和一個12端口的光控繼電器JGC.當控制器的輸出須驅動大功率負載時,需要通過中間繼電器進行電壓或功率轉換.中間繼電器除完成其承擔的主控功能外,還提供多副輔助端口,可用來聯(lián)鎖有關設備或接通狀態(tài)指示燈,這樣做可以節(jié)省主控單元的硬件資源.設置接線排L以后,將電源、PC板、檢測器件、執(zhí)行器件、操作按鈕、顯示燈等的全部接點都連到接線排插座內,這為設備安裝、維修和查找故障提供了方便.系統(tǒng)各部分的組成和連接2系統(tǒng)控制要求2.1燃燒管理控制(1)燃油選擇.燃料可選擇重油或輕油.若選擇重油,油溫須在80℃以上,方能進行燃燒.油溫低于80℃,則停爐,并啟動加溫裝置對重油加熱.(2)燃燒控制.按啟動、前掃氣、點火、開啟#1噴油器、開啟#2噴油器的次序啟動鍋爐燃燒;按關閉#2噴油器、關閉#1噴油器、后掃氣的次序停爐.(3)蒸汽壓力斷續(xù)控制.根據(jù)鍋爐蒸汽壓力p與門限值p1(約0.7MPa)、p2(約0.6MPa)控制兩個噴油器的工作.當p>p1,#1、#2噴油器均關閉;當p1>p>p2,#1噴油器單獨工作;當p2>p,#1、#2噴油器均開啟.(4)鍋爐水位控制.鍋爐水位采用熟知的雙位控制方式,故不予詳述.2.2聯(lián)鎖保護(1)蒸汽超壓聯(lián)鎖.蒸汽壓力到達報警門限值p0(約0.72MPa時),發(fā)出“蒸汽超壓”警報,停爐,并且切斷負載電源,停止向所有執(zhí)行器件供電.(2)鍋爐水位報警.設置最高報警水位和最低危險警戒水位.當控制失靈,水位超過報警水位,則發(fā)出高水位報警,并切斷給水泵電動機電源.當水位低于危險警戒水位,則發(fā)出低水位報警,鍋爐停爐.(3)應急停爐保護.當集控臺有停爐命令,則發(fā)出“應急停爐”警報,鍋爐停爐.(4)重油溫控制聯(lián)鎖.選擇重油時,油溫高于80℃程序才能運行.油溫低低于此值,發(fā)出警報,鍋爐停爐.(5)火焰監(jiān)視異常聯(lián)鎖.當出現(xiàn)點火失敗、中途熄火或燃燒狀況惡化時,發(fā)出“火焰監(jiān)視異?！本瘓?鍋爐停爐.(6)手動、自動操作聯(lián)鎖.僅當切換開關置“手動”(“自動”)位置時,才準許進行手動(自動)的一切操作.(7)#1噴油器不工作,或風門未開大,#2噴油器不工作等.3硬件設計硬件設計主要圍繞系統(tǒng)的可靠性和完善其功能兩個目標進行.3.1PC選型可編程序控制器采用先進、精良工藝制造,其可靠性是一般工控微機的4~6倍,故應側重從控制功能角度選擇PC.對于單機、中等規(guī)模、用于保證鍋爐安全運行的自控系統(tǒng),對節(jié)能目標可不考慮,故不需要PID控制功能.這樣的系統(tǒng)以條件控制、順序控制為主,以開關量的邏輯運算、計時、計數(shù)居多,對器件運行速度等方面的性能無特殊要求,因此可根據(jù)程序所需容量(IO端口數(shù)及存儲器大小)作PC選型.存儲器容量(程序步)可按經(jīng)驗公式Q=6~10)×∑(IO)作估計,若用戶程序不大,存儲器容量需求容易滿足.本系統(tǒng)共需輸入端口、輸出端口各14個(若增加鍋爐水位控制功能,需再增加輸入、輸出端口各4個),故采用三菱公司F1-30MR或F1-40MR為控制器.F1-30MR是超小型可編程序控制器,其輸入、輸出端口已與PC機組裝在一起,無需再選擇IO模塊.F1系列PC無