跨文化交際英文ppt演示文稿現(xiàn)在是1頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日跨文化交際英文ppt現(xiàn)在是2頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日FurtherReading林大津《跨文化交際學：理論與實踐》，福建人民出版社“Communication

Between

Cultures”（美）薩莫瓦等著，陳治安導讀

《中國和英語國家非語言交際對比》Leger

Brosnahan

著，畢繼萬譯，北京語言學院出版社《語言研究的跨文化視野》許力生著，上海外語教育出版社胡文仲主編《跨文化交際叢書》外語教學研究出版社胡文仲《跨文化交際概論》杜學增《中英（英語國家）文化習俗比較》平洪&張國揚《英語習語與英美文化》畢繼萬《跨文化非言語交際》王克非《從翻譯史看文化差異》朱永濤《美國價值觀一個中國學者的探討現(xiàn)在是3頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日FurtherReading

與陌生人交際——跨文化交流方法（第四版）WilliamB.Gudykunst&

YoungYunKim著，Steve

Kulich

等導讀跨文化交際學基礎，Guo-Ming

Chen

&

William

J.Starosta

著，林大津、尤澤順導讀

跨文化能力：文化間人際溝通導論（第五版）Myron

W.Lustig

&

Jolene

Koester

編著，莊恩平導讀現(xiàn)在是4頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日WarmUp

Pleasereadthefolktale,thenanswerthequestions:1.Whyisitdifficulttoexplaintoablindpersonwhatcolorsare?2.Doyousometimesfindithardtomakeyourselfproperlyunderstoodbyothers?Ifyoudo,whydoyouthinkitishard?Unit1

CommunicationAcrossCultures

現(xiàn)在是5頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日WarmUpItisverydifficultforpeopletounderstandoneanotheriftheydonotsharethesameexperiences.Ofcourse,weallsharetheexperienceofbeinghuman,buttherearemanyexperienceswhichwedonotshareandwhicharedifferentforallofus.Itisthesedifferentexperiencesthatmakeupwhatiscalled“culture”inthesocialsciences－thehabitsofeverydaylife,thecuestowhichpeoplerespond,theautomaticreactionstheyhavetowhatevertheyseeandhear.Theseoftendiffer,andthedifferencesmayintroducemisunderstandingswhereweseekunderstanding.Howwouldyoucommunicatewithsomeonewhodoesnotsharethesameexperienceswithyou?現(xiàn)在是6頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingI

Readthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.Isitstilloftenthecasethat“everyone’squicktoblamethealien”inthecontemporaryworld?What’sthedifferencebetweentoday’sinterculturalcontactandthatofanytimeinthepast?Whathavemadeinterculturalcontactaverycommonphenomenoninourlifetoday?Howdoyouunderstandthesentence“cultureiseverythingandeverywhere”?Whatarethemajorelementsthatdirectlyinfluenceourperceptionandcommunication?Whatdoesone’sfamilyteachhimorherwhileheorshegrowsupinit?現(xiàn)在是7頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingIReadthearticleof“InterculturalCommunication:AnIntroduction”,thenanswerthefollowingquestions.Whyisitimpossibletoseparateouruseoflanguagefromourculture?Whatarethenonverbalbehaviorsthatpeoplecanattachmeaningto?Howcanafree,culturallydiversesocietyexist?現(xiàn)在是8頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日DiscoveringProblems:

SlimisBeautiful?Whichdoyouthinkisthemarkofbeauty,thinorfat?Whyisitoftensaidthatbeautyisintheeyeofbeholder?OnesociologistoncesaidthatwiththegreaterinfluenceofAmericancultureacrosstheworld,thestandardofabeautyisbecomingmoreandmoreHollywood-like,characterizedbyachiseledchinandatall,slimfigure.However,thedefinitionofbeautydiffersfromculturetoculture.What’smore,theidealstandardofbeautyvariesfromtimetotime.Itistruethatbeautyisintheeyeofthebeholderbecausepeopleofdifferentculturesandindifferentsituationsmayhavedifferentideasaboutwhatisbeautifulandwhatisnot.現(xiàn)在是9頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日CulturalValuesCulturesdiffernotonlyintheirbeliefsbutalsoinwhattheyvalue.

Valuesinvolvewhatacultureregardsasgoodorbad,rightorwrong,fairorunfair,justorunjust,beautifulorugly,cleanordirty,valuableorworthless,appropriateorinappropriate,andkindorcruel.Becausevaluesarethedesiredcharacteristicsorgoalsofaculture,aculture'svaluesdonotnecessarilydescribeitsactualbehaviorsandcharacteristics.However,valuesareoftenofferedastheexplanationforthewayinwhichpeoplecommunicate.現(xiàn)在是10頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement

Whatisinterculturalcommunication(IC)?Whatdoyouknowaboutit?1.DefinitionICisconcernedwithcommunicationamongpeoplefromdifferentculturalbackgrounds.Interculturalcommunicationreferstocommunicationbetweenpeoplewhoseculturalperceptionandsymbolsystemaredistinctenoughtoalterthecommunicationevent.

現(xiàn)在是11頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日FormsofIC(1)InternationalCommunication:Internationalcommunicationtakesplacebetweennationsandgovernmentsratherthanindividuals;itisquiteformalandritualized(儀式化).(2)Interethnic(不同種族間的)Communication:Ethnicgroupsusuallyformtheirowncommunitiesinacountryorculture.Thesegroupsshareacommonoriginorheritagethatisapttoinfluencefamilynames,language,religion,values,andthelike.(3)Interracial(不同人種間的)Communication:Interracialcommunicationoccurswhenthesenderandthereceiverexchangingmessagesarefromdifferentraces.(4)IntraculturalCommunication(內(nèi)文化交際):Itisdefinedascommunicationbetweenoramongmembersofthesameculture.現(xiàn)在是12頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日FeaturesofIC

Itisabranchofcommunication.Itmainlydealswithverbalandnonverbalinteractionandrelatedfactorsininterculturalcommunication.Itsverbalmediumislanguagewhileitsnonverbalcommunicationsystemsincludebodylanguage,facialexpressions,etc.現(xiàn)在是13頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日GroupWorkDiscussthecasesofcommunicationgivenon12ispossiblyinterculturalornotand,ifitis,towhatextentitisintercultural.(fromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural:)CommunicationbetweenaChineseuniversitystudentandanAmericanprofessor;CommunicationbetweenaCanadiangirlandaSouthAfricanboy;Communicationbetweenafirst-generationChineseAmericanandthirdgenerationone;CommunicationbetweenabusinesspersonfromHongKongandanartistfromXian;CommunicationbetweenateenagerfromBeijingandateenagerfromTibet;Communicationbetweenafatherwhoisafarmerallhislifeandhissonwhoworksasanengineer;Communicationbetweenasoftwaretechnicianandafisherman;Communicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretary(supposingtheyareofthesimilarculturalandsocialbackgrounds).現(xiàn)在是14頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日GroupWorkAllthecasesmayseemtobeinterculturalbuttheydifferintheextenttowhichtheyareintercultural.Howeveritmaybeverydifficultforustoplaceallthesecasesalongacontinuumofinterculturalnessfromthemostinterculturaltotheleastintercultural,formanyotherfactorshavetobetakenintoconsiderationifwehavetodecidewhichismoreinterculturalthananother.Forinstance,whethercommunicationbetweenamalemanagerandafemalesecretaryisinterculturalornotand,ifitis,howinterculturalitmaybe,maydependontheculturalandsocialbackgroundsofthetwopersons.Iftheyarefromdrasticallydifferentcultures,communicationbetweenthemissurelyinterculturalandmaybeveryintercultural.Iftheyarefromthesameculture,communicationbetweenthemmaybelittleintercultural.現(xiàn)在是15頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日DebateReadthesetwodifferentviewsonICmentionedonpage12,thenstateyourpointofviewclearlyandsupportyourargumentwithconvincingandsubstantialevidence.Pro:Peoplearepeople;moreinteractionswouldleadtogreaterunderstandingofeachother.（Commonalityprecedes）Con:Peopleareshapedbydifferentenvironmentstheyfindthemselvesin,therefore,thedifferenceoverrides.(Differencesprecedes)現(xiàn)在是16頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日DebateSomethingtokeepinmindinIC:First,allhumanbeingssharesomeheritagesthatlinkustooneanother.Peoplethroughouttheworldareprettymuchalikeinmanyaspects,andthatiswhyitispossibleforpeopleofvariousculturestocommunicate.However,whatwehavetorealizeisthattherearealsovastdifferencesbetweenpeoplefromvariousculturalgroups.Toreallyunderstandapersonwhoseculturalbackgroundisdifferentfromyourscanbeverydifficult,forbothyouandthatpersonmaybesubconsciouslyinfluencedbyeachone’sculturalupbringing.Inasense,whatweshoulddoininterculturalcommunicationistotreatpeopleofotherculturesbothasthesamewithandasdifferentfromus.現(xiàn)在是17頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingIIReadthearticleof“TheChallengeofGlobalization”on16andanswerthequestions.1.Whydoestheauthorsaythatourunderstandingoftheworldhaschanged?2.Whata“globalvillage”islike?3.Whatisconsideredasthemajordrivingforceofthepost-1945globalization?4.Whatdoestheauthormeanbysayingthat“the‘global’maybemorelocalthanthe‘local’”?5.Whyisitimportantforbusinesspeopletoknowdiverseculturesintheworld?6.Whataretheseriousproblemsthatcountriesthroughouttheworldareconfrontedwith?7.WhatimplicationscanwedrawfromthecaseofMichaelFay?8.Whatattitudesarefavoredbytheauthortowardsglobalization?現(xiàn)在是18頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

1.ICandICstudiesICstudiesarerathernewwhileIC(activities)isalmostaslongasourhumanhistory.Seenfromworldwide,exchangebetweencountrieshasbecomecloseandfrequentsinceWWIIasaresultofthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology.Theworldisbecomingsmallerandsmaller.Statesman,businessmenandothersfinditnecessarytocommunicatewithpeoplefromothercultures.Thecoinedword“globalvillage”couldbestrevealthis.Butdifferentculturesmayfavordifferentsocialinstitutions,valuesystemsandworldviews.Theymayhavedifferentbeliefs,customsandhabits.AllthesemayhinderIC.Thusthenewsubject—IC—poppedup.現(xiàn)在是19頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

1.ICandICstudiesAlthoughthebeginningsofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationasafieldcanbetracedbacktothe1920sintheteachingoflinguisticsandinvariousaca-demicandyouth-orientedprograms,communicationscholarscommonlyrec-ognizeE.T.Hallasthefatherofthefieldofinterculturalcommunicationstudy(Condon,1981;Dodd,1982;Gudykunst,1985;Singer,1987).Hallintroducedtermssuchas"interculturaltensions"and"interculturalproblems"in1950.現(xiàn)在是20頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

HistoryandPresentStateofICStudies

In1950sand1960sAmerica,asthemostpowerfulcountry,hadfrequentcontactswithothercountries.Someoftheseactivitiesweresuccessfulbutotherswerefailures.SomeoftheAmericansleftabadorevendisgustingimpressiononthenativepeople.Thusin1958TheUglyAmericanshowstheAmericanofficialsinSoutheastAsia.(ThetriggerofICstudies)In1959TheSilentLanguagebyAmericanculturalanthropologistEdwardHallsignifiedtheemergenceofthisdiscipline.ThiscoursewasofferedinUSAinlate1960sinfiveuniversities.Since1970sithasbeenpopularinUSAwith200universitiesand60graduatedschoolsofferingitin1978.ThiscoursewasintroducedtotheChinesescholarsin1980s.AccordingtoHuWenzhongin1995therewereonlyBeijingForeignStudiesUniversity,HeilongjiangUniversity,HarbinIndustrialUniversity,ShanghaiForeignStudiesUniversityandFujianTeachersUniversity.ItisrathernewinChina.現(xiàn)在是21頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherReadthestoryof“HowWeAddressEachOther?”(p18-19).HowdoyouaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountry?AndhowshouldwedoitifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother?IdentifythedifferencesonaddressingbetweenChinesepeopleandAmericans.現(xiàn)在是22頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherUsuallywecanaddressafriendfromanEnglish-speakingcountrybyhis/herfirstnamewithoutmentioninghis/hersurnameortitleoutofrespectforhis/herculture.BecausepeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesattachgreatimportancetocasualnessinaddressingeachotherinordertoformarelativelyintimateandequalrelationship.ButifheorsheknowsourcultureverywellorifwespeakChinesetoeachother,wecanaddresshim/herintheChineseway.Justastheoldsayinggoes,“WheninRome,doastheRomansdo”,it’sbetterforourfriendtolearnmoreaboutandbecomebetteracquaintedwiththeChineseculture.現(xiàn)在是23頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日IdentifyingDifference:

HowWeAddressEachOtherInthisway,whenaddressinghim/her,wecanadd“xiao”(young)or“l(fā)ao”(aged)beforehis/herfamilynameaccordingtohis/heragesoastocreateanamicableatmosphere.Wecanalsoaddresshim/herbyusinghis/hertitleinahumorousway,orbyinventingsomenicknameforhimorherineitherEnglishorChinese,dependingonthedegreeofintimacy.現(xiàn)在是24頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日SurveyHowmuchdoyouknowaboutthepossibleculturaldifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglish-speakingpeopleinthespeechbehaviors,suchasgreeting,apologizing,makingrequests,expressinggratitudeanddisapproval,andleave-taking?現(xiàn)在是25頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日SurveyGreeting:Whengreetingeachother,theChineseoftenbeginwith“Haveyoueaten?”,“Whereareyougoing?”,“Whatareyoudoing?”,“Longtimenosee.”andsoon.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesusuallysay“Hello.”“Goodmorning/afternoon/evening.”“Nicetomeetyou./Gladtoseeyou.”or“Howdoyoudo?”ApologizingChinesepeopleseemtoapologizelessoftenthanEnglish-speakingpeople.TheChineseapologizeonlywhentheythinkitisaboutsomethingthatreallymatters.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesoftenapologizeintheirdailylifeevenforthemosttrivialthings.現(xiàn)在是26頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日SurveyMakingrequestsChinesepeopletendtomakerequestsinindirectways,especiallywhenthepeopleinvolvedarenotonintimatetermswithoneanother.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtomakerequestsdirectlyandopenly.ExpressinggratitudeChinesepeopleoftenexpresstheirgratitudenotjustbywhattheysay,butalsobywhattheydoandwhattheygivetootherswhohavedonethemafavor.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriestendtoshowtheirgratitudemoreverballytootherswhohavehelpedthem.現(xiàn)在是27頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日SurveyExpressingdisapprovalChinesepeoplearereluctanttoexpresstheirdisprovalopenlyforfearofmakingothersloseface.Iftheyhavetoexpressdisapproval,theyoftenprefertodoitinaveryindirectway.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountriesaremorelikelytoexpresstheirdisapprovalfreelyanddirectly.Leave-takingChinesepeopletendtoexcusethemselvesbyclaimingthattheothersmustbetiredorbusy,etc,usingtheexpressionsthatimputethemotiveoftirednessorbusinesstotheotherpartywhenparting.PeoplefromEnglish-speakingcountrieswouldusuallyfindreasonstopartrelatedtothemselvesratherthantoothers.現(xiàn)在是28頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

1.InEgyptasinmanycultures,thehumanrelationshipisvaluedsohighlythatitisnotexpressedinanobjectiveandimpersonalway.WhileAmericanscertainlyvaluehumanrelationships,theyaremorelikelytospeakoftheminlesspersonal,moreobjectiveterms.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakemightbethathechosetopraisethefooditselfratherthanthetotalevening,forwhichthefoodwassimplythesettingorexcuse.Forhishostandhostessitwasasifhehadattendedanartexhibitandcomplimentedtheartistbysaying,“Whatbeautifulframesyourpicturesarein.”現(xiàn)在是29頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

2.Japanesepeoplevalueorderandharmonyamongpersonsinagroup,andthattheorganizationitself－beitafamilyoravastcorporation－ismorevaluedthanthecharacteristicsofanyparticularmember.Incontrast,Americansstressindividualityasavalueandareapttoassertindividualdifferenceswhentheyseemjustifiablyinconflictwiththegoalsorvaluesofthegroup.Inthiscase,Richard’smistakewasinmakinggreateffortstodefendhimself.Asimpleapologyandacceptanceoftheblamewouldhavebeenappropriate.ButforpoorRichardtohavemerelyapologizedwouldhaveseemedtohimtobesubservient,unmanly.現(xiàn)在是30頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日CaseStudyCase1

(Page

23)

3.Inthiscasewemightlookbeyondthegestureoftakingsugarorcreamtothevaluesexpressedinthisgesture:forAmericans,“Helpyourself”;fortheEnglishcounterpart,“Bemyguest.”Typically,theidealguestatanAmericanpartyisonewho“makeshimselfathome,”eventothepointofansweringthedoororfixinghisowndrink.Forpersonsinmanyothersocieties,includingatleastthishypotheticalEnglishhost,suchguestbehaviorispresumptuousorrude.現(xiàn)在是31頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Case2Acommonculturalmisunderstandinginclassesinvolvesconflictsbetweenwhatissaidtobedirectcommunicationstyleandindirectcommunicationstyle.Asismentionedinthecase,tomanyKoreans,numerousquestionswouldshowadisrespectfortheteacher,andwouldalsoreflectthatthestudenthasnotstudiedhardenough.Case3Theconflicthereisadifferenceinculturalvaluesandbeliefs.IntheDominicanview,familypossessionsaresharedbyeveryoneofthefamily.LuzwasactingasmostDominicansisterswoulddoinborrowingwithoutaskingeverytime.現(xiàn)在是32頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日CaseStudyCase4Itmightbesimplyaquestionofdifferentrhythms.Americanshaveonerhythmintheirpersonalandfamilyrelations,intheirfriendlinessandtheircharities.Peoplefromothercultureshavedifferentrhythms.TheAmericanrhythmisfast.Itischaracterizedbyarapidacceptanceofothers.However,itisseldomthatAmericansengagethemselvesentirelyinafriendship.Theirfriendshipsarewarm,butcasual,andspecialized.Americansare,inotherwords,guidedveryoftenbytheirownconvenience.Theytendtomakefriendseasily,andtheydon’tfeelitnecessarytogotoagreatamountoftroubletoseefriendsoftenwhenitbecomesinconvenienttodoso,andusuallynooneishurt.Butinsimilarcircumstancespeoplefrommanyothercultureswouldbehurtverydeeply.現(xiàn)在是33頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Readthearticleof“StumblingBlocksinInterculturalCommunication”(p26-31).Somequestionswillbeaskednextclass.HomeworkWhatarestumblingblocksininterculturalcommunication?Howtoovercometheseblocks?ReviewofUnit1現(xiàn)在是34頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ABritishtouristgotlostinasmalltowninChina.AChinesecouplevolunteeredtooffertheirhelp.Andnowtheyareintroducingthemselves.Britishtourist:Itwassonicetomeetyoubothhere.I'mSusanWilliams.Thankyouverymuch.Chinesecouple:It'sapleasure.I'mLiFang,andthisismyhusband.WelcometoChina,MissSusan.

Thankyou.Britishtourist:Mrs.Li.Wouldbothofyoulikeacupofcoffee?Chinesecouple:No,thanks.Caseanalysis現(xiàn)在是35頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日WarmUp

Pleasereadthestoryonpage38,thenanswerthequestions:1.WhywasTomconsideredarudehostbyhisvisitors?2.HowcanyouexplainthefactthatTomismisunderstoodwhenheactuallywantstobekindandfriendlytothevisitors?

Unit2

CultureandCommunication現(xiàn)在是36頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingI

Readthearticleof“WhatIsCulture”(p39-43).Whatcanyoulearnaboutculturefromit?Pleaseanswerthequestionsfollowed:1.Whichofthedefinitionsgivenabovedoyouprefer?Why?2.Whathaveyoulearnedfromthosedefinitionsaboutculture?3.Doyouagreethatourlowerneedsalwayshavetobesatisfiedbeforewecantrytosatisfythehigherneeds?現(xiàn)在是37頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Maslow’sHierarchyofNeedsTheory(p41)

現(xiàn)在是38頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingI4.Whatexamplescanyougiveabouthowpeopleofdifferentculturesachievethesameendsbytakingdifferentroads?5.Whatbehaviorsofoursarebornwithandwhatarelearnedintheculturalenvironment?6.Whatotherculturaldifferencesdoyouknowinthewaypeopledothingsintheireverydaylife?7.InwhatwaysaretheChineseeatinghabitsdifferentfromthoseoftheEnglish-speakingcountries?現(xiàn)在是39頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?

OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“Culture”isaloanwordfromLatinmeaning“cultivatingortillingtheland”.Itwasoriginallyassociatedwithphysicalactivitiesandproductionoffood.Later,itsmeaningwasextendedtoincludemental,moral,aesthetic,educationalandintellectualactivities.IncontemporaryEnglishitsoriginalmeaningisstillretained.現(xiàn)在是40頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?

OriginsofCultureinEnglishandChinese“文化”isanativewordinChinese.“文”and“化”wereusedtogetherintheWarringStates.“人文”in“觀乎人文，以化成天下”referstotheinterwovenrelationshipsbetweenthemonarchandhissubjects,fathersandsons,husbandsandwives,brothersandfriends,and“化”means“changingand/orcultivating”.Whenusedtogether,“文”and“化”mean“以文教化”.TheywerecombinedintoonewordinHanDynasty,withitsmeaningcontrastedwith“nature”ononehandand“primitiveness”and“savage”ontheotherhand.So“文化”wasoriginallyassociatedwithmentalactivities.現(xiàn)在是41頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?

DefinitionofCultureinEnglishandChineseTheterm“culture”doesnotcorrespondperfectlywith“文化”.Forexamples:他沒有文化(Heisilliterate.)“Whatreallybindsmentogetheristheirculturetheideasandthestandardstheyhaveincommon.”—R.BenedictDefiningCulturefromtheInterculturalPerspective“Cultureisasystemofsharedbeliefs,values,customs,behavioursandartifactsthataretransmittedfromgenerationtogenerationthroughlearning.”[BatesandPlog]現(xiàn)在是42頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?Therearealtogethernolessthan250definitionsofculturebyscholarsfromseveraldifferentfields.Despiteso,almostallscholarsagreethatculturehastwosenses:thebroadsenseandthenarrowsense.A.CultureinitsbroadsenseCultureistheattributeofman,or,whateverdistinguishesmanfromtherestpartoftheworldisculture.Basedonthis,Prof.LinDajinprovidesaChinesecounterpartdefinition:文化是人類區(qū)別于動物的綜合特征.現(xiàn)在是43頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?Itmayincludethefollowingcomponents:①Materialsmanhasgottosatisfyhisneeds,includingscienceandtechnology,suchasspaceshuttles,airplanes,andcars;②Socialinstitutionsandorganizationsmanhasestablished,includingsocioeconomicinstitutions,politico-legalinstitutions,andreligiousorganizations;③Knowledgeaboutnatureandmanhimselfandartisticdevelopment,includingvarioussubjectssuchasmathematicsandeducation,andartisticformssuchasliterature,painting,musicanddance;④Languageandothercommunicationsystemssuchasgesturesandfacialexpressions;⑤Customs,habitsandbehavioralpatterns;⑥Valuesystems,worldviews,nationaltraits,aestheticstandardsandthinkingpatterns.現(xiàn)在是44頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?Cultureinthissenseisalsocalled“l(fā)argeCculture”oracademiccultureorculturewithabigC(大寫字母的文化).It’scultureingeneral,cultureofallnationalitiesandethnicgroups.ButweknowtherearespecificculturessuchasChinese,AmericanandBritish.Accordingtothissense,specificculturecanbedefined(byProf.LinDajin)asthecomprehensivefeaturesthatdistinguishonegroup(beitanation,araceoranysectionofpeople)ofpeoplefromanother(一個民族區(qū)別于另一個民族的綜合特征).現(xiàn)在是45頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Supplement:

Whatisculture?CultureinitsnarrowsenseIt'scalled“smallcculture”oranthropologicalcultureorculturewithasmallc(小寫字母的文化).Itcanbedefinedaslifewayofapopulation,Cultureinthissenseemphasizeswhatcharacterizesthewayoflifeofapeople,includingcomponents②,③,④,⑤and⑥,withcomponents②,④,⑤and⑥asthecentralpart.Somescholarsareinterestedin“l(fā)argeCculture”whileothersin“smallcculture”,dependingonthepurposeofinvestigation.Weshallfocusoncultureinitsnarrowsense.現(xiàn)在是46頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Readthearticleon48.Fromthisarticle,wecanlearntherearethreecharacteristicsofculture–coherent,learned,theviewofagroupofpeople;andtherearethreethingsculturedoes–culturerankswhatisimportant(orculturesteachvaluesorpriorities),culturefurnishesattitudes,andculturedictateshowtobehave.現(xiàn)在是47頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日SharingKnowledge(p45-48)Cultureiswhatwesharewithsomebutnotwithallotherpeople;itiscommontopeoplebelongingtoacertaingrouporcategory,butdifferentfrompeoplebelongingtoothergroupsorcategories.Inourlife,cultureiseverywhereanddetermineshowweusuallybehave.Itincludesthelanguageinwhichweexpressourselves,thewayweraiseourchildren,thedeferenceweshowtoourelders,thephysicaldistancefromotherpeoplewemaintaininordertofeelcomfortable,andthewayweperceivegeneralhumanactivitiessuchaseating,makinglove,havingaconversation,formingafriendshipwithsomeone,etc.andtheceremonialssurroundingthem.現(xiàn)在是48頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日PropertiesofCultureItishumanspecific.Itisasocialphenomenon(contrastbetweensocietyandnature).Itistheembodimentofhumanknowledge,skillandcooperativelabor.Itisanationalphenomenonforeachnationhasitsownculture.Itisahistoricalphenomenon.Eachculturehassomehistoryandeachgenerationcontributestoit.Butculturewon’tnecessarilyremainthesame.Itisgeneralandabstract.現(xiàn)在是49頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日Fill-inTask(p44-45)

Culturecanbeviewedasaniceberg.Nine-tenthsofanicebergisoutofsight.Thepartoftheculturalicebergthatisabovethewateriseasytobenoticed.Theotherpartthatishiddenbelowthewaterandisoutsideofconsciousawareness.Itissometimescalled“deepculture”.Butwhatarethethingsinaculturethatcanbesaidtobeaboveorbelowthewater–withinoroutofourawareness?現(xiàn)在是50頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日TheStructureofCulture

現(xiàn)在是51頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日TheStructureofCulture現(xiàn)在是52頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingIIDecidewhetherthefollowingareexamplesofcommunicationsornot?Why?1)Youcomplaintoyourinstructoraboutyourcoursecreditsthroughtelephone.2)TwoblindpeopleexchangeideasinBraille.3)AGermanbusinessmannegotiates,throughaninterpreter,withhisChinesecounterpart.4)Afarmergivesinstructionstohisploughingcow.5)Aprogrammerissuescommandstoacomputer.6)Tomtalkstohimselfwhileflourishinghistoygun.7)Yousendane-mailmessagetoanAmericanfriend.8)Janeliesinbedreadinganovel.現(xiàn)在是53頁\一共有299頁\編輯于星期日ReadingIITheBasicsofCommun