讀后續(xù)寫微講座五：讀深(深挖知識(shí)點(diǎn))eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅰ)外刊輸入——悟語(yǔ)言之道ExploringEnglishLanguageOriginsTheoriginsofUSandUKEnglishhaveledtodifferencesbetweentwolanguagesystems.AmericanandBritishEnglisharesimilarinmanyregards.Forexample,themajorityofthespellingsandgrammarrulesarelargelythesame.However,beyondsimplespellingslikecolour(UK)andcolor(US),thetwolanguagestrulydiverge(有區(qū)別)throughspeech.TaketheaccentsofChrisEvans,thestarofCaptainAmerica,andRowanAtkinson,whoplayedMr.Bean,asanexampleofhowfarthetwolanguagesdifferinmoderntimes.Buthaveyoueverwondered,inyourpointofview,howthischangeandgapcameabout?Forthat,wehavetolookattheoriginsofbothdialects.AccordingtotheBBC,BritishEnglishdatesbackto449AD,whentheSaxonsandtheAngles—tribes(部落)frommodern-dayGermanyandDenmark—invadedBritain,replacingtheancientCelticlanguage.AsCelticgraduallyfaded,anearlyformofBritishEnglishemergedwithinfluencesbasedonFrenchandLatin.ItwaslaterreferredtoasstandardthroughouttheUKfollowingthefirstcompleteModernEnglishtranslationoftheBible(《圣經(jīng)》)in1535andtheemergenceofplaywrightslikeWilliamShakespeare.ThiswentontoformBritishEnglishasweknowtodayandwasheavilyinfluencedbytheaccentspokeninLondon.However,acrosstheAtlanticOcean,Indo-Europeanlanguagesspokenbymigrants,regionaldialectsofBritishcolonists(殖民地居民)andNativeAmericanwordsallformedthebasisofUSEnglish.Newwordsalsoarosefromtheneedtoexplainmajorunfamiliarlandscapes,animalsandlivingconditions,buttheysoonturnedintoarevolutionarytoolduringtheindependencestruggle.In1789,lexicographer(詞典編纂者)NoahWebsterwrote,“Asanindependentnation,ourhonorrequiresustohaveasystemofourown,inlanguageaswellasgovernment.”Itindicatedthesocialdemandaswell.Post-revolutionUSEnglishkeptchangingbasedonneighboringcultures.ThiscanstillbeseenthroughstatenamessuchasDelawareandIllinois,whichwererelatedtoNativeAmericantribes,andColoradoandNevada,whichwereinfluencedbySpanishcolonizersinthe1800s.Thesedays,BritonsandAmericansstillargueoverterminology(術(shù)語(yǔ))andspellings.Buttheirvarietyanddifferencesformakeypartofeachnation'shistoricalculture.Indeed,itshowsthetruthbehindthephrase,“BritainandAmerica,twonationsweredividedbyacommonlanguage.Weshouldlearntolivewithitandappreciateit.”(1)systemn. 系統(tǒng)(2)regardn. 方面(3)pointofview 觀點(diǎn)；看法(4)gapn. 間隔；差距(5)dialectn. 方言(6)datebackto 追溯到(7)basev. 以……為基礎(chǔ)(8)referto 指的是(9)basisn. 基礎(chǔ)(10)majoradj. 主要的(11)strugglen. 斗爭(zhēng)(12)demandn. 要求；需求(13)relateto 與……相關(guān)；涉及(14)varietyn. 多樣化(15)appreciatevt. 欣賞2．經(jīng)典句型再現(xiàn)：as引導(dǎo)狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“隨著”AsCelticgraduallyfaded,anearlyformofBritishEnglishemergedwithinfluencesbasedonFrenchandLatin.隨著凱爾特人的逐漸衰落，早期的英式英語(yǔ)出現(xiàn)了，它受到了法語(yǔ)和拉丁語(yǔ)的影響。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅱ)迷你語(yǔ)料庫(kù)(MiniCorpus)序號(hào)佳句呈現(xiàn)賞析1Chinaiswidelyknownfor①itsancientcivilisationwhichhascontinuedallthewaythroughintomoderntimes②，despite③themanyupsanddownsinitshistory.①“beknownfor＝befamousfor”意為“因……而出名”；②which引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句；③despite是介詞，意為“盡管”，后面跟名詞或名詞短語(yǔ)。本句描述中國(guó)古代文明歷史源遠(yuǎn)流長(zhǎng)。2Itdatesbackseveralthousandyearstotheuseoflonggu—animalbonesandshells①onwhichsymbolswerecarvedbyancientChinesepeople②.①名詞短語(yǔ)作同位語(yǔ)，解釋longgu；②介詞＋which引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞animalbonesandshells，介詞on和先行詞搭配，意為“在……上”。本句描寫了中國(guó)文字的起源——甲骨文。3Overtheyears,thesystemdevelopedintodifferentforms,asitwasatime①whenpeopleweredividedgeographically②，leadingtomanyvarietiesofdialectsandcharacters③.①as意為“因?yàn)椤币龑?dǎo)原因狀語(yǔ)從句；②when引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞atime；③v.-ing形式作結(jié)果狀語(yǔ)，表示自然而然的結(jié)果。本句描述了由于地理的不同，導(dǎo)致各式各樣的語(yǔ)言。續(xù)表序號(hào)佳句呈現(xiàn)賞析4EmperorQinshihuangunitedthesevenmajorstatesintooneunifiedcountrywheretheChinesewritingsystembegantodevelopinonedirection.where引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞oneunifiedcountry。本句描述了中國(guó)文字系統(tǒng)統(tǒng)一的歷史。5ThatwritingsystemwasofgreatimportanceinunitingtheChinesepeopleandculture.“beof＋抽象意義的名詞＝be＋adj.”，可以用于描述事物的重要性。6Eventoday,nomatterwhereChinesepeopleliveorwhatdialecttheyspeak,theycanallstillcommunicateinwriting.“nomatter＋疑問(wèn)詞”引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“無(wú)論……”，在寫作中使用，屬于亮點(diǎn)句型。7WrittenChinesehasalsobecomeanimportantmeansbywhichChina'spresentisconnectedwithitspast.“介詞＋which”引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞means(n.方式；方法)；by和means搭配意為“憑借……方式”。本句描寫了文字的重要性——聯(lián)系中國(guó)過(guò)去和現(xiàn)在。8PeopleinmoderntimescanreadtheclassicworkswhichwerewrittenbyChineseinancienttimes.which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞theclassicworks。本句描寫了文字的作用——能夠讓后人讀到中國(guó)古典作品。9ThehighregardfortheChinesewritingsystemcanbeseeninthedevelopmentofChinesecharactersas①anartform,knownasChinesecalligraphy②，whichhasbecomeanimportantpartofChineseculture③.①as在此處是介詞，意為“作為”；②過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)作定語(yǔ)；③which引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句，修飾先行詞Chinesecalligraphy。本句描寫了書(shū)法的重要作用。10AsChinaplaysagreaterroleinglobalaffairs①，anincreasingnumberof②internationalstudentsarebeginningtoappreciateChina'scultureandhistorythroughthisamazinglanguage.①as在此處是連詞，引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“隨著”；②anincreasingnumberof意為“越來(lái)越多的”。本句描寫了中國(guó)文化和歷史越來(lái)越重要。11I'vebeenstudyingEnglishsinceprimaryschool.本句使用了現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)，用來(lái)描述持續(xù)一段時(shí)間的動(dòng)作。12IusedtogethighmarksinEnglish,butnowI'mhavingalotoftroublewithmylistening.“usedtodosth.”意為“過(guò)去常常做某事”；“havetroublewithsth.”意為“做某事有困難”。本句用來(lái)描述情況的變化，形成一種對(duì)比。13ListeningtoEnglishradioprogrammeshelpsmegetusedtohowfastnativespeakerstalk.v.-ing形式作主語(yǔ)，謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞用單數(shù)形式。本句用來(lái)描寫有效的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法。14IalsorepeatwhatIheartohelpmyselftoexperiencethefeelingofthelanguage.本句是一種英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)方法，可以用于描寫解決語(yǔ)言學(xué)習(xí)的困難。15MybiggestheadacheishowtobepoliteinEnglish.本句描寫英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)的困難。16IhavetothinkaboutwhoI'mtalkingto①andthendecidewhethertosay②，“Openthewindow,please！”or“Couldyouopenthewindow,please？”orevenlonger“Wouldyoumindopeningthewindow,please？”①who引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句；②whether引導(dǎo)賓語(yǔ)從句。本句描寫了思考并做決定的場(chǎng)景。17...soIonlyneedafewwordstobridgethegapbetweenus.特別注意bridgethegap這個(gè)短語(yǔ)，意為“消除差距”。eq\a\vs4\al(Ⅲ)讀后續(xù)寫入門篇：讀深——深挖知識(shí)點(diǎn)(Words,expressions,sentences)在讀懂要素和主題、讀通情節(jié)和感情發(fā)展并精析語(yǔ)言之后，如何嘗試使用獲取的信息，并且應(yīng)用到自己的寫作中？最有效的做法就是把獲取的信息與已經(jīng)學(xué)過(guò)的語(yǔ)言知識(shí)結(jié)合起來(lái)——挖掘語(yǔ)篇中的知識(shí)點(diǎn)，然后嘗試使用到續(xù)寫語(yǔ)篇中。這樣，除了可以做到和原文的銜接，也可以達(dá)到語(yǔ)言的一致性和銜接性。在讀深的過(guò)程中，可以從三個(gè)方面進(jìn)行挖掘：1．詞匯2．短語(yǔ)3．句型【典題精析】閱讀下面的材料，完成以下任務(wù)。I'manEnglishself-learner,butEnglishisnotmyfirstlanguage.TodayIamanEnglishteacher.Iwouldliketosaythatfailuresarenotdisastrous.Havefaith,keepmovingon,andnevergiveuphope,andyouwillseeyourhardworkpayoff.IwasaslowlearnerwhenIwaslittle.Beforefive,Icouldn'tevenspeakinfullsentences.Unlikemostotherchildren,Iseldominteractedwithothers;Ineithercriednorthrewtantrums(發(fā)脾氣).MyextremequietnessmademyparentswonderifIwasmentallyslow,buttheywerenotsure.Actually,Ihavetoconfessthatmymemoriesofmyearlychildhoodarequiteunclear.Mylearningproblemsweretheresultofmymothertakingsomemedicinewhenshebecamepregnantwithme.AlthoughIwasbornwithoutanyphysicaldefects(缺陷),themedicinedidaffectmyearlyintellectualdevelopment.WhenIwasinelementaryschool,Ilearnedveryslowlyandwasasquietasadoll.Whilemyteacherwasteaching,mymindoftenwanderedoutsidetheclassroomtotheplayground.Asafifthgrader,Ifinallystartedinteractingwithmyclassmates.ThatwasthefirsttimeinmymemorythatIhadsomefriends.Afterheadingatfullspeedformyjuniorhigheducation,mylearningsituationgotstuckinthemudagain.Inmycountry,studentsenteringjuniorhighschoolhadtotakeanIQtest.Itwasatestforschoolstoevaluatestudents'learningabilitiessothattheycouldarrangethemintodifferentlevelsofclassesbasedontheirIQtestscores.Iwasplacedinthe“bottomclass”asaresultofmybelow-averageIQscore.Mostofmyteacherstaughtususingeasyandslowmethodsbecausetheyconsideredusincapableoflearningmuch.However，despitethat,IneverlostfaiththatImightonedaysucceedasiftoprovethatwhenGodclosesadoor,hewilldefinitelyopenupabigwindow.Amiracleoccurred.That'swhenIdiscoveredastrongpassionforEnglish.1．詞匯——請(qǐng)寫出以下詞匯的含義及詞形變化。(1)failuren．失敗→failv．失敗(2)disastrousadj.災(zāi)難性的→disastern．災(zāi)難(3)faithn．信任，信心→faithfuladj.忠誠(chéng)的→faithfullyadv.忠誠(chéng)地；如實(shí)地(4)actuallyadv.事實(shí)上→actualadj.實(shí)際的；真實(shí)的(5)confessv．坦白，承認(rèn)(6)pregnantadj.懷孕的→pregnancyn．懷孕(7)evaluatev．評(píng)價(jià)，評(píng)估→evaluationn．評(píng)價(jià)；評(píng)估(8)arrangev．安排→arrangementn．安排(9)placev．放置(10)averageadj.平均的，普通的(11)considerv．考慮→considerateadj.考慮周到的→considerableadj.相當(dāng)多的→considerationn．仔細(xì)考慮(12)succeedv．成功→successn．成功→successfuladj.成功的→successfullyadv.成功地2．短語(yǔ)——請(qǐng)寫出以下短語(yǔ)的含義。(1)payoff得到回報(bào)(2)interactwithsb.和某人交往(3)elementaryschool小學(xué)(4)atfullspeed全速(5)getstuck困住(6)bebasedon以……為基礎(chǔ)(7)asaresultof作為……的結(jié)果(8)beincapableof不能(9)losefaith失去信心3．句型——總結(jié)應(yīng)用到的句型。(1)Ineithercriednorthrewtantrums.分析：neither...nor...為并列連詞，意為“既不……也不……”。(2)AlthoughIwasbornwithoutanyphysicaldefects①，themedicinedidaffect②myearlyintellectualdevelopment.分析：①Although引導(dǎo)讓步狀語(yǔ)從句，意為“盡管”；②didaffect是對(duì)謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的強(qiáng)調(diào)。一般情況下，用“do/does/did＋動(dòng)詞原形”表示。(3)...Ilearnedveryslowlyandwasasquietasadoll.分析：as＋adj./adv.＋as表示同級(jí)比較。(4)Thatwasthefirsttimeinmymemor