TheTrialThatRockedTheWorldTheMonkeyTrialTheScopesTrialTheStateofTennesseevsScopesJohnScopesEvolutionTrialTheTrialThatRockedtheWorld

ByJohnScopesTheScopes/MonkeyTrial

TheScopestrial,alsoknownasthe“MonkeyTrial,”isoneofthemostfamouscourtroomdramasinUnitedStateshistory.ThepressdubbedittheMonkeyTrialbecause,accordingtopopularbelief,evolutionmeantthathumansweredescendedfrommonkeys.BackgroundKnowledgeTheMonkeyTrialTheearly1920'sfoundsocialpatternsinchaos.Traditionalists,theolderVictorians,worriedthateverythingvaluablewasending.Youngermodernistsnolongeraskedwhethersocietywouldapproveoftheirbehavior,onlywhethertheirbehaviormettheapprovaloftheirintellect.Intellectualexperimentationflourished.TheAmericansdancedtothesoundoftheJazzAge,showedtheircontemptforalcoholicprohibition,anddebatedabstractartandFreudiantheories.Inresponsetothenewsocialpatternssetinmotionbymodernism,awaveofrevivalismdeveloped,becomingespeciallystrongintheAmericanSouth.

Inthesummerof1925,historywasmadeinthesmalltownofDayton,Tennessee.Theissueathandwasthe"ButlerLaw,"whichforbidtheteachingofevolutioninpublicschools.PUBLICACTSOFTHESTATEOFTENNESSEEPASSEDBYTHESIXTY-FOURTHGENERALASSEMBLY1925CHAPTERNO.27HouseBillNo.185(ByMr.Butler)SynopsisoftheTextTennesseelegislaturehadenactedalaw(theButlerAct)in1924makingitacrimetoteachthetheoryofevolutioninpublicschoolsbecauseitcontradictedtheaccountofcreationintheBible.Thefollowingyear,ahighschoolbiologyteacherinDayton,JohnThomasScopes(1900-1970),decidedtotestthelaw.Heexplainedthetheorytohisclassandwasarrestedandprosecuted.JohnThomasScopes

ThefledglingAmericanCivilLibertiesUnionwantedtochallengethelaw'sconstitutionalityandchosetotestitwiththetrialofJohnScopes,ayounghigh-schoolmathandgymteacherwhobrieflytaughtDarwinismasasubstitutebiologyteacher.Thequietproceduralmatterexplodedintoamediacarnivalwhentwogreatlawyersarrivedtoarguethecase.(JohnScopes)ReligiousdebateThemostcontentious

debatesoverevolutionhaveinvolvedreligion.FromDarwin’sdaytothepresent,membersofsomereligiousfaithshaveperceivedthescientifictheoryofevolutiontobeindirectandobjectionableconflictwithreligiousdoctrineregardingthecreationoftheworld.ChristianFundamentalists(【宗】原教旨主義(相信《圣經(jīng)》所記載的傳統(tǒng)的基督教信仰,反對較為近代的教義)

andotherswhobelieveliterallyinthebiblicalstoryofcreationchoosetorejectevolutionarytheorybecauseitcontradictsthebookofGenesis,whichdescribeshowGodcreatedtheworldandallitsplantsandanimallifeinsixdays.ManysuchpeoplemaintainthattheEarthisrelativelyyoung—perhaps6,000to8,000yearsold—andthathumansandalltheworld'sspecieshaveremainedunchangedsincetheirrecentcreationbyadivinehand.Genesis《圣經(jīng)·創(chuàng)世紀》1stday:Day&Night2ndday:Firmament&Water3rdday:Earth&Sea4thday:Seasons,days&years5thday:LivingCreaturesinSea&Sky6thday:Beasts,Man&Woman7thday:HavearestThecourtrefusedtoconsiderthevalidityofthelaw.Instead,itaskedthejurytodetermineonlywhetherScopeshadviolatedthatlaw.Thetrialinvolvedseveraldistinguishedlawyers,including:DefenseCounsel(辯護律師):ClarenceDarrow,oneofAmerica'sleadingcriminallawyers.Prosecutor:formerU.S.secretaryofstate，three-timepresidentialcandidateWilliamJenningsBryan

Openingstatementspicturedthetrialasatitanicstrugglebetweengoodandevilortruthandignorance.Bryanclaimedthat“Ifevolutionwins,Christianitygoes."Darrowargued,"Scopesisn'tontrialcivilizationisontrial."DarrowexaminesBryanCourseThedefensearguedforthescientificvalidityofevolutionandagainsttheconstitutionalityoftheButlerAct,butitdidnotdenythatScopeshadbrokenthelaw.Darrow,incross-examiningBryan,succeededinpointingoutseveralseriousinconsistencies(矛盾)inFundamentalistbelief.ResultsScopeswasconvictedandfined$100,buttheverdictwaslaterreversedontechnicalgroundsbythestatesupremecourt.TheButlerActremainedonthebooksuntil1967.Thetrialwasseenasavictoryforevolution.JudgesoftheMonkeyTrialAnecdoteOnceDarwincameacrossaverybeautifulyoungladyonaball.TheladychallengedDarwin:DoyouthinkI’malsodescendedfrommonkeys?”Darwinglancedatherandreplied:Definitely!Butthedifferenceisthatyouaredescendedfromaverycharmingmonkey.AlthoughScopeslostthetrial,yethisinfluenceonthesocietyandthelawwasunmatched.Wheneverwetalkaboutthegreatesttrialofthetwentiethcentury,thathonor,ofcourse,mustgotothe

"MonkeyTrial"of1925.

SowhyistheScopestrialconsideredthetrialofthecentury?Wecountedthefollowingways:

TheScopesTrialalreadyhasstoodthetestoftime.Seventy-fiveyearslateritstandsasthemosttalkedabouttrialofthefirstpartofthetwentiethcentury.

TheScopesTrialbroughttogetherAmerica'sgreatestdefenseattorney,ClarenceDarrow,itsgreatestpoliticaloratorandasortofFundamentalistPope,three-timepresidentialcandidateWilliamJenningsBryan,anditsgreatestandmostacerbicjournalist,H.L.Mencken.Mencken→←Bryan

TheScopesTrialproducedwhattheNewYorkTimescalled"themostamazingcourtroomsceneinAnglo-Americanhistory,"thecallingofprosecutorWilliamJenningsBryantothestandbyClarenceDarrowforexaminationonthequestionofwhethereverystoryintheBiblewasliterallytrue.

Ifthatwerenotstrangeenough,theexaminationtookplaceinthecourthouselawnbeforeacrowdofthousandsafterthejudgeexpressedconcernthatthecourtroomfloormightcaveinbecauseoftheweightofspectators.

TheScopesTrialinspired"InherittheWind,"oneofthegreatestcourtroomdramaseverstarringSpencerTracyasDarrow,FredricMarchasBryan,andGeneKellyasMencken.

TheScopesTrialwasaboutwhetherScienceandReligioncouldbereconciled.

ItwasasymbolicstruggleforAmerica'sculturebetweentheforcesofTraditionalismandtheforcesofModernism.

Itwasaboutwhetherwelookforguidancefrom,asBryansaid"thefaithofourfathers,"orfromourownintellects.

TheScopesTrialwasaboutwhatmuchofthetwentiethcenturyhasbeenabout.Today,thebattlebetweenDarwinismandcreationismcontinuesinanationbuiltaroundtheseparationofchurchandstate.rock:tocausegreatshockandsurprisetotomovegentlybackwardsandforwardsorfromsidetosidePeopleusedtosay:Thehandthatrocksthecradlerulestheworld.ThePresident'smurderrockedthenation.Anotherfinancialblowhasrockedtheindustry.Thetheoryrockedthefoundationsofsocialandmorallife.Wordsandphrasesworthpayingspecial

attentionto.

silver-tonguedorator;asilvertonguee.g.Sometimeswedogetfooledbyallthatbeautifullypackaged,silver-tonguedhypeoftherecordcompanies.bebornwithasilverspooninthemouthEverycloudhasasilverlining.黑暗之中總有光明。Speechissilver,butsilenceisgolden.SilverState:informalnameforNevadaandColoradosilvermedal;silverjubilee;silverwedding;thesilverscreen;silvercounsel:|u|advice:Theyrefusedtolistentotheoldman’scounsel.|c|oneormorelawyersactingforsb.inacourtoflaw.e.g.Thecounselareagreed.Thejudgeaskedthecounselforthedefensetoexplainhispoint.take/holdcounselforadvice:toasksb.foradviceCf.council:agroupofpeopleappointedorelectedtomakelaws,rules,ordecisions,foratown,etc.,ortogiveadvice.thestatecouncil國務院

theCouncilofMinisters內(nèi)閣

theUNSecurityCouncil安理會

Officialmeetingsofthetowncouncil鎮(zhèn)政會

arealwaysheldinthecouncilchamber會議室.Nominate:tosuggestornamesb.officiallyforelectiontoaposition,office,honor,etc.IwishtonominateJaneMorrisonforpresidentoftheclub.nominee:apersonwhohasbeennominated.nominatorTherevivaloffundamentalismAfterWWI,religiousintoleranceswererampant.QuiteafewstatespassedlawsprohibitingtheteachingofDarwinistevolution.WhenJohnScopes,aschoolteacher,defiedthelawbyteachingevolution,hewasbroughtupfortrial.Thecourtdebatewasnotonlyareflectionofreligiousconflictsbutalsoasignificantstrugglebetweentheprogressiveandthereactionary.DarwinismThetheoryofevolutionassertsthatalllivingforms,plantsandanimals,includingManhavedevelopedfromearlierandsimplerformsbyprocessesofchangeandselection.Thefittiestsurvive.Testify(against,for,to):a.tomakeasolemnstatementofwhatistrue.Theteachertestifiedtothepupil’sabilityandwillingnesstoworkhard.Canyoutestifythatyousawthedefendantatthesceneofthecrime?Onewitnesstestifiedthathe’dseentheprisonerrunoutofthebankafterithadbeenrobbed.b.toserveasproof:e.g.Herredfacetestifiedtoherguilt/thatshewasguilty.testimonial（品行，行為，資格等）證明書，推薦書Applicantsforthis

postmustsendcopiesof3recenttestimonials.evidence:informationgivenpersonally,drawnfromadocumentorintheformofmaterialobjects,tendingororusedtoestablishfactsinalegalinvestigationoradmissibleastestimonyinalawcourt用于任何指示或對或錯的事實，但并不能確切證明究竟是對是錯。Runningawaywasevidenceofhisguilt.Withoutevidence,theycan’tbringacharge.testimony:aformalwrittenorspokenstatement,especiallyonegiveninacourtoflaw;evidenceorproofprovidedbytheexistenceorappearanceofsth指證實對或錯Hisblackenedfingerwastestimonytothefactthathehadplayedinpain.Hisspeechwastestimonyofhisgoodintention.hand:onhand:present,availablethehiddenhandtheminute[hour]handaskforagirl'shandgiveone'shandtosb.afresh[green]handacrack[good,great]handextrahandsatfirsthand

(knowledgeatfirsthand)。atsecondhandathandhand:beoutofsb.'shandsbyhand:e.g.deliveraletterbyhandfoldone'shandsfromhandtomouth

gain[get,have]theupperhandof

getabighand

handinhand:e.g.toacthandinhand。Handsoff!Handsup!holdupone'shandshand:inhand:e.g.Wehavethesituationwellinhandkisshands(thehand)kissone'shandtolosetheupperhandoutofhandtryone'shandatproof:evidenceorargumentestablishingorhelpingtoestablishafactorthetruthofastatement確實證據(jù)，不容置疑的證據(jù)Hisactionswereproofthathewastellingthetruth.Youwillbeaskedtogiveproofofyouridentity.Theproofofthepuddingisintheeating.Erupt:toexplodeandpouroutfire(volcanoes,geysers,wars,emotions,etc.)Geysersandvolcanoeserupt.Thevolcanoeruptedlavaandashes.Heeruptedangrywords.Violenceeruptedinthecityafterthefootball.crater/ventasheslavarockfragmentshotvaporgaseruptionconicaltheearth’scrustanactiveanextinctvolcanoadormantbuildupdevelop/extendgradually,steadily;becomelarger,strongerThecloudsarebuildingup.Hehasbuiltupagoodbusinessovertheyears.ItbrokeoutafterastudyinChinasuggestedforthefirsttimethatGMcottonwaspermanentlydamagingtheenvironmentandthatinsectswerebuildingupresistancetoit.aim(at):pointordirecttowardssomeobject,esp.withtheintentionofhittingitCf.aim/direct/level/point/trainThecentralmeaningsharedbytheseverbsistoturnsomethinginthedirectionofanintendedgoalortarget.aimedthecameraattheguests directinghereyesonthebook leveledcriticismattheadministration pointingafingeratthesuspect trainedthegunontheintruder leastofall

（最不應該；尤其不）lessthananyone/anythingelseNobodyoughttocomplain;heleastofallwhohasreceivedsomuchkindness.誰都不應抱怨，他尤其不應該，他已得到這么多恩惠。Ineverhidthetruth,leastofallfromyou.Helikedthatbookleastofall.notintheleast(notatall)tosaytheleast(ofit)(understatement)Hisperformancewasdisappointing,tosaytheleastofit.Itwasratheranunsatisfactorydinner,tosaytheleastofit.那次宴會，相當令人不滿意，至少可以如此說。snowball:toincreaseinsizefasterandfasteroruncontrollablyTheeffectofrisingpriceshassnowballed.Hehelpedtheorganizationtosnowballitspoliticalinfluence.他幫助那家機構迅速增大政治影響力。Thenumberofsignersofthepetitionforanewschoolsnowballed.要求增設新學校的簽名人數(shù)越來越多。

takeon:begintohave(thelookof)Theoldcityhastakenonanewlook.Believinghehadonlyayeartolive,hiswritingtookonafeverishintensity.

circus:acrobats,clowns,trainedanimalsCf.paintthetownred:gooutandenjoyoneselfflamboyantlythesmalltownDaytonamapofDaytonDaytonsceneduringthetrialfestiveatmosphereinDaytonToday’sCourthousepassersbylookers-inlookers-ondiners-outmaids-in-waitingsons-in-lawfathers-in-lawstatesmanspokesmancraftsmansportsmanyachtsmansalesmanswordsmandolesman

almsman領救濟金者cragsman爬巖能手mobsman暴民banksman坑外監(jiān)工helmsman舵手herdsman牧主steersman舵手撐筏者draftsman起草人pointsman扳道工landsman同胞clansman氏族人kinsman親屬kinsfolk親屬townsfolk同鄉(xiāng)townspeople鎮(zhèn)民市民異教徒infidel:apersonwhodoesnotbelieveinreligionorwhoadherestoareligionotherthanone’sown,implyingbeinginthehandsofthedevilpagan:apersonholdingreligiousbeliefsotherthanthoseofthemainworldreligionsheretic:apersonbelievinginorpracticingreligiousheresysteepedin:

thoroughlyfilledorfamiliarwith;saturated,immersed,imbuedwithaplacesteepedinmysteryamindsteepedinlawbesteepedinwomenandliquor沉緬于酒色

agnostic:apersonwhobelievesthatonecanonlyhaveknowledgeofmaterialthingsandthatnothingisorcanbeknownaboutGodorlifeafterdeath.不可知論者atheist:apersonwhodisbelievesintheexistenceofGod.無神論者cf.aesthete:apersonwhoisappreciativeoforsensitivetoartandbeauty.唯美主義者，審美者session:aformalmeetingofanorganization,esp.alaw-makingbodyorcourt.Beseated!Thiscourtisinsession.Thisyear’ssessionofCongresswasunusuallylong.themorning/afternoonsessionthe2ndSessionofthe10thNationalPeople’sCongress第十屆全國人民代表大會第二次會議（NPC)

the2ndSessionofthe10thChinesePeople’sPoliticalConsultativeConference(CPPCC)第十屆中國人民政治協(xié)商會議第二次會議takelegalproceedingsagainstsb.對----提出訴訟takedivorceproceedings提出離婚訴訟contentiousprocedure訴訟程序getunderway:getstarted,

insession,inmotion,infullswinggrowl:tomakeadeeproughsoundinthethroattoshowangerorgivewarning,adeeproughsoundThedogwasangryandgrowledatme.Weheardthundergrowlinginthedistance.Hegrowled(out)hisdisapproval.Heansweredthequestionwithagrowl.drawlspeakinaslow,lazywaywithprolongedvowelsounds“Suitsmefine,”hedrawled.PeoplearegettingusedtoBush’sTexasdrawl.人們慢慢習慣了布什的得州慢腔調(diào)。bigotryBigot（執(zhí)拗的人）:apersonwhothinksstronglyandunreasonablythathisownopinionandbeliefiscorrectaboutmattersofreligion,race,politics,etc.Bigotry（偏執(zhí)、頑固）:intolerancetowardsthosewhoholddifferentopinionsfromoneselfThereportrevealsracismandright-wingbigotry.Bigoted（偏執(zhí)的、頑固的）:obstinatelyconvincedofthesuperiorityorcorrectnessofone’sownopinionsandprejudicedagainstthosewhoholddifferentopinionsabigotedgroupofreactionariesrampant:ofcrime,disease,beliefs,ideas,ignorance,bigotry,widespread,impossibletocontrol,unchecked.weeds,vines,(growtoofreely)Thevinesranrampantoverthefence.Ignoranceisrampantamongthem.Anarchywasrampantafterthedictatordied.arampantleopard:一只暴怒的豹子twogoldlionsrampant:用后腳立起的獅子retrogresstothedarkageofthe16thcenturyTheInquisition（中世紀的）宗教法庭Copernicus(Polish,1473-1543)Galileo(Italian,1564-1642)Bruno(Italian,1548-1600):Italianphilosopher,supporteroftheheliocentricCopernicanviewofthesolarsystem.HewastriedbytheInquisitionforheresy（邪說）andburnedatthestake.contaminate:madeimpureorbadbyorasifbymixingin/withimpure,dirty,orpoisonousmatter:Don’teatthisfood:itmayhavebeencontaminatedbytheflies.Theriverwascontaminatedwithwastefromthefactory.Ourstudentsarebeingcontaminatedbyforeignideas!Hismoralshavebeencontaminatedbybadcompanions.warm:becomemoreenthusiastic,animatedvt. toraiseslightlyintemperature;makewarm:

e.g.warmedtherollsabitmore;warmupthehouse.vt.tomakezealousorardent;enliven;tofillwithpleasantemotions:

e.g.Wewerewarmedbythesightofhome.vi.tobecomewarm;

e.g.Therollsarewarmingintheoven.vi.tobecomeardent,enthusiastic,oranimated:

e.g.begantowarmtothesubject.vi.tobecomekindlydisposedorfriendly:

e.g.Shefelttheaudiencewarmingtoher.Bryanwasencouragedbytheaudience’sappreciationofhissarcasmandbecamemoreenthusiastic.denounce:tospeakorwriteagainstHewasdenouncedasarascal.Theminister’sactionwasdenouncedinthenewspaper.Theydenouncedhimtothepoliceasacriminal.todeclarepubliclyandofficiallytheendof(anagreement,treaty,esp.onebetweennations)todenounceatreatythunder:theloudexplosivenoisethatfollowsaflashoflightning,anynoiselikethis.Toshoutloudly,toattackviolentlywithwords.Thegunthunderedinthedistance.Theseathundersagainsttherocks.Shewasthunderingatthedoor.Thereformersthunderedagainstdrinkingandgambling.thunder:tothunderthreats(condemnation,denouncement)somephrases:inthunder(usedforgivingforcetoaquestion)Whatinthunderdoyouthinkyou’redoing?like/asblackasthunder(veryangry/annoyed)stealone’sthunder(剽竊別人的思想或方法等),（用預期表演或言論等之精彩而使實際表現(xiàn)為之失色）

gone:nolongerpresent,departed

GonearethedayswhenimperialistscouldrunroughshodovertheChinesepeople.Gonearethedayswhenmyheartwasyoungandgay.GonearethedayswhenIcouldsleepforaslongasIpleased.arena:thecentral(middle)partofaRomanamphitheater,usedforpublicsportsandfights,amusement.arenaofpolitics,arenaofWorldWarII(ascene/place),literaryarena-------business,cultural,academic,theatricalcircle

quarters

界diplomaticquarters外交界dinancialquarters金融界thehighestquarters最高層thequartersconcerned有關方面theplatformthepulpitliteratiinthefieldofmedicinethescientificfieldreconcile:1 ifyoureconciletwobeliefs,facts,ordemandsthatseemtobeopposedorcompletelydifferent,youfindawayinwhichtheycanbothbetrueorbothbefulfilled.vt.e.g.It’sdifficulttoreconcilethedemandsofmyjobandthedesiretobeagoodfather.2 Ifyouarereconciledwithsomeone,youbecomefriendlywiththemagainafteraquarrelordisagreement.e.g.HeneverbelievedheandSusanwouldbereconciled.3 Ifyoureconciletwopeople,youmakethembecomefriendsagainafteraquarrelordisagreemente.g.…myattempttoreconcilehimwithToby4 Ifyoureconcileyourselftoanunpleasantsituation,youacceptit,althoughitdoesnotmakeyouhappytodoso.e.g.Shehadreconciledherselftoneverseeinghimagain.Shefelt,ifnotgratefulforherownlot,atleastalittlemorereconciledtoit.Saxon:trialbyordeal(水火酷刑審判）ordealsbyfireandwaterorpoisonNorman:（原/被告決斗審判）

trialsbybattleorduelThetwoopposinglawyersfoughtaduelofwitsinthelawcourt.primitivetrialanapeananthropoidprimate(primates)amammalofanorderthatincludesthelemurs（狐猴）,bushbabies（非洲小猿）,tarsiers（東南亞長尾夜出后腿長猴類）,marmosets（中南美洲產(chǎn)小猴）,monkeys,apesandhumans(achimpanzeeagorillababoon)Pleasetellthatanthropoidbrotherofyourstostandupstraightandgethishaircut!deliberate/ponder:Bothemphasizetheslow,carefulprocessofweighingpossibilities/alternatives.deliberate:stressestheslowness,rationalprocessofdecision-making.Thejurydeliberatedfourhoursbeforebringinginaverdict.Jurorsdeliberatedthefateofthosecharged.Shedeliberatedoverthemenu.deliberate/ponder:ponder:stressestheweighingofpossibilitiesandpointstothesolemnityanddifficultyoftheproblem,towhichtheremaybenosolution.TheMinisterforDefenseponderedtheproblemofhowtomaintainnationalsecuritywithoutcompromisingindividualfreedom.Iponderedthequestionofwhatclothestowearfortheoccasion.Shesatponderingoverherproblem.cower(wince,shrink,flinch)shrinkfromapersonoractionbecauseofalarm,cowardice,servility,obsequiousness,cold,alsoindicateafearfulandtremblingrecoilordrawingbackfromdanger,pain,extremediscomfort.antonyms:confront,face,carryoff(todo/performeasily,successfully),brazenout(tofacetrouble/blamewithshamelessdaring)Hecoweredinfrozenpanicasthehorsesstampededtowardshim.yokel(countrybumpkin,hayseed,hick,rustic,rube…)refercontemptuously,unflatteringly,unfavorablytorural,provincial,uncultured,unsophisticated,narrow-mindedpeoplewhocouldbeeasilygulled,duped,conned,takenin.repel/repulse1,todrivebackbyorasifbyforcetorepelanattack/anenemy2.tocausefeelingsofdislikeinLet’sgoatonce!Yourepelme.Hisaccentrepelsme.他說話的腔調(diào)讓我惡心。3.make…displeasedEvilodorsinvariablyrepel.臭味總讓人不愉快。4.beagainsteachotherParticleswithsimilarelectricchargesrepeleachother.帶有同性電荷之物體相排斥。5.bewaterproofThiscoatrepelsrain.repellantappearance令人憎惡的外貌repulse:1.todriveback(anenemy/attack)torepulsetheenemy2.torefusecoldly;pushaway(afriendlyperson,oranofferoffriendship)Heofferedtohelp,butwasrepulsed.BryanislikeDonQuixoteinhisactions,fightingwindmillsortiltingatwindmills,toodramaticandtoopretentioustobereallyconvincingandimpressive.punctuateinterruptperiodicallyThefootballgamewaspunctuatedbythecheersofeachteam’ssupporters.ShepunctuatedhisprayerwithAmens.Hepunctuatedhisspeechwithgestures.Hepunctuatedhislecturewithafewwell-chosenjokes.笑snigger/snicker:竊笑

smotheredorhalf-suppressedlaughter.TheysniggeredwhenheannouncedthathewouldsomedaybePrimeMinister.Theboyssniggeredasthepoordogranaboutwithatincantiedtoitstail.

chuckle:low-keyed,reflective,expressingappreciation,satisfaction,denotequietlaughter,usu.harmless,pleasant,good-naturedintonechortle—chuckle+snort:highglee,impishness咯咯笑giggle/titter:嗤嗤笑，傻笑，uncontrollablefitofsillybutharmlesslaughter,high-pitchedsounds,usu.associatedwithchildrenorgirls.slurunfairdamagingremarkstoharmone’sreputationslandern/vblasphemev.褻瀆，辱罵castslursuponone’sfriendssny.smear,disgrace,insult(heart,sympathies,feelings)goouttosbbeextendedto(offeelings)tobeinsympathywith;feelsorryforTheEnglishman’sheartwentouttothepitifulfigure.Myheartcouldn’thelpgoingouttothehelplesswoundedchildrenindirtyragswhoseparentsdiedintherecentIraqiwar.Ourthoughtsgoouttoourfriendsabroad.Ourheartsgoouttotheheroicfightersintheforefrontofanti-imperialiststruggle.juryThejuryfindstheprisonerguilty.Thejuryweredividedinopinion.陪審團意見分歧。Thejurywere(was)askedtoconsidertheirverdictatnoonthefollowingday.oxymoronavictoriousdefeatsweetbitterness苦中有甜cruelkindness看似殘酷，實則仁慈falselytrue似假還真ablessingindisguise貌似災禍，實際使人得福的事oxymoronIdespiseitsveryvastnessandpower.Ithasthepoorestmillionaires,thelittlestgreatmen,thehaughtiestbeggars,theplainestbeauties,thethelowestskyscrapers,thedolefulestpleasuresofanytownIeversaw.(O.Henry,TheDuel)我嗤之以鼻的正是其宏大與權勢，我從未見過哪個城市有象這里這樣的最貧窮的百萬富翁，最渺小的偉人，最高傲的乞丐，最丑陋的美人，最低矮的摩天大廈，最無趣味的樂事。paradoxCaesar:Cowardsdiemanytimesbeforetheirdeaths;Thevaliantnevertasteofdeathbutonce…愷撒：懦夫在未死之前，就已經(jīng)死過好多次；勇士一生只死一次。……

paradoxYet,thosewhohaveeyesapparentlyseelittle.Thepanoramaofcolorandactionwhichfillstheworldistakenforgranted.(HelenKeller,ThreeDaystoSee)可是，明眼人顯然徒有兩只眼睛，充滿著大千世界的豐富多彩、千姿百態(tài)的畫景，在他們看來竟是平淡無奇。inthewakeof:closebehindandinthesamepathoftravelasThecarleftcloudsofdustinitswake.Traderscameinthewakeoftheconqueringarmy.商人們隨著征服的軍隊而來。asaresultof;followingasaconsequencehungeranddiseaseinthewakeofwarclimatethegeneraltemperoropinionsofagroupofpeopleorperiodofhistoryIwouldn'thavelikedthemoral/politicalclimateofBritainbeforethe1stWorldWar.Inaclimateofpoliticalunrest,adictatorcanoftenseizepower.在政治氣候不安定的情況下，獨裁者常能奪取政權。investmentclimate投資環(huán)境classroomclimateHowmanylegaltermsdoyouknow?offence:commitanoffenceagainstarule犯規(guī)commit

acrime(oftheft)/breakthelawgive/cause~tosb.得罪某人take~atsth.因某事而生氣afirst~初犯accuseaccusesb.ofacrimechargesb.withmurderandarson縱火theaccused,thechargedparty,defendant,indictee被告accusant,accuser,plaintiff,indictor原告accuseappealtolaw;enter(bringin)alawsuitagainstsb對起訴lodgeacomplaint提起訴訟；提起申訴Instituteproceedings,進行訴訟civillaw:suitsbetweenindividuals:insuranceclaims,divorces,businessmalpracticescriminallaw:rangingfromtrafficticketstohighjacking,murder,treason,arsonsuefordivorce申請離婚crimehomicideattemptedmurderinfanticideassaultandbatterykidnapping,abductionhighjackingpiracyrape殺人罪謀殺未遂殺嬰毆打，侵犯人身罪誘拐，拐騙劫持（飛機）海盜罪，盜版強奸罪theft,larcenyarmedrobberyburglarysmuggling,contrabandswindleembezzlementbribery,suborningfraud盜竊罪持械搶劫入室行竊走私罪詐騙罪貪污公款罪行賄，受賄欺詐taxevasion偷稅misuseofauthority濫用職權blackmail

敲詐勒索calumny,slander誹謗罪intoxication酗酒harbor包庇，窩藏罪receive窩贓罪threat,menace恐嚇hightreason叛國罪adultery通奸disturbanceofpeace擾亂治安customsduties關稅deathduty(tax)遺產(chǎn)稅royalties版稅stampduty(tax)印花稅incometax所得稅summonsissueasummons發(fā)出傳票serveasummonsonsb把傳票送達…subpoena傳票court:

judge:robe,gavel,wig,badgelawyer;attorney;attorney-at-law（美）律師,

attorney-in-fact代理人barrister（英，有資格出席高等法院的）律師,solicitor（英，初級）律師,

courtdaycourtroom審判室lawcourt法院，法庭appearincourt出庭，到庭dock被告席（刑庭）beinthedo