ytm 于中東（middleeast） 寫；因為楔子在拉丁, 情景如同現(xiàn)今的拉丁文。后失傳，19世紀(jì)以來才被陸續(xù)譯解，從TPO46ReadingItwasinEgyptandMesopotamia(modern-dayIraq)thatcivilizationarose,anditistherethatwefindtheearliestexamplesofthatkeyfeatureofcivilization,writing.Theseexamples,intheformofinscribedclaytabletsthatdatetoshortlybefore3000B.C.E.,havebeendiscoveredamongthearchaeologicalremainsoftheSumerians,agiftedpeoplesettleinsouthernMesopotamia.文明誕生于埃及和美索不達米亞（今）地區(qū)，那里也出現(xiàn)了代表文明主要特征最早sc它用當(dāng)時盛產(chǎn)于尼羅河三角洲（NileDelta）的紙莎草的莖制成。 TPO25LectureEgyptianhieroglyphsaretheancientEgyptianwritingsfoundinancientEgyptonwalls,monumentsandontheinsideandoutsideoftemples.埃及象形文字即古埃及文字，在古埃及墻Hieroglyphicwritingendedabruptlyaboutsixteenhundredyearsago,anditmystifiedthemostbrilliantmindsinthestudyofEgyptianartifactsandarchaeologyformany,manycenturies. Finally,thepossibilityofdecipheringhieroglyphscameaboutwiththediscovery,inoftheRosettaStone.最后，人們在1799年發(fā)現(xiàn)了羅塞塔之石 entisawritingmaterialmadefromspeciallyprepareduntannedskinsofanimals—primarilysheep,calves,andgoats.Ithasbeenusedasawritingmediumforovertwomillennia.TPO15LectureNow,inEurope,intheMiddleAges,beforetheinventionofprintingandtheprintingpress,allbooks,allmanuscripts,werehandmade.在歐洲中世紀(jì)時期，在印刷術(shù)發(fā)明之 Andthematerialtypicallyusedforthepageswaspar entwhichisanimalskinthat’sstretchedanddriedundertensionsoitesreallyflatandcanbewrittenon.而書頁主要是用Parentisdurable—muchmoresothanpaper.Anditcouldbereusedwhichcameinhandysinceitwasacostlymaterialandinshortsupply羊皮紙很耐用，比紙張耐用很多。Uhremember,beforeprintingbooksweremademainlyinmonasteries—wellthescribesoftenrecycledtheparentthat’dbeenusedforearliermanuscripts記得在印刷術(shù)發(fā)明之前，Theysimplyerasedtheinkoffthepar entandwrotesomethingnewinits manuscriptpagethatwaswrittenonerased,andthenusedagainiscalledapalimpsest.教授:他Around1450,JohannesGutenbergintroducedthefirstmovabletypeprintingsysteminEurope.Headvancedinnovationsincastingtypebasedonamatrixandhandmould,