Inrecentyears,thecommercialpressurefromsupermarketch2014-2015年上海卷英語(yǔ)第I卷(共103分Directions:Afterreadingthepassagesbelow,fillintheblankstomakethepassagescoherentandgrammaticallycorrect.Fortheblankswithagivenword,fillineachblankwiththeproperformofthegivenword;fortheotherblanks,useonewordthatbestfitseachblank.(A)MystayinNewYorkAftergraduationfromuniversity,Ihadbeenunabletosecureapermanentjobinmysmalltown.SoIdecidedtoleavehomeforNewYork,(25)Imighthaveabetterchancetofindagoodjob.(26) (earn)somemoneytopaythedailyexpenses,Istartedworkinalocalcafeasawaiter.Ibelievedthat(27)Iwasofferedagoodposition,Iwouldresignatonce.Overtime,thehighcostoflivingbecamealittleburdenonmyalready(28)(exhaust)shoulders.Ontheotherhand,mysearchforarespectablejobhadnotmetwithmuchsuccess.AsIhadstudiedliteratureatuniversity,Ifounditquitedifficulttosecureasuitablejobinbigcompanies.Motherhadsaidthat(29)Iwantedtohaveabettercareeradvancement,Ihadtofindworkinthecity.Perhaps,(30)mymotherhadtoldmewasdeeplyrootedinmymind.Ijustdidasshehadexpected.SoonIhadlivedinthecityforoversixmonthsbutIstilldidnotlikeit.Apparently,Ihaddifficulty(31)(adapt)myselftolifeinthecity,letalonefindingajobtomydelight.Afterninemonthsoffrustration.Ieventuallydecidedtogobacktomysmalltown.NotuntilIreturned(32)Irealisethataquiettownlifewasthebestforme.(B)Thegiantvendingmachine(自動(dòng)售貨機(jī))isanewvillageshopVillagershavelongbeenusedtofacingadrivewhentheyrunoutofbasicsupplies.However,helpisnownearerathandintheformofthecountry'sfirstautomaticpush-buttonshop.NowresidentsintheDerbyshirevillageofCliftoncanbuygroceriesaroundtheclockafterthehugevendingwasinstalledoutsideapubinthevillagethisweek.PeterFox,whois(33)electricalengineer,spenttwoandahalfyearsworkingontheproject.Themachine(34)(equip)withsecuritycamerasandalarms,andlookslikeaminishopwithabrickfront,agreyroofandadisplaywindow.Mr.Foxsaidhehopedhisinvention,(35)issettobeinstalledinothervillagesintheareaoverthecomingmonths,willmarkareturntoconvenienceshoppingforruralcommunities.Hesaid:"IhadthisideaafewyearsagobutIcouldn'tfindamanufacturerwhocoulddeliverwhatIwanted,soIdiditby(36).Theresultiswhatamountstoahugeoutdoorvendingmachine.YetIthinkthetermautomaticshopisfar(37)(appropriate)."ains(38)(force)villageshopsacrossthecountrytoclose.In2010,itwasestimatedthatabout400villageshopsclosed,(39)_(urge)thelocalgovernmenttogivefinancialsupporttostrugglingshopsorset-upnewcommunitystores.Hundredsofcommunitieshavesincesteppedinandopeneduptheirownvolunteer-runshops,butMr.Foxhopeshisnewinventionwillofferasolution(40)thosevillageswithoutalocalshop.SectionBDirections:Completethefollowingpassagebyusingthewordsinthebox.Eachwordcanonlybeusedonce.Notethatthereisonewordmorethanyouneed.A.alertB.classifyC.commitD.delicatelyE.gentleF.imposeG.labelsH.moderationI.relieveJ.signalsK.simplyLet'ssayyou'vedecidedyouwanttoeatmorehealthfully.However,youdon,thavetimetocarefullyplanmenusformealsorreadfood_41_atthesupermarket.Sinceyoureally_42_yourselftoahealthierlifestyle,alittlehelpwouldcomeinhandy,wouldn'tit?Thisiswherea"choicearchitect"canhelp_43_someoftheburdenofdoingitallyourself.Choicearchitectsarepeoplewhoorganizethecontextsinwhichcustomersmakedecisions.Forexample,thepersonwhodecidesthelayoutofyourlocalsupermarket-includingwhichshelfthepeanutbuttergoeson,andhowtheorangesarepiledup一isachoicearchitect.Governmentsdon,thaveto_44_healthierlifestylesthroughlawsforexample,smokingbans.Rather,ifgivenanenvironmentcreatedbyachoicearchitect-onethatencouragesustochoosewhatisbest-wewilldotherightthings.Inotherwords,therewillbedesignsthatgentlypushcustomerstowardmakinghealthierchoices,withoutremovingfreedomofchoice.Thisideacombinesfreedomtochoosewith_45_hintsfromchoicearchitects,whoaimtohelppeoplelivelonger,healthier,andhappierlives.TheBritishandSwedishgovernmentshaveintroducedaso-called“trafficlightsystem"to_46_foodsashealthyorunhealthy.Thismeansthatcustomerscanseeataglancehowmuchfat,sugar,andsalteachproductcontains_47_bylookingatthelightsonthepackage.Agreenlight_48_thattheamountsofthethreenutrientsarehealthy;yellowindicatesthatthecustomershouldbe_49_;andredmeansthatthefoodishighinatleastoneofthethreenutrientsandshouldbeeatenin_50_.Thecustomerisgivenimportanthealthinformation,butisstillfreetodecidewhattochoose.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.Researchhasshownthattwo-thirdsofhumanconversationistakenupnotwithdiscussionoftheculturalorpoliticalproblemsoftheday,notheateddebatesaboutfilmswe'vejustwatchedorbookswe'vejustfinishedreading,butplainandsimple_51_.

Languageisourgreatesttreasureasaspecies,andwhatdowe_52_dowithit?Wegossip.Aboutothers'behaviourandprivatelives,suchaswho'sdoingwhatwithwhom,who'sinandwho'sout-andwhy;howtodealwithdifficult_53_situationsinvolvingchildren,lovers,andcolleagues.Sowhyarewekeenongossiping?Arewejustnatural_54_ ，ofbothtimeandwords?Ordowetalkalotaboutnothinginparticularsimplytoavoidfacinguptothereallyimportantissuesoflife?It'snotthecaseaccordingtoProfessorRobinDunbar.Infact,inhislatestbook,Grooming,GossipandtheEvolutionofLanguage,thepsychologistsaysgossipisoneofthesereally_55_issues.Dunbar_56_thetraditionalviewthatlanguagewasdevelopedbythemenattheearlystageofsocialdevelopmentinordertoorganizetheirmanlyhuntingactivitiesmoreeffectively,oreventopromotetheexchangeofpoeticstoriesabouttheiroriginsandthesupernatural.Insteadhesuggeststhatlanguageevolvedamongwomen.Wedon'tspendtwo-thirdsofourtimegossipingjustbecausewecantalk,arguesDunbar—_57_,hegoesontosay,languageevolvedspecificallytoallowustogossip.Dunbararrivedathischeerytheorybystudyingthe_58_ofthehigherprimates （靈長(zhǎng)類動(dòng)物）likemonkeys.Bymeansofgrooming--cleaningthefurbybrushingit,monkeysformgroupswithotherindividualsonwhomtheycanrelyforsupportintheeventofsomekindofconflictwithinthegroupor_59_fromoutsideit.Aswehumanbeingsevolvefromaparticularbranchoftheprimatefamily,Dunbar_60_thatatonetimeinourhistorywedidmuchthesame.Groupingtogethermadesensebecausethebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthe_61_itprovided;ontheotherhand,thebiggerthegroup,thegreaterthestressesoflivingclosetoothers.Groominghelpedto_62_thepressureandcalmeverybodydown.Butasthegroupsgotbiggerandbigger,theamountoftimespentingroomingactivitiesalsohadtobe_63_tomaintainitseffectiveness.Clearly,amore_64_kindofgroomingwasneeded,andthuslanguageevolvedasakindofvocal （有聲的）groomingwhichallowedhumanstodeveloprelationshipwithever-largergroupsbyexchanginginformationoverawidernetworkofindividualsthanwouldbepossiblebyone-to-one_65_contact.51.A.claimB.descriptionC.gossipD.language52.A.occasionallyB.habituallyC.independentlyD.originally53.A.socialB.politicalC.historicalD.cultural54.A.admirersB.mastersC.usersD.wasters55.A.vitalB.sensitiveC.idealD.difficult56.A.confirmsB.rejectsC.outlinesD.broadens57.A.forinstanceB.inadditionC.onthecontraryD.asaresult58.A.motivationB.appearanceC.emotionD.behaviour59.A.attackB.contactC.inspectionD.assistance60.A.recallsB.deniesC.concludesD.confesses.A.prospectB.responsibilityC.leadershipD.protection.A.measureB.show C.maintain D.ease.A.saved B.extended C.consumed D.gained.A.common B.efficient C.scientificD.thoughtful.A.indirectB.dailyC.physical D.secretSectionBDirections:Readthefollowingthreepassages.Eachpassageisfollowedbyseveralquestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA,B,CandD.Choosetheonethatfitsbestaccordingtotheinformationgiveninthepassageyouhavejustread.（A）.Mostpeopleagreethathonestyisagoodthing.ButdoesMotherNatureagree?Animalscan'ttalk,butcantheylieinotherways?Cantheyliewiththeirbodiesandbehavior?Animalexpertsmaynotcallitlying,buttheydoagreethatmanyanimals,frombirdstochimpanzees,behavedishonestlytofoolotheranimals.Why?Dishonestyoftenhelpsthemsurvive.Manykindsofbirdsareverysuccessfulatfoolingotheranimals.Forexample,abirdcalledtheploversometimespretendstobehurtinordertoprotectitsyoung.Whenapredator（獵食動(dòng)物）getsclosetoitsnest,theploverleadsthepredatorawayfromthenest.How?Itpretendstohaveabrokenwing.Thepredatorfollowsthe”hurt"adult,leavingthebabybirdssafeinthenest.Anotherkindofbird,thescrubjay,buriesitsfoodsoitalwayshassomethingtoeat.Scrubjaysarealsothieves.Theywatchwhereothersburytheirfoodandstealit.Butcleverscrubjaysseemtoknowwhenathiefiswatchingthem.Sotheygobacklater,unburythefood,andburyitagainsomewhereelse.Birdscalledcuckooshavefoundawaytohavebabieswithoutdoingmuchwork.How?Theydon'tmakenests.Instead,theygetintootherbirds,nestssecretly.Thentheylaytheireggsandflyaway.Whenthebabybirdscomeout,theiradoptiveparentsfeedthem.Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky.Afterafight,thelosingchimpwillgiveitshandtotheother.Whenthewinningchimpputsoutitshand,too,thechimpsarefriendlyagain.Butananimalexpertoncesawalosingchimptakethewinner,shandandstartfightingagain.Chimpsaresneakyinotherways,too.Whenchimpsfindfoodthattheylove,suchasbananas,itisnaturalforthemtocryout.Thenotherchimpscomerunning.Butsomecleverchimpslearntocryverysoftlywhentheyfindfood.Thatway,otherchimpsdon'thearthem,andtheydon,tneedtosharetheirfood.Aschildren,manyofuslearnthesaying"Youcan'tfoolMotherNature."Butmaybeyoucan'ttrusther,either..Aploverprotectsitsyoungfromapredatorby.A.gettingclosertoitsyoung

B.drivingawaytheadultpredatorC.leavingitsyounginanothernestD.pretendingtobeinjured67.By"Chimpanzees,orchimps,canalsobesneaky”(paragraph5),theauthormeans.A.chimpsarereadytoattackothersB.chimpsaresometimesdishonestC.chimpsarejealousofthewinnersD.chimpscanbeselfishtoo68.Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothepassage?A.Somechimpslowertheircrytokeepfoodawayfromothers.B.Thelosingchimpwonthefightbytakingthewinner,shand.C.Cuckoosfooltheiradoptiveparentsbymakingnonests.D.Somecleverscrubjaysoftenstealtheirfoodback.69.Whichofthefollowingmightbethebesttitleofthepassage?A.Doanimalslie?B.DoesMotherNaturefoolanimals?C.Howdoanimalslearntolie?D.Howdoeshonestyhelpanimalssurvive?C.Chooseanewreward.D.Designanewresolution.71.AccordingtoTHEHABITLOOP,youcansticktoyourplanmosteffectivelyby.A.changingtheroutineB.tryingitforaweekC.adjustingyourgoalD.writingitdown72.What'sthepurposeofputtingthehabitlooptouse?A.Totestoutdifferentkindsofcues.B.Todosomethingasahabitevenwithoutrewards.C.ToworkoutthebestNewYear'sresolution.D.Tomotivateyourselfwithsatisfactoryrewards.73."ThisyearwhenIseetheHarryPotteiposter,Iwillread30pagesofanEnglishnoveloranEnglishnewspaperinordertowatchTVforhalfanhour."Whatisthecueinthisresolution?A.TheHarryPotteiposter.B.Reading30pagesofanEnglishnovel.C.AnEnglishnewspaper.D.WatchingTVforhalfanhour.(C)（B）（B）Ifyoucouldbeanybodyintheworld,whowoulditbe?YourneighbouroTHETHEHABITLOOPLet'ssayyouwanttohitthegymmorrasuperstar?Afewpeoplehaveeeregularlythisyear.Howdoyoumakethathappen?Considerputtingthehabitlooptouse.Here,showitworks:Ahabitisa3-stepprocess.First,t0時(shí)前再

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youtegon>thegym?廠—ILtaveywiETmining1Iiho?tiythedonrsJiMornwtHqm4"xperiencedwhatitmightbeliketostepintotheskinofanotherperson,thankstoanunusualvirtualreality(虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí))device.RikkeWahl,anactress,Yi>uTnon9Onlidc&u血i陽(yáng)fwhail'anhourAmIfbrlhiervwM?CarryOutRoutfrw]ThisywtffwhEn/sevtnortfertoE'oxtYi>uTnon9Onlidc&u血i陽(yáng)fwhail'anhourAmIfbrlhiervwM?CarryOutRoutfrw]ThisywtffwhEn/sevtnortfertoE'oxtiLifiplanwhetcyouWiUeccit.TcyitjfnrnwcejclliaDku&later.WnlrdnwayoarpUL~mberbest."Theset-upisrelativelyshere'sacue,somethingthattellsyourbraintooperateautomatically.Thenthere,saroutine.Andfinally,areward,whichhelpsyourbrainlearntodesirethebehavior.It,swhatyoucanusetocreate-orbreak-habitsofyourown.Here,showtoapplyit:Chooseacue,likeleavingyourrunningshoesbythedoor,thenpick.areward-say,apieceofchocolatewhenyougethomefromthegym.Thatway,thecueandtherewardbecomeinterconnected.Finally,whenyouseetheshoes,yourbrainwillstartlongingforthereward,whichwillmakeiteasiertoworkoutdayafterday.Thebestpart?Inacoupleofweeks,youwon,tneedthechocolateatall.Yourbrainwillcometoseetheworkoutitselfasthereward.WhichisthewholepISeiyouralzirni1

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mwriii!itdwn.modelandartist,wasoneoftheparticipantsinabodyswappingexperimentattheBeAnotherlab,aprojectdevelopedbyagroupofartistsbasedinBarcelona.Sheswappedwithherpartner,anactor,usingamachinecalledTheMachinetoBeAnotherandtemporarilybecameaman."AsIlookeddown,Isawmywholebodyasaman,dressedinmypartner'spants,“shesaid."That'sthepictureIremeimple.Bothuserswearavirtualrealityheadsetwithacameraonthetop.Thevideofromeachcameraissenttotheotherperson,sowhatyouseeistheexactviewofyourpartner.Ifshemovesherarm,youseeit.Ifyoumoveyourarm,sheseesit.sheseesit.oint,right?70.Whichofthefollowingbestfitsintheboxwitha“？”inTHEHABITLOOP?Togetusedtoseeinganotherperson,sbodywithoutactuallyhavingcontrolofit,participanA.Pickanewcue.B.Formanewhabit.tsstartbyraisingtheirarmsandlegsveryslowly,sothattheothercanfollowalong.Eventually,thiskindofslowsynchronised(同步的 )movementbecomescomfortable,andparticipantsreallystarttofeelasthoughtheyarelivinginanotherperson,sbody.Usingsuchtechnologypromisestoalterpeople'sbehaviourafterwards-potentiallyforthebetter.Studieshaveshownthatvirtualrealitycanbeeffectiveinfightingracism-thebias(偏見(jiàn))thathumanshaveagainstthosewhodon,tlookorsoundlikethem.ResearchersattheUniversityofBarcelonagavepeopleaquestionnairecalledtheImplicitAssociationTest,whichmeasuresthestrengthofpeople'sassociationsbetween,forinstance,blackpeopleandadjectivessuchasgood,bad,athleticorawkward.Thentheyaskedthemtocontrolthebodyofadarkskinneddigitalcharacterusingvirtualrealityglasses,beforetakingthetestagain.Thistime,theparticipants'biasscoreswerelower.Theideaisthatonceyou've'putyourselfinanother'sshoes"you'relesslikelytothinkillofthem,becauseyourbrainhasinternalisedthefeelingofbeingthatperson.ThecreatorsofTheMachinetoBeAnotherhopetoachieveasimilarresult."Attheendofbodyswapping,peoplefeellikeholdingeachotherintheirarms,“saysArthurPointeau,aprogrammerwiththeproject."It'sareallynicewaytohavethiskindofexperience.Iwouldreally,reallyrecommendittoeveryone."74.Theword"swapping”(paragraph1)isclosestinmeaningtoA.buildingB.exchangingC.controllingD.transplanting75.WecaninferfromtheexperimentattheBeAnotherlabthatA.ourfeelingsarerelatedtoourbodilyexperienceB.wecanlearntotakecontrolofotherpeople,sbodiesC.participantswilllivemorepassionatelyaftertheexperimentD.TheMachinetoBeAnothercanhelppeoplechangetheirsexes76.IntheImplicitAssociationTest,beforetheparticipantsusedvirtualrealityglassestocontroladarkskinneddigitalcharacter,.A.theyfoughtstronglyagainstracismB.theyscoredloweronthetestforracismC.theychangedtheirbehaviourdramaticallyD.theyweremorebiasedagainstthoseunlikethem77.Itcanbeconcludedfromthepassagethat.A.technologyhelpspeoplerealizetheirdreamsB.ourbiasescouldbeeliminatedthroughexperimentsC.virtualrealityhelpspromoteunderstandingamongpeopleD.ourpointsofviewaboutothersneedchangingconstantlySectionCDirections:Readthepassagecarefully.Thenanswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinthefewestpossiblewords.Moreandmorecorporationsaretakinganinterestincorporatesocialresponsibility(CSR).CSRismadeupofthreebroadlayers.Themostbasicistraditionalcorporatecharitywork.Companiestypicallyspendabout1%ofpre-taxprofitsonworthyprojects.Butmanyfeelthatsimplywritingchequestocharitiesisnolongerenough.Insomecompanies,shareholderswanttoknowthattheirmoneyisbeingputtogooduse,andemployeeswanttobeactivelyinvolvedingoodworks.Moneyaloneisnottheanswerwhencompaniescomeunderattackfortheirbehavior.HencethesecondlayerofCSR,whichisabranchofriskmanagement.Startinginthe1980s,withenvironmentaldisasterssuchastheexplosionatBhopalandtheExxonValdezoilspill,industryafterindustryhassufferedblowstoitsreputation.So,companiesoftenrespondedbytryingtomanagetherisks.Theytalktonon-governmentalorganisations(NGOs)andtogovernments,createcodesofconduct (行 為 準(zhǔn)貝U)anddevotethemselvestomoretransparency(透明)intheiroperations.Increasingly,too.they,alongwiththeircompetitors,setcommonrulestospreadrisks.Allthisislargelydefensive,buttherearealsoopportunitiesforthosethatgetaheadofthegame.TheemphasisonopportunityisthethirdlayerofCSR:theideathatitcanhelptocreatevalue.Ifapproachedinastrategicway,CSRcouldbecomepartofacompany'scompetitiveadvantage.Thatisjustthesortofthingchiefexecutivesliketohear.Theideaof"doingwellbydoinggood"hasbecomepopular.Nevertheless,thebusinessoftryingtobegoodisbringingdifficultquestionstoexecutives.CanyoumeasureCSRperformance?ShouldyoubecooperatingwithNGOsandyou'reyourcompetitors?Isthereanyreallycompetitiveadvantagetobehadfromagreenstrategy?Corporatesocialresponsibilityisnowseenasamainstream.Bigcompanieswanttotelltheworldabouttheirgoodcitizenshipwiththeirdevotiontosocialresponsibilities.Donebadly,CSRisoftenjustwindow-dressingandcanbepositivelyharmful.Donewell,though,itisnotsomeseparateactivitythatcompaniesdoontheside,acornerofcorporatelifereservedforvirtue(美德)：itisjustgoodbusiness.(Note:AnswerthequestionsorcompletethestatementsinNOMORETHANTENWORDS)78.Bothinsomecompaniesfinditnolongerenoughtosimplydonatemoneytocharities.79.Giveoneexampleofthedefensivemeasuresofriskmanagementaccordingtothepassage.80.Withtheemphasisonopp