高二年級(jí)英語(yǔ)下學(xué)期期中試題本試卷分第Ⅰ卷和第Ⅱ卷兩部分，共12頁(yè)。滿分150分?？荚囉脮r(shí)120分鐘?？荚嚱Y(jié)束后，將答題卡答題紙交回。第一部分英語(yǔ)學(xué)問(wèn)運(yùn)用（共兩節(jié)，滿分55分）第一節(jié)語(yǔ)法和詞匯學(xué)問(wèn)（共25小題；每小題1分，滿分25分）從A、B、C、D四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中，選出可以填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。1.Itsuddenlyoccurredtohim______hehadlefthiskeysintheoffice.A.whether B.where C.which D.that2.Theladyspokeloudlyinordertomakeherself______.A．notice

B．noticed

C．tobenoticed

D．benoticed3.Ilikecolorofyourshoes;itsgoodmatchforyourskirt.A.a;theB.the;aC.a;aD.the;the4.---Mum,wherearemygloves?Isthepairofgloves______mine?---Yes.Youhavetowearanotherpair.A.washingB.havewashedC.havingwashedD.beingwashed5.---Mr.Brown,LabourDayiscoming…---______?Justoccupyyourselfinyourstudy.A.SowhatB.WhatifC.HowcomeD.Whatfor6.drewhisattention,hetoldme,waswhatshewasinside,notherappearance.A.WhoB.ThatC.WhichD.What7．Sorry!Ialetterthismorningandforgotallabouttheappointment. A．wroteB．waswritingC．havewritten D．hadwritten8．---Charlieisgoodatplayingthepiano，buthedoesn’tlikesinging．---A．NeitherisMary．B．SodoesMaryC．NeitherdoesMaryD．SoitiswithMary9.Dontblamethemanymore;thisisbecausetheyarestillyoungandlackexperience.A.generallyB.exactlyC.simplyD.hardly10.________othergoodstudents,theteacherthinks,Hankis________student.A．Comparedwith;amostsatisfied

B．Comparedto;themostsatisfiedC．Comparingto;themoresatisfying

D．Comparedwith;amoresatisfying11.Mr.Frankaskedmeaquestion_____Icouldgowithhimto_____hecalledtheTreasureHousethenextweek.A.whether;whatB.whether;thatC.what;whichD.that;where12.Itisthethirdtimethatshehaswontherace,______hassurprisedusall.A.that B.whatC.who D.which13．MostconstructionworkerscanearnovertwothousandRMB_____monthbutusuallytheygettheirwagesby_____year.A.the;theB.a;theC.the;aD.a;a14.Foramomentnothinghappened,andthen______allshoutingtogether.A.camevoicesB.voiceshadcomeC.voiceswouldcomeD.didvoicescome15.ChairmanXiJinpinggaveMrPutinShentoembroidered(沈繡)portraitofPresidentVladimirPutin____handfromNantong,60cm×50cm___size.A.with;ofB.through;byC.by;inD.on;for16.Itisagainstthelawtobuyandsellgunsinourcountry.Inotherwords,it’s________.A.challenging B.illegal C.informal D.unsuitable17.—TomwenttoBeijingforaholidayyesterday．—.Weplayedfootballtogetherthismorning． A．That'sagoodpoint B．Icouldn'tagreemore C．Youcan'tbeserious D．I'mnotsureaboutit18.Somepeople________cruelexperimentsonanimals________science.A．make；bythenameof B．make；inthenameofC．carry；inthenameofD．carryout；bythenameof19.Whenhelookedup，hesuddenlyfoundhimself______byagroupofteenagers，____lookedathimanxiously.A．surrounded；whoB．tobesurrounded；whichC．besurrounded；who D．havingbeensurrounded；which20.When____tocomparetheeducationsystemofChinaandBritain,theprofessorgavenoanswer． A．a(chǎn)sk B．a(chǎn)sked C．a(chǎn)sking D．toask21.Itwas________Iwentthere________Ibegantoknowsomethingaboutthematter.A．until；when B．until；thatC．notuntil；that D．notwhen；that22.Withahugeamountoffood________，allofthestaffarebusypreparingforthedinnertonight.A．wouldserveB．servedC．toserve D．serving23.Successfulpeoplealwaysmake________preparationsforanypotentialsetbacks.A．finalB．urgentC．a(chǎn)brupt D．a(chǎn)dequate24．Itwasadifficulttimeforourfamily,butthingsturnedoutallright． A．frequentlyB．eventuallyC．obviouslyD．regularly25．---Ifailedmydrivingtest．---,theysaythebestdriversalwaysfailthefirsttime．A．Nevermind B．Goahead C．Noproblem D．Comeon其次節(jié)完形填空共20小題；每小題1.5分，滿分30分）閱讀下面短文，從短文后各題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D)中，選出可以填人空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。Anoldmanlayinahospitalbed,heavilysedated（給……服冷靜劑）toeasethepainfromhisheartattack.Thenursearrivedandsaid,"Your26ishere,"repeatingthewordsseveraltimesbeforethe27consciousmanopenedhiseyes.Hissonwasa28whohadcomebackfromserviceto29tohisbelovedfather.Theelderlyman30outtotouchhisson'shandandhelditgently.Allthroughthe31,theyoungsoldiersatintheward（病房）offeringwordsof32tohisdyingdad,whosaid33butkeptaweakgripofhischild.34ofthenoiseoftheoxygentankandthemoans（呻吟聲）oftheotherpatients,thesoldierremained35bytheoldman’sside.Severaltimesinthecourseofthatlongnight,thenursereturnedandsuggestedthatthesoldierleaveto36forawhile,Buteachtimehewould37.Asdawnapproachedtheelderlyman38.Hislovingsonrestedtheoldman'slifelesshandonthebedandlefttofindthe39.Theyoungmanwaitedwhilethenursecarriedhisfather'sbodyawayandwhenshereturned,offeringwordsof40thesoldierinterruptedher.“Whowastheman?”heasked.41,thenursereplied,“Hewasyourfather.”“No,hewasn't,”theyoungmansaid,“I'veneverseenhimbeforeinmylife.”“Then42didn’tyousaysomething?”“WhenIarrivedattheward,Iknewrightawaytherehadbeena(n)43,”theyoungmanexplained.“ButIalsoknewthatmanneededhisson,andhewasn'there.Icouldtellhewastoo44toknowwhosatbesidehimbutheneededsomeonethere,soIjustdecidedto45him.26.A.wifeB.cousinC.brotherD.son27.A.simplyB.barelyC.actuallyD.totally28.A.directorB.managerC.soldierD.waiter29.A.talkB.listenC.adjustD.attend30.A.lookedBreachedC.movedD.picked.31.A.morningB.nightC.afternoonD.noon32.A.sadnessB.truthC.encoursgementD.excitement33.A.nothingB.anythingC.somethingD.everything34.A.FreeB.UnawareC.AfraidD.Tired35.A.impatientlyB.seriouslyC.loyallyD.carelessly36.A.walkB.restC.chatD.exercise37.A.weepB.agreeC.hesitateD.refuse38.A.awokeB.recoveredC.diedD.screamed39.A.friendB.relativeC.ambulanceD.nurse40.A.sympathyB.angerC.loveD.admiration41.A.AnnoyedB.WorriedC.FrightenedD.Shocked42.A.whyB:whereC.howD.when43.A.EventB.hopeC.accidentD.mistake44.A.anxiousB.disappointedC.sickD.careless45.A.leaveB.supportC.respectD.accompany其次部分閱讀理解（共20小題；每小題2分，滿分40分）閱讀下列短文，從每題所給的四個(gè)選項(xiàng)（A、B、C和D）中選出最佳選項(xiàng)，并在答題卡上將該項(xiàng)涂黑。ASpringwillsoonbeuponusandanewtermishere．Allover'theworldspringistheseasonofnewlife:flowersbloom,babyanimalsareborn,andtheweatherbecomeswarmer．Duringthistimeofyear,peopleusuallywalkaroundwithaspringintheirstepsandafeelingoffreshbeginnings．However,forafreshbeginningittakesmorethanthebrightcolorsandfreshairofspring．Weneedtolookatourselves,setnewgoals,anddecidehowtoimproveourselves．InEnglandpeopleusuallydothisonthefirstdayoftheyear.Welookatthepastyearandthinkaboutwhatwe'dliketochangeorimproveinourlives,andwecallthisaNewYear'sresolution．Thesecanbeanythingfromimprovingone'shealththroughexerciseorcuttingoutbadhabits,tostudyingharderforbettergradesortryingtofindagoodwork/lifebalance．Luckily,wedon'thavetowaitforthebeginningofanewyeartotryandbecomebetterpeople．Wecandothiswheneverwelike．Themilestoneofanewtermisjustagoodplacetostart.Sometimesit'sdifficulttotakethefirststepinachievingnewlysetgoals,butanoldsayingis"tobeginistobehalf-waythere．"Iagreewiththisbecausetakingonanewtaskorchanginghabitscanseemdauntingatfirst,butoncewebegin,theygeteasier．Forexample,spendinglesstimeonQQorplayingvideogamesandmoretimestudyingorcommunicatingface-to-facecanbedifficulthabitstochangeatfirst．Butoncewesettleintothenewroutineandstarttoseetheresults,it'sdifficultnottowonderwhywedidn’tdoitsooner.Thetrickwithdecidingonaresolutionforanewtermisnottosetunrealistictargets．Ifwedothis,it'seasytolosemotivationbecausetheendgoalseemssofaraway.Trytomakemanysmalltargetsyouwanttoreachonthewaytoyourultimategoal．Thisway,youcanseeyourprogresseasily．46．InParagraphOne,theauthorwantstotellusthatspringisatime． A．totakeawalkaroundoutdoors B．tosetgoalsforafreshbeginningC．toenjoyfreshairandbrightcolorsD．foranimalstohavebabies47．ANewYear'sresolutionis． A．a(chǎn)promisemadetoyourparents B．a(chǎn)ceremonytocelebrateNewYearC．a(chǎn)decisionmadetoimproveourselves D．a(chǎn)recallofwhathappenedlastyear48．WhichofthefollowingmighttheauthoragreewithaccordingtoParagraphFour?A．Wellbegunishalfdone． B．Allthatendswelliswell．C．Beswifttohear,slowtospeak．D．AllroadsleadtoRome．49．Whatdoestheunderlinedword"daunting"probablymeaninParagraphFour? A．changeableB．difficult C．lovely D．confusing50．Whatdoestheauthorwanttotellusinthelastparagraph?A．Ifyouseenoprogress,you'llbediscouraged．B．Whateverhappens,sticktoyourdreams．C．Neverloseheartwhenmeetingwithdifficulties．D．Yourgoalsshouldberealisticandsmall．BBorninAustraliawithoutarmsorlegs，30-year-oldNickVujicichasbecomeaninternationalsymbolofvictory．Hislirehasbeenfilledwithonehurdleafterthenext．Butyou'llhearnoself-pityfromVujicic，whosebook，Unstoppable，waspublishedlastmonth．“Mylimblesschallengeremains．Icannotchangethat，”saysVujicic，whocountssky-divingandsurfingamonghishobbies．“ButwhatIcan，anddidchangeismyattitude．”ItisVujicic'sspiritthathasmadehimasell-outspeaker,travelingtheworldtosharehisstory．Describinglowpointsinhislife，includingasuicideattemptatage10andafailingbusinessinhis20s，hesaysthe“threeF's”arewhatgothimthrough：friends，familyandfaith．“Icanhonestlysay,thefearofbeingaloneduringthemostdifficulttimesinmylifewasworsethanlivingwithoutarmsandlegs…．Hardtimesmakeyouhumble(卑微)．Yourealizethatyoudoneedpeopletohelpyouwhenyouarenotabletodoitallyourself．”Afewyearsago，confrontedwithfileincreasingbusinessdebt，Vujicicsayshenearlygaveuptoself-destructivethoughts．Buthesetsmallgoals：Getoutofbed，eatbreakfast，leavethehouse．Thosesmallsuccessesbuilthisconfidencetomoveforwardtothenextlevel．“Thereisnothingaboutfailurethatiseasy,”hesays．“Butitisalsotruethatourfailuresinlifeteachustoembraceeverysmallvictory．Successisthatmuchsweeterwhenyouhavestruggledtoreachit．”Familyandfriendsareasafetynet，includingwifeKanaewhoisexpectingtheirfirstchild．“Myparentsalwaystaughtme，‘Youdon’tknowwhatyouareabletodountilyoutry,”herecalls．“Thefirsttimeyoufailatanythingispainful．Butyouhaveadecision：Doyougiveupordoyoutryagain?’'51．Whatdoesthetextmainlytalkabout?A．Parentallove．B．Failuresinlife．C．AbooktitledUnstoppable．D．Attitudetowardslife．52．Whatcanbeinferredfromthefirstparagraph?A．NickfeelssorryforIrisabsenceofarmsandlegs．B．Nickhasapositiveattitudetowardshardships．C．NickisdiscouragedbyIrisphysicallimitations．D．Nickisafraidhecannottakecontrolofhislife．53．What’sNick'ssecretwhenhemeetswithtroubles?A．Attemptingsuicide．B．Strugglingtoescape．C．Settingsmallgoals．D．Pretendingtosucceed．54．WhichofthefollowingistrueofNick?A．Hesucceedsinmotivatingothersgreatly．B．Hebelieveshecandoanythingallbyhimself．C．HedislikestellingIrislowpointstotileaudience．D．Hethinkssupportiverelationshipsareunnecessary．55．WhatcanwelearnfromNick’ssuccess?A．Oneisnevertoolatetolearn．B．One’ssuccessdependsonhisparents．C．Oneshouldlearntogiveinwhenintrouble．D．Oneshouldmakeeveryeffortevenifhefails．CIt’struethatquiteafewmostrespectedscientificauthoritieshaveconfirmedthattheworldisbecominghotterandhotter.There’salsostrongevidencethathumansarecontributingtothewarming.Countlessrecentreportshaveprovedthesamething.Forinstance,a2010summaryabouttheclimatesciencebytheRoyalSocietynotedthat:“Theglobalwarmingoverthelasthalf-centuryhasbeencausedmainlybyhumanactivity.”Youmaynotbelievethathumanscouldchangetheplanet’sclimate,butthebasicscienceiswellunderstood.Eachyear,billionsoftonsofgreenhousegasesarereleasedintotheatmospherebecauseofhumanactivity.Ashasbeenknownforyears,thesegasesholdheatthatwouldotherwiseescapetospace,wrappingtheplanetinaninvisible(看不見的)blanket.Ofcourse,theearth’sclimatehasalwaysbeenchangingdueto“natural”factorssuchasvolcaniceruptionorchangesinsolar,orcyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesun.Accordingtothescientificresearch,however,thewarmingobservedbynowmatchesthepatternofwarmingwewouldexpectfromabuild-upofgreenhousegasintheatmosphere–notthewarmingwewouldexpectfromotherpossiblecauses.Evenifscientistsdiddiscoveranotherreasonableexplanationforthewarmingrecordedsofar,thatwouldgivebirthtoadifficultquestion.AsRobertHensonputsit:“Ifsomenewlydiscoveredfactoristoblamefortheclimatechange,thenwhyaren’tcarbondioxideandtheothergreenhousegasesproducingthewarmingthatbasicphysicstellsustheyshouldbe?”Theonlywaytoprovewith100%certaintythathumansareresponsibleforglobalwarmingwouldbetorunanexperimentwithtwoidenticalEarths–onewithhumaninfluenceandonewithout.Thatobviouslyisn’tpossible,andsomostscientistsarecarefulnottostatehumaninfluenceasanabsolutecertainty.56.Theunderlineword“identical”inthelastparagraphprobablymeans________.A.totallydifferent B.exactlythesameC.extremelyimportant D.partlyindependent57.Whichofthefollowingisnotthecauseofclimatechange?A.volcaniceruptionB.cyclesconcerningtheEarth’sgoingaroundthesunC.changesinsolarD.floodsanddroughts58.Inmostscientists’opinion,theglobalwarmingismainlycausedby________.A.solaractivity B.volcanicactivity C.naturalfactors D.humanfactors59.Thetextisdevelopedby________.A.givingtypicalexamplesB.followingtheorderofspaceC.analyzingatheoryandarguingitD.comparingandfindingdifferences60.Whichofthefollowingcanbethebesttitle?A.AreAlltheScientistsReallyScientific?B.WhereIsGlobalWarmingLeadingUsto?C.AreHumansDefinitelyCausingGlobalWarming?D.What’stheRelationofGlobalWarmingandGreenhouseGases?DManyparentstakeontheroleofbeingtheirchildrenspreschoolteacherandtheresponsibilityofreadyingthemforkindergarten.Toachievethisgoal,itisimportantforparentstointroduceavarietyofsubjectsinapositiveandplayfulmanner.“Learningshouldnotbeforced,”saysMarionGodwin,whohastaughtfirstgradeinMoorestown,N.J.formorethan30years.“Itshouldbetaughtaccordingtowhattheyknowanddobest—andthatis‘play’.Whenteachingthem,playgamesandhavefunwiththesubject.Andparentsshouldalwaysbelookingfor‘teachablemoments’.”“Youwantachildtobealifelonglearner,soyouwanttoshowthemlearningiseverywhere,”shesays.“Ifparentstakethetimetolayastrongeducationalfoundation,theirchildrenwillkeepbuildingonit.”Introducechildrentosciencewithhands-onactivitiesthatinterestthem,suchasgrowingplantsfromseeds,discussinganimalsandhowtocareforpets,andobservingthechemicalchangesthatoccurduringcooking”,shesays.“Sortingactivities,simplepatternsandcountinggamesareagreatwaytoteachchildrenthebasicsofmath,andtakingthemonfieldtrips,singingsongsandrecitingrhymesalsoarewaystopreparethemforthefirstdayofschool”,shesays.“Ithinkchildrenarenaturalswhenitcomestocomputers,”shesays.“Letthemplayeducationalgamesonthecomputerandteachthemhowtotypetheirfirstnamesusingthekeyboard.Whentheyaremorefamiliarwithusingthecomputer,letthemfindpicturesofanimalsandplacesontheweb.”“Dontcriticizethechild,”shesays.“Youcantforcethemtolearnsomething.Iftheydontgetsomethingright,sowhat?Smileandbehappyandmaketheexperiencejoyful.Parentsneedtounderstandthatifachildgetssomethingwrong,theymaythinksomethingiswrongwiththem.Keepworkingwiththemandwhentheygettherightanswermakesureyoutellthemhowhardtheyworkedtogetthecorrectanswer.”61.InGodwin’sopinion,childrenshouldbeencouragedto.A.learnallbythemselvesB.learnonlineunderinstructionsC.learntotypetheirfirstnamesD.playmorecomputergames62.MarionGodwintellsusthatweshouldteachthechildrenaccordingtotheir.A.subjectsandneedsB.teachablemomentsC.levelandinterestD.strongeducationalfoundation63.Whenthechildrenmakesomemistakes,parentsshould.A.beangryandcriticizethemB.behappyandletthemaloneC.forcethemtocorrectthemD.remainpositiveandofferhelp64.What’sthebesttitleofthepassage?A.HowtoprepareyourchildrenforkindergartenB.LearningshouldnotbeforcedC.HowtobealifelonglearnerD.Learningiseverywhere65.AccordingtoGodwin,childrenshould.A.keepapeteachandcareforitB.dosomecookingeverydayC.learnsciencewithinterestinghand-onactivitiesD.learnfromthefarmersandgrowplantsfromseeds高二年級(jí)英語(yǔ)學(xué)科學(xué)分認(rèn)定試題第Ⅱ卷（共55分）第三部分書面表達(dá)（共兩節(jié)，滿分45分）單詞拼法(共10小題；每小題1分，滿分10分)66．Hewritesnovels.Heisan________.67．Hewassolazythathedidlittlep__________fortheexam.68．Withoutyoura________________，Icouldn'thavesucceeded.69．Everybodyisrequiredtop__________inthespringouting.70．Ibelievethateachofuscanc________tothefutureoftheworld.71．Afteran________（尷尬的）silence,onlytworaisedtheirhand.72．Shesufferedfromthenamelesspainof________（存在）.73．Theplaceisveryattractive.It________（吸引）hugenumbersoftourists.74．Sheisavery________（無(wú)私的）person.Sheisalwaysdoingthingsforothers.75．HeisfamiliarwithEnglish.Thatistosay,hehasagoodk________（學(xué)問(wèn)，知道）ofEnglish.閱讀表達(dá)（共5小題；每小題3分，滿分15分）閱讀下面的短文并回答問(wèn)題，然后將答案寫到答題紙相應(yīng)的位置上（請(qǐng)留意問(wèn)題后的字?jǐn)?shù)要求）Hereisastatistic(數(shù)據(jù))thatwillsurpriseyou.Moreyoungpeoplearekilledeachyearbysleepydriversthanbydrunkdrivers.Thisprovesonething.Gettingenoughsleepcanbeabigproblem.Howarewedealingwiththeproblem?SleepclinicsarepoppingupallovertheUnitedStates.Theyarealwaysworkingtofindoutmoreaboutsleep.Drivingwhentiredcanbeverydangerous.Duringthedaytime,overhalfofdriversreportfeelingsleepyatsomepoint.Atnight,over80percentofdriverssometimesgetdrowsy.Andhereisthemostfrighteningofall.Almostone-quarterofalldrivershavefallenasleepatthewheel.Whatisgoingonhere?Onethingisthatpeoplearenotgettingenoughsleep.Onepersonoutofthreegetsbyonlessthansixhoursanight._______________________.Othersfallasleepeasily,butthenwakeuptimeaftertime.Fewpeoplegetenoughofthedeepsleeptheyneedtofeelreallyrested.Herearesomefactstoremember.Believeitornot,peopleneedseventoninehoursofnighttimesleeptoremainhealthy.Duringthatsleep,aperson'simmune（免疫）systemisbuiltup.Thishelpsfightoffdiseasesandinfections.Andtakinganapinthedaytimedoesnotreallyhelp.Itwillmakeapersonfeelrefreshed.Butitcannotmakeupforthelackofnighttimesleep.Whatifyouareapersonwithrealsleepingproblems?Whatifyouhavetriedallthehomeremedieslikehotmilk?Youmightconsidergoingtoasleepclinic.Manysuchclinicslookforvolunteers.Theywillstudyyoursleepproblems,andyouwillnothavetopayanything.76.Whatisthebesttitleofthepassage?(Pleaseanswerwithin10words)_________________________________________________________________77.Whichsentenceinthepassagecanbereplacedbythefollowingone?Ifyouhavesleepproblems,youcanturntoaplacewheretheycouldhelpyoubutchargenothing.____________________________________________________________________78.Pleasefillintheblankinthethirdparagraphwithproperwordsorphrasestocompletethesentence.(Pleaseanswerwithin10words)_________________________________________________________________________79.Ifyourfriendshavesleepproblems,whatsuggestionsdoyoumaketohim?(Within30words)______________________________________________________________________80.TranslatetheunderlinedsentenceinthefourthparagraphintoChinese?___________________________________________________________________寫作（滿分30分）下列表格反映的是上周你對(duì)某中學(xué)500名學(xué)生的睡眠狀況的調(diào)查表。請(qǐng)你用英文為某報(bào)寫一份調(diào)查報(bào)告，反映該中學(xué)學(xué)生的睡眠狀況，分析其緣由并提出相應(yīng)的對(duì)策。項(xiàng)目?jī)?nèi)容日平均睡眠量80%的學(xué)生日平均睡眠不足7小時(shí)，10%的學(xué)生甚至不足6小時(shí)，大大低于8小時(shí)的睡眠標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。原因很多學(xué)生忙于做作業(yè)；少數(shù)學(xué)生沉迷于電腦嬉戲?qū)Σ吆侠碇鋵W(xué)習(xí)時(shí)間；停止玩電腦嬉戲；學(xué)生的身心健康須要得到更多關(guān)切。[寫作內(nèi)容]1．依據(jù)調(diào)查報(bào)告顯示，大多數(shù)的中學(xué)生睡眠不足，這會(huì)給學(xué)生的健康和學(xué)習(xí)都帶來(lái)有害的結(jié)果。2．睡眠不足的狀況與緣由。3.提出對(duì)策。關(guān)鍵詞提示：haveharmfuleffectson對(duì)……有壞的影響；anaverageof平均；beaddictedto對(duì)……上癮；payattentionto對(duì)……關(guān)注；mentalandphysicalhealth身心健康LastweekIdidasurveyonstudents’averagesleephoursamong500studentsinamiddleschool.__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________