Lecture15:PersonalityPersonalityAnindividual’suniqueandrelativelyconsistentpatternsofthinking,feeling,andbehavingPersonalityTheoryAttempttodescribeandexplainhowpeoplearesimilar,howtheyaredifferent,andwhyeveryindividualisuniquePersonalityPerspectivesPsychoanalytic—importanceofunconsciousprocessesandchildhoodexperiencesHumanistic—importanceofselfandfulfillmentofpotentialSocialcognitive—importanceofbeliefsaboutselfTrait—descriptionandmeasurementofpersonalitydifferencesPsychoanalyticApproachDevelopedbySigmundFreudPsychoanalysisisbothanapproachtotherapyandatheoryofpersonalityEmphasizesunconsciousmotivation–themaincausesofbehaviorlieburiedintheunconsciousmindInformationwhichcaneasilybemadeconsciousInformationinyourimmediateawarenessRational,planful,mediatingdimensionofpersonalityMoralistic,judgmental,perfectionistdimensionofpersonalityIrrational,illogical,impulsivedimensionofpersonalityThoughts,feelings,urges,andotherinformationthatisdifficulttobringtoconsciousawarenessPsychoanalyticApproachConscious–allthingsweareawareof

atanygivenmomentPsychoanalyticApproachPreconscious–everythingthatcan,withalittleeffort,bebroughtintoconsciousnessPsychoanalyticApproachUnconscious–

inaccessiblewarehouseofanxiety-producingthoughtsanddrivesPsychoanalytic

DivisionsoftheMindId—instinctualdrivespresentatbirthdoesnotdistinguishbetweenrealityandfantasyoperatesaccordingtothepleasureprincipleEgo—developsoutoftheidininfancyunderstandsrealityandlogicmediatorbetweenidandsuperegoSuperegointernalizationofsociety’smoralstandardsresponsibleforguiltId:ThePleasurePrinciplePleasureprinciple—drivetowardimmediategratification,mostfundamentalhumanmotiveSourcesofenergyEros—lifeinstinct,perpetuateslifeThanatos—deathinstinct,aggression,self-destructiveactionsLibido—sexualenergyormotivationEgo:TheRealityPrincipleRealityprinciple—abilitytopostponegratificationinaccordancewithdemandsofrealityEgo—rational,organized,logical,mediatesdemandsofrealityCanrepressdesiresthatcannotbemetinanacceptablemannerSuperego:ConscienceInternalizationofsocietalandparentalvaluesPartiallyunconsciousCanbeharshlypunitiveusingfeelingsofguiltDefenseMechanismsUnconsciousmentalprocessesemployedbytheegotoreduceanxietyDefenseMechanismsRepression—keepinganxiety-producingthoughtsoutoftheconsciousmindReactionformation—replacinganunacceptablewishwithitsoppositeDefenseMechanismsDisplacement—whenadrivedirectedtooneactivitybytheidisredirectedtoamoreacceptableactivitybytheegoSublimation—displacementtoactivitiesthatarevaluedbysocietyDefenseMechanismsProjection—reducinganxietybyattributingunacceptableimpulsestosomeoneelseRationalization—reasoningawayanxiety-producingthoughtsRegression—retreatingtoamodeofbehaviorcharacteristicofanearlier

stageofdevelopmentPsychosexualStagesFreud’sfivestagesofpersonalitydevelopment,eachassociatedwithaparticularerogenouszoneFixation—anattempttoachievepleasureasanadultinwaysthatareequivalenttohowitwasachievedinthesestagesOralStage(birth–1year)MouthisassociatedwithsexualpleasureWeaningachildcanleadtofixationifnothandledcorrectlyFixationcanleadtooralactivities

inadulthoodAnalStage(1–3years)AnusisassociatedwithpleasureToilettrainingcanleadtofixationifnothandledcorrectlyFixationcanleadtoanalretentiveorexpulsivebehaviorsinadulthoodPhallicStage(3–5years)FocusofpleasureshiftstothegenitalsOedipusorElectracomplexcanoccurFixationcanleadtoexcessivemasculinityinmalesandtheneedforattentionordominationinfemalesLatencyStage(5–puberty)SexualityisrepressedChildrenparticipateinhobbies,school,andsame-sexfriendshipsGenitalStage(pubertyon)Sexualfeelingsre-emergeandareorientedtowardothersHealthyadultsfindpleasureinloveandwork;fixatedadultshavetheirenergytiedupinearlierstagesNeo-Freudian

PsychodynamicTheoriesCarlJung’scollectiveunconsciousKarenHorney’sfocusonsecurityAlfredAdler’sindividualpsychologyCarlJungMoregeneralpsychicenergyUniversalityofthemes—archetypesCollectiveunconscious—humancollectiveevolutionaryhistoryFirsttodescribeintrovertsandextravertsKarenHorneyLookedatanxietyrelatedtosecurityandsocialrelationshipsBasicanxiety—thefeelingofbeingisolatedandhelplessinahostileworldMovingtoward,against,orawayfromotherpeopleAlfredAdlerMostfundamentalhumanmotiveisstrivingforsuperiorityThismotivationarisesfromuniversalfeelingsofinferioritythatareexperiencedduringchildhoodOvercompensationmaycausesuperioritycomplexwherepersonexaggeratesachievementsandimportanceEvaluationofPsychoanalysisEvidenceisinadequate.Dataarenotavailableorabletobereviewed..Theoryisnottestable—lackofoperationaldefinitions.Goodatexplainingpastbutnotatprediction.Sexism—believedthatwomenwereweakandinferior.Usedmalepsychologyasbasisforallpeople.HumanisticPerspectiveFreewillSelf-awarenessPsychologicalgrowthFocusonhealthypersonalityIndividual’sconscious,subjectiveopinionofselfismostimportantCarlRogersActualizingtendency—innatedrivetomaintainandenhancethehumanorganismSelf-concept—setofperceptionsyouholdaboutyourselfPositiveregard—senseofbeinglovedandvaluedbyotherpeople--canbeconditionalorunconditionalEvaluatingHumanismDifficulttotestorvalidatescientificallyTendstobetoooptimistic,minimizingsomeofthemoredestructiveaspectsofhumannatureSocialCognitivePerspectiveSocialcognitivetheory—theimportanceofobservationallearning,consciouscognitiveprocesses,socialexperience,self-efficacy,andreciprocaldeterminisminpersonalityReciprocaldeterminism--modelthatexplainspersonalityastheresultofbehavioral,cognitive,andenvironmentalinteractionsSelf-efficacy—beliefthatpeoplehaveabouttheirabilitytomeetdemandsofaspecificsituationReciprocalDeterminism—

AlbertBanduraEvaluationofSocialCognitivePerspectiveWellgroundedinempirical,laboratoryresearchHowever,laboratoryexperiencesarerathersimpleandmaynotreflectthecomplexityofhumaninteractionsIgnorestheinfluencesofunconscious,emotions,andconflictsTraitandTypeTheoriesTrait—relativelystablepredispositiontobehaveinacertainwaySurfacetrait—characteristicthatcanbeinferredfromobservablebehaviorSourcetrait—Mostfundamentaldimensionsofpersonality;relativelyfewoftheseTheoristsRaymondCattell—16PFHansEysenck—Three-factormodelMcCraeandCosta—Five-factormodelRaymondCattellUsedfactoranalysistocomeupwith16basicpersonalitytraitsalsocalledsourcetraits16-PFtestthatwasdevelopedtomeasurethesetraitsGenerallyconsideredastoomanytraitsHansEysenckSimilarmethodtoCattellHad3differentsourcetraitsIntroversion-extraversionNeuroticism-stabilityPsychoticismGenerallyconsideredtohavetoofewtraitsFiveFactorModelDescribedsomewhatdifferentlyamongresearchersFactors—usuallyratedfromlowtohighOpennesstoexperienceConscientiousnessExtraversionAgreeablenessNeuroticismBehavioralGeneticsInterdisciplinaryfieldthatstudiestheeffectsofgenesandheredityonbehaviorHeredityseemstoplayaroleinfourofthe“bigfive”personalitytraits—extraversion,neuroticism,opennesstoexperience,andconscientiousnessEvaluationofTraitPerspectiveDon’treallyexplainpersonality,simplydescribethebehaviorsDoesn’tdescribethedevelopmentofthebehaviorsTraitapproachesgenerallyfailtoaddresshowissuessuchasmotives,unconscious,orbeliefsaboutselfaffectpersonalitydevelopmentPsychologicalTestsHundredsoftypesavailableTestisusefulifitachievestwobasicgoalsAccuratelyandconsistentlyreflectsaperson’scharacteristicsonsomedimensionPredictsaperson’sfuturepsychologicalfunctioningorbehaviorPersonalityAssessmentProjectiveTechniquesInterpretationofanambiguousimageUsedtodetermineunconsciousmotives,conflicts,andpsychologicaltraits

RorschachInkblotTestPresentationandinterpretationofaseries

ofblackandwhiteandcoloredinkblotsNumerousscoringsystemsexistThematicApperceptionTestSeriesofpicturesdepictingambiguousscenesSubjectisaskedtocreateastoryabout

thesceneAnswersarescoredbasedonthemes,motives,andanxietiesofmaincharacterDrawbackstoProjectiveTestsExaminerortestsituationmayinfluenceindividual’sresponseScoringishighlysubjectiveTestsfailtoproduceconsistentresults(reliabilityproblem)Testsarepoorpredictorsoffuturebehavior(validityproblem)Self-ReportInventoryPsycholo