UNIT1HowtobeHappy(P2)

Text

Readthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.

Inthepasttw。weekswehavelookedatthehappinessformuladefinedbypositivepsychologistMartinSeligman.where

H(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(thevoluntarychoicesyoumake).

Thisweekwelookattheconditionsinlifethatcanimproveourhappinessquotient.

Step1：Peaceandquiet

JonathonHaidtinhisexcellentbook,TheHappinessHypothesis,notesthatresearchshowsthatwecannevercompletelyadapt

toneworchronicnoisepollution.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponses(theotheristhefearoffalling)and

wecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusivenoise.Itisessentialtohavesomepeaceandquieteveryday.Ifyouare

unfortunateenoughtolivesomewherenoisy,persistwithcomplainingtoyourlocalcouncil.Additionally,trywearingwax

earplugstohavesomerespite.IfyouneedyourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesaltruismtoyour

neighbours?whichwillmakeyouandthemfeelgood.

Step2：Relationships

Thisisthemostimportantofalltheexternalconditionsthatcanimproveyourhappinessquotient.Oftenourdeepestsourcesof

unhappinessarefoundinpoorrelationshipswithothers.Acruellyconflictualrelationshipwithapartnerorloverleavesusfeeling

betrayedandabandoned.Arelationshipwithourparentso(childrenwhichisnotbasedoncompassionate,unconditionalregard

createsisolationandmisery.Whenfacedwithsuchrelationships,themostpositivethingwecandoistoeithermendtherelationship

byconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.

Step3：Share

Ifyouhavediscoveredconditionsorchoicesinlifethathavesignificantlyimprovedyourwellbeing,remembertosharethem

withfriends.Passingonwhatworksisessentialtoimprovethewellbeingofourownandothers.

【課文參考譯文】P178

過去兩周我們研究了一項(xiàng)幸福公式，這是由樂觀心理學(xué)家馬丁?塞利格曼定義的。在這個(gè)公式中，H(幸福)=S(個(gè)人生

理幸福感受的固定指數(shù))+C(個(gè)人生活狀態(tài))+V(個(gè)人主觀選擇)。本周我們將著眼于能提升幸福指數(shù)的生活狀態(tài)。

第一步：平和寧?kù)o

喬納森?海迪在他的優(yōu)秀著作《幸福假說》當(dāng)中提到，研究調(diào)查顯示，我們不可能完全適應(yīng)噪音污染，無論是新近的

還是長(zhǎng)期的。巨大噪聲會(huì)引發(fā)我們面對(duì)恐懼的某種本能反應(yīng)(另一種是對(duì)于墜落的恐懼)，如果周遭噪音喧鬧，我們不可能完

全放松。每日保持平和與寧?kù)o事關(guān)重要。如果你不幸生活在比較嘈雜吵的環(huán)境中，請(qǐng)一定要堅(jiān)持去居委會(huì)投訴。另外，嘗

試使用耳塞，可能會(huì)緩解噪聲。如果你需要用大音量看電視、聽收音機(jī)或放音樂的話，記得戴上耳機(jī)，別影響鄰里，這樣

可以使雙方都感到舒適。

第二步：人際關(guān)系

這是增加幸福指數(shù)的一條至關(guān)重要的外部條件。我們感到不快樂的最深層原因，往往就是人際關(guān)系欠佳。與搭檔或者

愛人的關(guān)系陷入激烈的沖突中，會(huì)讓我們產(chǎn)生遭到背叛和遺棄的感覺。父母和孩子之間如果缺乏同情心和無私關(guān)懷，會(huì)產(chǎn)

生隔閡與痛苦。當(dāng)我們面臨這類問題時(shí),最好的辦法就是真面難題，修復(fù)關(guān)系，或者學(xué)著繼續(xù)前行。

第三步：分享

如果你發(fā)覺生活狀態(tài)或者做的某項(xiàng)決定對(duì)幸福生活有重大幫助的話，記得與你的朋友們分享。將有用的發(fā)現(xiàn)與更多人

分享，這對(duì)增進(jìn)自己的幸福和他人的幸福都有積極作用。

1.What'sthehappinessformulaaccordingtothepassage?

l.TheformulareferstoH(happiness)=S(yourbiologicalsetpointforfeelinghappy)+C(theconditionsofyourlife)+V(the

voluntarychoicesyoumake).

2.Whycanwenevercompletelyadapttoneworchronicnoisepollution?

2.Loudnoisestriggeroneofourmostprimitivefearresponsesandwecanneverfullyrelaxifwearesurroundedbyintrusive

noise.

3.Howcouldwemakebothourselvesandtheneighborsfeelgood?

3.IfweneedourTV,radioormusicuploud,wearingheadphonesdemonstratesourkindnessandconsiderationtoour

neighbors.

4.Wheredoestheunhappinesscomefrom?

4.Ourunhappinessoftencomesfrompoorrelationshipswithothers.

5.Whatisthepositivewaytofacewiththecruellyconflictualrelationship?

5.Whatyoucandoistoeithermendtherelationshipbyconfrontingwhatisgoingwrongorlearntomoveon.

A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.吵鬧的鄰居的確對(duì)我們家庭不和(domesticupsel)有很大影響。

1.Noisyneighborsareoneofthemajorcausesofdomesticupset.

2.在職場(chǎng)上，如果一個(gè)同事對(duì)我們表示威嚇的話，會(huì)造成難以言表的抑郁情緒(un-wretchedness)。2Acolleagueatwork

whobulliesordismissesUScreatesuntoldwretchedness.

3.我們不可能適應(yīng)這種敵對(duì)關(guān)系，這種不良的人際關(guān)系會(huì)損害身心健康。

3.Wecanneverfullyadapttohostilerelationships,whichinevitablydamage

ourwellbeing.

4.如果這種壞情緒長(zhǎng)時(shí)間留在人們的心里，會(huì)讓人陷入無法解決的惡性心理困境。

4.Ifthisbadmoodstaysinsideourmind,itwillleadUStoanunresolved

destructivedepression.

5.我們不應(yīng)當(dāng)回避這些問題，而是要正確面對(duì)它們。

5.Weshouldnotavoidtheseproblemsbutfacetheminstead.

B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.

Therearemanybenefitstobeinghappy.Happierpeopletendtobehealthier,livelongerandearnmore.Theyalsotendto

volunteermore,bebetteratrelationshipsandsmilemoreofwhatpsychologistscall“Duchenne"orgenuinesmiles.Whatisless

wellunderstoodiswhyhappinessiscontagious.

AccordingtoJamesFowlerandNicholasChristakis,authorsoftheinternationalbestsellerConnected,peoplesurroundedby

manyhappyfriends,familymembersandneighbourswhoarecentraltotheirsocialnetworkbecomesignificantlyhappierinthe

future.Morespecifically,theysaywewillbecome25percenthappierwithourlifeifafriendwholiveswithinamileofusbecomes

significantlyhappierwithhisorherlife.

Similareffectsareseeninco-residentspouses(8percenthappier);siblingswholivewithinamileofeachother(14percent);

andnext-doorneighbours(34percent).Whatthisimpliesisthatthemagnitudeofhappinessspreadseemstodependmoreon

frequentsocialcontact(duetophysicalproximity)thanondeepsocialconnections.Alas,forsomereasonthisdoesn'ttranslateto

theworkplace.

So,whyishappinesscontagious?Onereasonmaybethathappypeoplesharetheirgoodfortunewiththeirfriendsandfamily

(forexample,bybeingpragmaticallyhelpfulorfinanciallygenerous).Anotherreasoncouldbethathappypeopletendtochange

theirbehaviourforthebetterbybeingnicerorlesshostiletothoseclosetothem.Oritcouldjustbethatpositiveemotionsarehighly

contagious.

幸福有許多好處。越幸福的人往往越健康、越長(zhǎng)壽、掙的錢越多。他們通常也會(huì)從事更多的志愿工作、更善于處理人

際關(guān)系、發(fā)出更多心理學(xué)家所說的“杜興微笑”，即真誠(chéng)的微笑。我們了解不深的是，為什么幸?？梢詡魅?。

全球暢銷書《關(guān)聯(lián)》的作者詹姆斯?福勒和尼古拉斯?克里斯塔基斯發(fā)現(xiàn)，如果你身邊那些重要的人際網(wǎng)絡(luò)中有許多

幸福的朋友、家人與鄰居，那么你將也會(huì)很幸福。他們表示，更準(zhǔn)確地說，如果居住在離你1英里內(nèi)的一個(gè)朋友生活幸福

感得到顯著提升，你的生活幸福感就會(huì)增加25%。

具有同樣效果的還有同居配偶(幸福感提升8%)、居住在1英里之內(nèi)的兄弟姐妹(14%)和鄰居(34%)。這意味著，幸福傳

播的強(qiáng)度似乎更取決于交往的頻繁度(與地域鄰近相關(guān))，而不是社會(huì)關(guān)系的深度。可惜由于某種原因，這并不適用于工作場(chǎng)

入口。

那么，為什么幸福能夠傳染?一個(gè)原因或許是，幸福的人會(huì)與親朋好友分享好運(yùn)氣(例如，提供實(shí)際的幫助，或在經(jīng)濟(jì)

匕慷慨解囊)。另一個(gè)原因可能是，幸福的人往往會(huì)改善自己的行為，會(huì)對(duì)周圍的人更加友好，或減少敵意。又或許只是因

為正面情緒具有高度傳染性。

UNIT2CityDesign(P6)

Text

Readthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.

WhenI'mbeingdriventhroughacityfromourhoteltoaconferencecenter,Icouldn'thelpbutnotetheoverwhelmingpresence

ofcarsandparkinglots.Theworld'scitiesareintrouble.Inhundredsofcities,thelifeofdailylifeisdeteriorating.Breathingtheair

insomeciliesiseauivalenllosmokingIwopacksofcigarettesperday.Thenumberofhourscommutersspendgoingnowhere

sittingintrafflc-congesledstreelsandhighwaysclimbshighereachyear,raisingfrustrationlevels.

Inresponsetotheseconditions,weareseeingtheemergencyofanewurbanism.Injustafewyears,manycitiesbannedthe

parkingofcarsonsidewalks,createdorrenovatedmoreparks,introducedahighlysuccessfulbus-baserapidtransitsystem,built

hundredsofkilometersofbicyclepathsandpedestrianstreetsreducedrushhourtraffic,plantedmoretreesandinvolvedlocal

citizensdirectlyinIheimDrovemenloftheirneighborhoods.Thequalilyofurbanlifeinihesecitieshasbeengreatlyenhancedwilh

thevisionofacitydesignedforpeople.

Nowgovernmentplannerseverywhereareexperimenting,seekingwaystodesigncitiesforpeoplenotcars.Carspromise

mobility.Butinanurbanizingworldthereisaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecity.Afterapoint,astheirnumbers

multiply,automobilesprovidenotmobilitybutimmobility.

Basedonthisperspective,somecitiesinindustrialanddevelopingcountriesalikewilldramaticallyincreaseurbanmobility

bymovingawayfromthecar.Letmeremindyouoncemore,citiesarebuiltforpeople,notforcars.Acityfullofcarsislikewhat

thehorrifyingsci-fidepicted-allmechanismandnohuman.Inordertoavoidthisdisaster,we'dbetterstartdesigningsustainable

cities.

當(dāng)我從旅館乘車穿行城市前往會(huì)議中心時(shí);映入眼簾的是無處不在的汽車和停車場(chǎng)。全世界的城市都陷入了困境，數(shù)

以百計(jì)的城市日常生活的質(zhì)量正在不斷下降。在一些城市，每天呼吸空氣等于抽兩包香煙。每天上班族驅(qū)車時(shí)因街道和道

路堵塞而寸步難行，耽擱的時(shí)間逐年升高，郁悶也隨之加深。

針對(duì)上述情況，我們可以看到一種新城市主義的理念正在興起。在短短的幾年內(nèi)，許多城市的人行道上不再允許停車,

新建和改造了更多的停車場(chǎng)，建立了一套以公共汽車為基礎(chǔ)的極為成功的快速運(yùn)行系統(tǒng)，興建了數(shù)百公里的自行車道和步

行街，高峰時(shí)段的交通擁擠得以減緩，種植了更多的樹木，并吸收當(dāng)?shù)厥忻裰苯訁⑴c社區(qū)的改善工作。城市設(shè)計(jì)以人為本

的理念使這些城后的生活質(zhì)量有了很大的提高。

現(xiàn)在，各地政府的規(guī)劃者們都在嘗試尋找為了人而不是為汽車設(shè)計(jì)城市的方法。汽車應(yīng)帶給人們活動(dòng)的便捷。但是在

一個(gè)不斷城市化的世界里，存在著一個(gè)根深蒂固的矛盾，即汽車與城市之問的矛盾。超過一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)之后，隨著汽車數(shù)量

的累加，汽車提供的不再是便捷，而是停滯。

基于這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)，無論在發(fā)達(dá)的工業(yè)國(guó)家還是發(fā)展中國(guó)家，一些城市將會(huì)通過遠(yuǎn)離汽車來極大增加市區(qū)的通暢。讓我再

次提醒你，城市是為了人，不是為了汽車而建設(shè)的。擠滿汽車的城市就像恐怖的科幻小說里描繪的——全是機(jī)械，沒有人

性。為了避免這場(chǎng)災(zāi)難，我們最好開始設(shè)計(jì)可持續(xù)發(fā)展的城市。

1.Whatmeansoftransportationdoestheauthortaketotheconferencecenter?

1.(Hetakes)abus.

2.Accordingtothefirstparagraphwhatishappeningincitieswheretherearemorecars?

2.Carsnotonlydoharmtopeople'shealthbutalsocauseheavytrafficjam.

3.Whatdoesthelastsentence“thevisionofacitydesignedforpeoplewinparagraph2mean?

3.Designcitiesforpeoplenot(for)cars.

4.Whyisthereaninherentconflictbetweentheautomobileandthecityinurbanareas?

4.Becausepeopledependlargelyoncars.

5.Howwouldacitylooklikeifcarswereeverywhere?

5.Therewouldbeallcars(mechanism)nohuman.

A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.隨著大量市民被迫遷到遙遠(yuǎn)的郊外，汽車的需求量正在飛漲。

l.Thedemandforcarsissoaringasgrowingnumbersofcitizensarepushedintodistantsuburbs.

2.生態(tài)城市(eco-city)將把傳統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)要素同最先進(jìn)的綠色技術(shù)相結(jié)合。

2.Theeco-citywillcombineelementsoftraditionaldesignwiththelatestgreentechnologies.

3.預(yù)計(jì)到2010年將有一千輛燃料電池車(fuel-cellvehicles)投入使用，而到2012年將增至一萬輛。

3.Onethousandfuel-cellvehicleswillbeestimatedtoputtouseby2010andincreaseto10,000by2012.

4.如今，各地方政府幾乎無一不在探討有關(guān)生態(tài)農(nóng)村、生態(tài)城鎮(zhèn)或生態(tài)城市計(jì)劃的話題。

4.Thesedays,thereishardlyalocalgovernmentthatdoesnottalkaboutplansforaneco-village,townorevencity.

5.全世界大約?半的人口居住在城市、所以研究能緩解城市對(duì)環(huán)境影響的途徑勢(shì)在必行。

5.Itisfairlynecessarytosearchforwaystoreducetheenvironmentalimpactofcitiesbecausearoundhalfoftheworld's

populationisnowcity-dwellers(isnowlivingincities).

B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.

Onceatasupermarket,Ireadathought-provokingsignatthecheck-outcounter.Itsaidthestorewasusingonlyplasticbags.

Thesupermarketclaimedthattheenergyandexhaustfumesexpelledtoproduceandtransportthesamenumberofpaperbags

outweighedthefactthatplasticwasn'tbiodegradable.Paperbagstakeupmorespaceandrequiremoretrucksfortransport.sothe

storebelieveditwaslesseningitscarbonfootprintbyusingplastic.Itgotmethinkingfurther.Whynotaskforplasticandbringyour

usedplasticbagseachtimeyouvisitthegrocerystore?Ifyouusethemfiveorsixtimes,oruntiltheystartfallingapart,youhave

reallydoneagoodthing.Youcanalsousethemtolineyoursmallwastebaskets,insteadofpurchasingplastictrashbags.

有一次在一家超市的收銀處，我看到了一則發(fā)人深思的廣告，上面寫著：本店只用塑料袋。超市聲稱：事實(shí)上生產(chǎn)和

運(yùn)輸同量紙袋所消耗的能源和所排放的廢氣的危害大大超過塑料袋不能進(jìn)行生物降解的危害。而且紙袋占用的空間更大，

需要更多的卡車運(yùn)送。因此，超市認(rèn)為使用塑料袋可以減少碳足跡。該告示促使我作了進(jìn)一步的思考。為什么使用了塑料

袋后，不能每次再去雜貨店時(shí)帶上重復(fù)使用呢?如果能用上五六次，或者用到破了為止，你豈不是做了一件大好事。你也可

以把塑料袋鋪在小垃圾筐里盛垃圾，而不用再買垃圾專用塑料袋。

UNIT3Population(P9)

Text

Readthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.

Averyimportantworldproblemistheincreasingnumberofpeoplewhoactuallyinhabitthisplanet.Thelimitedamountofland

andlandresourceswillsoonbeunabletosupportthehugepopulationifitcontinuestogrowatitspresentrate.

Sowhyisthishugeincreaseinpopulationtakingplace?Itisreallyduetothespreadoftheknowledgeandpracticeofwhatis

becomingknownas“DeathControl”.Youhavenodoubtheardoftheterm"BirthControl".“DeathControl"issomethingrather

difierent.Itrecognizestheworkofthedoctorsandscientistswhonowkeepalivepeoplewho,notverylongago,wouldhavediedof

avarietyofthenincurablediseases.Throughawidevarietyoftechnologicalinnovationsthat"includefarmingmethodsandthe

controlofdeadlydiseases,wehavefoundwaystoreducetherateatwhichwedie.However,thissuccessistheverycauseofthe

greatestthreattomankind.

Ifweexaminetheamountoflandavailableforthisever-incrrasingpopulation,webegainioseetheproblem.Ifeveryonthe

planethadanequalshareofland.Wewouldeachhaveaboul50,000squaremeters.Thinfigureseemssobequiteencouraging

untilweexaninetheamountofusablelandweactuallyhave.Morethanthree-fifthsoftheworld'slandcannotproducefood.

Obviously,withsolittlelandtosupportus.weshouldbetakinggreatcarenottoreduceitfurther.Butwearenot!Instead,we

areconsumingits"capital”-itsnonrenewablefossilfuelsandothermineraldepositsthattookmillionsofyearstoformbutwhich

arenowbeingdestroyedindecades.Wearealsodoingthesamewithothervitalresourcesnotusuallythoughtofasbeing

nonrenewable,suchasfertilesoils,groundwaterandthemillionsofotherspeciesthatsharetheearthwithus.

在我們這個(gè)星球上居住的人越來越多，是?個(gè)很重要的全球問題。如果繼續(xù)按照現(xiàn)有的增長(zhǎng)率發(fā)展下去，那么有限的

土地及土地資源很快不能養(yǎng)活這么巨大的人口。

那么為什么會(huì)出現(xiàn)人口的大量增長(zhǎng)呢?這的確是因?yàn)橹R(shí)的廣泛傳播和眾所周知的“死亡控制”的結(jié)果。毫無疑問,你

肯定聽到過“生育控制”這個(gè)術(shù)語。“死亡控制”是大不相同的。它承認(rèn)了醫(yī)生和科學(xué)家的工作，現(xiàn)在他們能夠留住那些患

有各種各樣絕癥的病人的生命。而這些絕癥在不久之前還是不可治愈的。通過大范圍的技術(shù)創(chuàng)新，其中包括耕作方法和對(duì)

絕癥的控制，我們已經(jīng)找到降低死亡率的方法。然而，正是這項(xiàng)成功給人類帶來最大的威脅。

如果計(jì)算嚇維持不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口所需的土地量，我們就能意識(shí)到這個(gè)問題。如果這個(gè)星球上的每個(gè)人都平均分?塊

土地，我們每個(gè)人會(huì)擁有五萬平方米。這個(gè)數(shù)字看似相當(dāng)振奮人心，而當(dāng)我們計(jì)算一下每個(gè)人的實(shí)際可用耕地之后，就知

道情況不太樂觀了。因?yàn)槭澜缟铣^3/5的土地都不能生產(chǎn)糧食。

顯然，能夠養(yǎng)活我們的耕地如此之少，我們就應(yīng)該想療設(shè)法不要讓耕地繼續(xù)減少下去。但是，我們并沒有這樣做!反而

我們正在消耗它的“本錢”——其不可再生的化石燃料與其它礦藏，它們是在幾百萬年的時(shí)間里才形成的，然而現(xiàn)在，兒

十年內(nèi)就會(huì)被消耗殆盡。我們對(duì)待其它通常不被看做是不可再生的的重要自然資源也是如此，譬如肥沃的土地、地下水和

千百萬與我們共同居住在地球上的物種。

1.Whatcanbelearntaboutthepopulationgrowthatpresent?

1.Itcontinuestoincrease/growatitspresentrate.

2.Accordingtothearticle,whatcontributestothepopulationincrease?

2.DeathControl

3.WhatisthedoctorsJobaccordingtoparagraph2?

3.Theykeeppeoplewhosufferfromincurablediseasesalive.

4.Whyisn'tthereenoughlandtosupporthumanbeings?

4.Becausetheworld'slandhasalreadybeentakenup/occupiedbytheever-increasingpopulation.

5.Inparagraph4thefertilesoilsareconsideredas.

5.nonrenewable

A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.亞洲大陸面積占世界陸地面積的29%。

I.Asiamakesuptwenty-ninepercentoftheworld'slandarea.

2.人口的增加使土地必須生產(chǎn)更多的糧食。

2.Theincreasingpopulationmakesitnecessaryfortheearthtoproducemoregrain.

3.我們應(yīng)該先進(jìn)行抽樣調(diào)查再寫報(bào)告。

3.Weshouldconductasamplinginvestigationbeforewewritethereport.

4.我承認(rèn)我在工作中因缺乏經(jīng)驗(yàn)犯過這樣那樣的錯(cuò)誤。

4.1admitthatduetolackofexperienceIhavemademistakesofallkinds.

5.中國(guó)的現(xiàn)代化工業(yè)和商品經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展，促進(jìn)了職業(yè)流動(dòng)和人口流動(dòng)。

5.ThedevelopmentofmodernindustryandcommodityeconomyinChinahaspromotedoccupational(mobility)and

populationmobility,

B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.

Areport,basedonUnitedNationsprojectionsshowingslow,steadygrowthofeconomiesandpopulations,suggeststhatby

mid-century,humanity'sdemandonnaturewillbetwicethebiosphere'sproductivecapacity.Atthislevelofecologicaldeficit,

exhaustionofecologicalassetsandlarge-scaleecosystemcollapsewillbecomereal.

Movingtowardssustainabilitydependsonsignificantactionnow.Populationsizechangesslowly,andhuman-madecapital-

homes,cars,roads,factories,orpowerplants-canlastformanydecades.Thisimpliesthatpolicyandinvestmentdecisions

madetodaywillcontinuetodetermineresourcedemandthroughoutmuchofthe21stcentury.

一份以聯(lián)合國(guó)所作的經(jīng)濟(jì)和人口緩慢增長(zhǎng)的預(yù)期為基礎(chǔ)的報(bào)告顯示，到本世紀(jì)中葉，人類對(duì)自然界的需求將達(dá)到生態(tài)

圈自身生產(chǎn)能力的兩倍。在這樣的生態(tài)“赤字”水平下，生態(tài)資源的枯竭和大規(guī)模的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)崩潰將會(huì)成為事實(shí)。

向可持續(xù)發(fā)展的轉(zhuǎn)變?nèi)Q于現(xiàn)在所采取的重大行動(dòng)。人口數(shù)量變化緩慢，而人類創(chuàng)造的資本，如住宅、汽車、道路、

工廠或發(fā)電站等會(huì)持續(xù)幾十年。這意味著，今天所作的政策和投資決策將決定我們?cè)?1世紀(jì)的大部分時(shí)間里對(duì)資源的持續(xù)

需求。

UNIT4Earthquake(P12)

Text

Readthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.

Earthquakesmayberankedasonaofthemostdevastatingforceknownlomen;sincerecordsbeganlobewrittendown,ilhas

beenestimatedthatearthquake-relatedfatalitieshavenumberedinmillionsandthatearthquake-relateddestructionhasbeen

beyondcalculation.Thegreaterpariofsuchdamageandlossoflifehasbeenduetocollapseofbuildingsandeffectsofrockslides,

floods,Are,diseaseandotherphenomenaresultingfromearthquakes,ratherthanfromthequakesthemselves.

Thegreatmajorityofallearthquakesoccurintwospecificgeographicareas.OnesuchareaencompassesthePacificOcean

anditscontiguouslandmasses.TheotherextendsfromtheEastIndianstotheAtlasMountains,includingtheHimalayas,Iran,

TurkeyandtheAlpineregions.Theymayhappenanywhereatanytime.

Thiselementoftheunknownhasforcenturiesaddedgreatlytothedreadandhorrorsurroundingearthquakes,butinrecent

timestherehavebeenindicationsIhalearthquakeprediclionmaybepossible.Byanalyzingchangesinanimalbehavior,patlernsof

movementsintheearth'scrust,variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticHeldandthefrequencywithwhichminor

earthtremorsareobserved,scientistshaveshownincreasingsuccessinanlicipatingwhenandwhereearthquakeswillstrike.Asa

result,worldwideeathquakewarningnetworkisalreadyinoperationandhashelpedtoprepareforthevastdestructionthatmight

otherwisehavebeenlolallyunexpected.

Itisdoubtfulthatmanwilleverbeabletocontrolearthquakesandeliminatetheirdestructivenessaltogether.butashowand

whyearthquakeshappenbecomebetterunderstood,manwillbecomemoreandmoreabletodealwiththeirpotentialdevastation

beforeitoccurs.

地震是人類所知的最具有破壞力的自然災(zāi)害之一。自從有記載以來，估計(jì)由地震造成的死亡達(dá)數(shù)百萬百匕地震造成

的破壞更是不計(jì)其數(shù)。地震造成的破壞如此之大，死亡如此之多，主要是由于地震引發(fā)的建筑物倒塌、巖石崩落、洪水、

火災(zāi)、疾病等現(xiàn)象造成的，而不是由于地震本身。

大多數(shù)地震發(fā)生作兩個(gè)獨(dú)特的地理位置。一個(gè)是環(huán)太平洋地區(qū)及相鄰的大陸架，另一個(gè)是從印度東部延伸到阿特拉斯

山脈，其中包括喜馬拉雅山、伊朗、土耳其和阿爾卑斯地區(qū)。那里隨時(shí)隨地都可能發(fā)生地震。

幾個(gè)世紀(jì)以來，這種對(duì)于地震的未知性更大大地增加了地震的可怕和恐懼性。但近兒年來已有跡象我明地震預(yù)測(cè)是可

能的。通過分析動(dòng)物行為的變化，地殼運(yùn)動(dòng)的方式，地球磁場(chǎng)和地心引力的變化以及監(jiān)測(cè)到的輕微地震的頻率，科學(xué)家在

預(yù)測(cè)地震發(fā)牛的時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)上已取得了不斷的成功。因此，世界性地震預(yù)警網(wǎng)絡(luò)已經(jīng)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)，而且已經(jīng)幫助人們對(duì)大范圍的

破壞做好準(zhǔn)備，而這些破壞也可能是完全不能預(yù)料的。

人類是否能完全控制地震并消除它的破壞力還未可知。但是，隨著我們對(duì)地震發(fā)生的方式和原因有了更多的了解，在

地震發(fā)生之前，我們就能更好地應(yīng)對(duì)可能造成的破壞。

1.Whatarethecausesofthegreatpartofthedamageandlossoflife?

1.Collapseofbuildingsandtheeffectsofrockslides,floods,fire,diseaseandotherphenomenafromearthquakes.

2.Wherearethetwomostactiveearthquakebeltsintheworld?

2.TheareaencompassesthePacificOceananditscontiguouslandmasses,EastIndianstotheAtlasMountains.

3.Whatfactdoes"elementoftheunknown”inparagraph3referto?

3.Itreferstothefacttheearthquakescanhappenanywhereatanytime.

4.Whatfourwaysareusedtoanticipateearthquakeactivity?

4?a)analyzingchangesinanimalbehavior.

b)patternsofmovementsintheearth'scrust.

c)variationsintheforceofgravityandtheearth'smagneticfield.

d)observationofthefrequencyofminorearthtremors.

5.Whatistheauthor'sattitudetowardthepossibilityofearthquakepredictions?

5.Earthquakepredictionisbeconaingmoreandmorepossible.

A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.會(huì)議的準(zhǔn)備工作正在順利地進(jìn)行著。

1.Preparationsforthemeetingareproceedingsmoothly.

2.科技發(fā)展在解決老問題的同時(shí)也帶來,些新問題。

2.Astechnologicaladvancementsolvesoldproblems,italsocreatesnewones.

3.1976年唐山大地震是歷史上最嚴(yán)重的自然災(zāi)害之一。

3.The1976earthquakeinTangshanwasoneofthegreatestnaturaldisastersinhistory.

4.近幾年來，中國(guó)、日本和美國(guó)對(duì)地震發(fā)生的時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的預(yù)測(cè)取得了一定的進(jìn)步。

4.Inrecentyears,China,JapanandtheU.Shavemadecertainprogressinforecastingwhenandwhereearthquakeswilloccur.

5.地震能造成慘重的人員傷亡，毀壞建筑物，如大樓、橋梁、大壩等設(shè)施。

5.Earthquakescauseseverecasualtiesanddestroyconstructionslikebuildings,damsandbridges.

B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.

Ourweathersurelyisgettingstrange.Thereseemtobemoretornadoesthaninlivingmemory,longerdroughts,bigger

downpoursandrecordfloods.Unprecedentedfiresareburninginsomeareas.Scientiststellusthatforeveryonedegreeincrease

intemperature,lightningstrikeswillgoupanother10%.Anditislightning,afterall,thatisprincipallyresponsibleforlignitingthe

conflagrationinsomeareastoday.

天氣的確越來越反常。在人們記憶中，龍卷風(fēng)似乎更加頻繁、旱災(zāi)持續(xù)更久、暴雨更大、洪災(zāi)也創(chuàng)下紀(jì)錄、在一些地

區(qū)火災(zāi)史無前例?？茖W(xué)家告知我們，氣溫每升高一度，閃電數(shù)量就會(huì)增加10%。畢竟，在一些地區(qū)閃電至今仍然是引起特

大火災(zāi)的主要原因。

UNIT5TheAftermathofBPGulfOilSpill(PlS)

Text

Readthetext.AnswerthegivenquestionsandtranslatetheunderlinedsentencesorparagraphsintoChinese.

IniheaftermathoflheBPoilspill.PresidentObamavoicediheconcernsofcounllessscientists,environmentalists,andGulf

Coastresidentswhenhedeclared,“We'redealingwithamassiveandpotentiallyunprecedentedenvironmentaldisaster."Thesheer

sizeofIheoilspill-210,000gallonsadayconlaminatingtheGulfofMexico-hasmanypeopleworriedabouliheshortand

long-termenvironmentalharmitiscausing.

Theoilspillcouldseverelydamagefragileecosystemsforyears,possiblydecades.Beachesfouledbyoilspillsarevary

difficulttocleanup.Tomakemattersworse,thespillthreatensbeachesjustasshorebirdsarenestingandseaturtlesarecoming

ashorelolaytheireggs.

Evenworseistheeffecttheoilspillcouldhaveonsensitivesaltmarshesandmangrovecoastlines,whichwouldbe

practicallyimpossibletocleanandthatsomefearmightbepermanentlydestroyed.Thesewetlandsareconsideredthenurseries

forthefishingandseafoodindustryandareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.Becausetheycover

muchmorelandareathanbeaches,theriskoftheirexposuretodamageisgreatlyincreased.

Fully98percentofthefishandshellfishharvestedintheGulfofMexicodependonestuaries,whicharecoastalwaterswhere

freshwaterfromriversandstreamsmixwithseawater.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovidea

basisforaquaticfoodchains.Manyspeciesdependonwetlandsforfood,shelterandbreeding.

ThewatersoftheGulfofMexicoarehomestohundredsofspeciesofaquaticlife.Thelongertheoilfoulsthewater,themore

pollutedthefoodchainbecomes,whichcouldresultin山rgefishkillsandseafoodtoocontaminatedforconsumption.

英國(guó)石油公司原油泄漏事件之后，奧巴馬總統(tǒng)的一次公開講話表達(dá)出了無數(shù)科學(xué)家、環(huán)保主義者以及墨西哥灣居民的

心聲。他在講話中提到，''我們正在應(yīng)對(duì)的是一場(chǎng)巨大的、史無前例的環(huán)境災(zāi)難”。每天足足有21萬加侖的原油泄漏并污染

著墨西哥灣，這使得很多人為這次事件對(duì)環(huán)境所造成的短期和長(zhǎng)期的危害感到擔(dān)憂。

這次原油泄漏事件對(duì)脆弱的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)帶來的嚴(yán)重破壞會(huì)持續(xù)很多年，甚至數(shù)卜年。被石油污染的海灘很難被清理丁凈。

更糟糕的是，泄漏的石油對(duì)海灘造成污染的時(shí)間正是海鳥筑巢和海龜游到岸上孵蛋的季節(jié)。

還有更糟的事情，石油污染還可能影響敏感的濕地和紅樹林海岸，而這將是幾乎不可能被清理干凈的，有些人甚至擔(dān)

心這將是永久性的毀壞。這些濕地是捕魚業(yè)和水產(chǎn)品工業(yè)的搖籃，也是多種野生動(dòng)物的棲息地和繁殖地。由于這些濕地面

積遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)大于海灘的面積，所以它們面臨破壞的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)就大大增加了。

在墨西哥灣捕獲的魚類和貝類中足有98%依靠河口生存，這些河口就是江河與海水匯合的地方。而河口又依賴于濕地

保證其水的質(zhì)量并為水產(chǎn)品供應(yīng)鏈提供基礎(chǔ)。濕地是很多物種覓食、棲息和繁殖的場(chǎng)所。

墨西哥灣水域也是成百上千種水棲動(dòng)物的家園。石油對(duì)海水造成污染的時(shí)間越長(zhǎng)，水產(chǎn)品食物鏈被污染的程度就會(huì)越

大，這最終會(huì)造成大量的魚類死亡以及水產(chǎn)品被嚴(yán)重污染而無法食用。

1.Inthefirstsentence''PresidentObamavoicedtheconcernsofcountlessscientists..."whatdoestheword“voice"mean?

1.Voiceheremeans“toexpressanideaof…”

2.Howlongcouldthedamagetotheecosystemlast?

2.Thedamagetotheecosystemcouldlastdecades.

3.Howimportantarethewetlandstothewildlife?

3.Thewetlandsareavitalhabitatandbreedinggroundformanyspeciesofwildlife.

4.Whyareestuariesdependentonwetlands?

4.Estuariesaredependantonwetlandsfortheirwaterqualityandtoprovideabasisforaquaticfoodchains.

5.HowwilltheoilspillaffecttheseafoodintheGulfofMexico?

5.Manyfishwilldieandtheseafoodwillbetoocontaminatedforconsumption.

A.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish.

1.如何盡快處理墨西哥灣的原油泄漏是BP公司最為關(guān)注的問題。

1.HowtourgentlydealwiththeoilspillattheGulfofMexicoremainsthebiggestconcernforBP.

2.這起事故使環(huán)保人士對(duì)生態(tài)環(huán)境有了不小的擔(dān)憂。

2.Thisaccidenthasmanyenvironmentalistsconcernedaboutthedamageitdoestotheecosystem.

3.原汕泄漏不僅會(huì)污染海洋環(huán)境，更糟糕的是它還會(huì)給多種海洋生物帶來很大的威脅。

3.Oilspillsdonotjustpollutetheocean,tomakethingsworse,theyposegreatthreattomanyspeciesofaquaticlifeaswell.

4.所有小動(dòng)物都要依靠媽媽給它們提供食物和保護(hù)。

4.Allbabyanimalsaredependentontheirmothersforfoodandprotection.

5.南極洲是多種企鵝的家。

5.Antarcticaisthenaturalhabitatformanyspeciesofpenguins.

B.ReadthetextandtranslateitintoChinese.

Anoilspillistheaccidentalpetroleumreleaseintotheenvironment,onland,oilspillsareusuallylocalizedandthustheir

impactcanbeeliminated.Relativelyeasily.Incontrast,marineoilspillsmayresultinoilpollutionoverlargeareasandpresent

seriousenvironmentalhazards.Theprimarysourceofaccidentaloilinputintoseasisassociatedwithoiltransportationbytankers

andpipelines(about70%),whereasthecontributionofoffshoredrillingandproductionactivi