寶山區(qū)2017學(xué)年一模II.GrammarandVocabularyWhyMyBestFriendIsaBookWritingaboutbeliefsishard.Itmakesyoureachdeepintoyoursoulandtrulylookatwhatisthere.Itrequirestimeandeffort,andthenhitsyouinthefaceandsomeoneinthebackgroundsays“Oh,whydidn’tyouthinkofthatbefore?”Beliefschange,theymatureandgrowjust(21)__________achild.Thebestbeliefsaretheonesthat(22)________(cherish)throughoutalifetime.OnebeliefIcherishaboveallothersisthepowerandenjoymentofreading.Readingcanbeforfunandthatlearningis(23)_________(easy)whenyou’rehavingfun.Beingabletorelatetothecharacters,imaginetheconflictsinyourhead,andfeelthecharacters’sadness,aswellastheirjoy,isthemostamazingthingaboutreading.Achancetoliveanotherlifeforashorttime,tobeanotherperson,Readinglendsthesoulandmindaplace(24)_________(escape).Iwouldmuchratherpickupagoodluckthanwatchatelevisionshow.Readingcanteachus.Whetherit’safantasynovelorahistoricalaccount,youlearnwhenyouread.Itprovidesgrammarand(25)_______(write)languageskills.Readingteachesusaboutemotion.Readinggivesyounewwordsandexpandsyourvocabularybyforcingyoutochallengeyourself.Initsownwayitmakesusfeeltheemotionsofthecharacters.(26)_________________________youread,Ibelieveyouwilllearn,mindandsoul.Readingcanbringpeopletogether.Icannotcountthenumberofnewfriendsandpeoplethathaveenteredmylifebecauseofbooks.Mystepmother,grandmother,andIallradthesamebooks.(27)________isbetterthanbeingabletosharethetensemoments,nearmisses,andhappyendingswhile(28)________(drink)asteamingcupofcoffeetogetherwithsomeone.Readingallowsyoutoloweryourwallsandletpeopleintoformgenuinechains.Pluspeople(29)________readimpressivebooksareusuallyprettycoolthemselves!Overtheyearsreadinghasbeenmycompanion.Alwayswithabookinmypurse,Ihaveneverfacedtheworldwithoutabestfriendbymyside.Books(30)________(help)methroughdifficultperiodsandapplaudedmeintimesofcelebration.Booksalwaysmakemesmile.That’sthebiggestreasonIbelieveinreading,becauseitwillmakeyouhappy.SectionBDirections:Afterreadingthepassagebelow,fillineachblankwithaproperwordgiveninthebox.Eachwordcanbeusedonlyonce.Notethatthereisonemorewordthanyouneed.

A.extentB.substanceC.normalD.potentialE.refreshingF.instructionsG.functionH.causedI.physicalJ.restoreK.mentallyThediscoverybuildsonearlierfindingsshowedthataclassofgenescalledsplicing(膠接)factorsisprogressivelyswitchedoffasweage.Theresearchteamfoundthatsplicingfactorscanbeswitchedbackonwithchemicals,makingagingcellsnotonlylook____31____younger,butstarttodividelikeyoungcells.Theresearchersappliedcompoundschemicalsbasedona____32____naturallyfoundinredwine,darkchocolate,redgrapesandblueberries,tocellsinculture.Thechemicals____33____splicingfactors,whichareprogressivelyswitchedoffasweagetobeswitchedbackon.Withinhours,thecellslookedyoungerandstartedtorejuvenate,behavinglikeyoungcells.Thediscoveryhasthe___34_____toleadtotherapiesthatcouldhelppeopleagebetter,withoutexperiencingsomeofthedegenerativeeffectsofgettingold.Mostpeoplebytheageof85haveexperiencedsomekindofchronicillness,andaspeoplegetoldertheyaremorepronetostroke,heartdiseaseandcancer.ProfessorHarriesassaying,“Thisisafirststepintryingtomakepeoplelive___35_____lifetime,butwithhealthfortheirentirelife.Ourdatasuggeststhatusingchemicalstoswitchbackonthemajorclassofgenesthatareswitchedoffasweagemightprovideameansto____36____tooldcells.”DrEvaLatorre,ResearchAssociateattheUniversityofExeter,whocarriedouttheexperiments,wassurprisedbythe____37____andrapidityofthechangesinthecells.“WhenIsawsomeofthecellsintheculturedish___38_____Icouldn’tbelieveit.Theseoldcellswerelookinglikeyoungcells.Itwaslikemagic,”shesaid.“Irepeatedtheexperimentsseveraltimesandineachcasethecellsrejuvenated.Iamveryexcitedbytheimplicationsandpotentialforthisresearch.”Asweage,ourtissuesaccumulatesenescentcellswhicharealivebutdonotgrowor____39____astheyshould.Theseoldcellslosetheabilitytocorrectlyregulatetheoutputoftheirgenes.Thisisonereasonwhytissuesandorgansbecomesusceptibletodiseaseasweage.Whenactivated,genesmakeamessagethatgivesthe____40____forthecelltobehaveinacertainway.Mostgenescanmakemorethanonemessage,whichdetermineshowthecellacts.Splicingfactorsarecrucialinensuringthatgenescanperformtheirfullrangeoffunctions.III.ReadingComprehensionSectionADirections:ForeachblankinthefollowingpassagetherearefourwordsorphrasesmarkedA,B,CandD.Fillineachblankwiththewordorphrasethatbestfitsthecontext.

(B)Americansaremorestressedthanever,accordingtoanAmericanPsychologicalAssociationsurvey,andnearlyone-thirdsaystressimpactstheirphysicalormentalhealth.Ifyouhaveanyofthesesymptoms,yourstressmightbemakingyousick.Here’showtobattleagainstthem.Ifyou’veneversufferedfromheadachesbutsuddenlyyourheadisconstantlystriking,youmightbetoostressed.Stressreleaseschemicalsthatcancausechangestonervesandbloodvessels（血管）inthebrain,whichbringsonaheadache.Stresscancausethemormakethemworse.It’salsocommonforyourmusclestotenseupwhenyou’restressed,whichcanalsocauseaheadache.WHATTODO:Ifyoudon’twanttotakemedicine,tryspreadinglavender（薰衣草）oilonyourtemples（太陽穴）whenaheadachestarts.Ortryoneofthesehomeremediesforheadaches.Stresscanmakeyoumentallysick,too.Toomuchofthestresshormonecortisol（皮質(zhì)醇）canmakeithardertoconcentrate,causingmemoryproblemsaswellasanxietyordepression,saysDr.Levine.WHATTODO:Relaxuntilyouregainyourconcentration.Practiceclosingyoureyesandbreathinginandoutslowly,concentratingonlyonyourbreath.Losingafewstrandsofhairisnormal(oldhairfollicles（囊）arereplacedbynewonesovertime),butstresscandisturbthatcycle.Significantstresspushesalargenumberofhairfolliclesintowhat’scalledarestingstageandthenafewmonthslaterthosehairsfallout,accordingtoMayoC.Stresscanalsocausethebody’sresistantsystemtoattackyourhairfollicles,resultinginhairloss.WHATTODO:Bepatient.Onceyourstresslevelreturnstonormal,yourhairshouldstartgrowingback.60.Ifyou’restressed,youmighthaveoneofthefollowingsymptomsEXCEPTthat______.A.youkeepgettingheadaches B.youalwayshaveacoldC.yourhairisfallingout D.yourbrainfeelsconfusedWhichofthefollowingissuggestedifyourbraingoesoutoffocus?Breathingslowlywithyoureyesclosed.Waitinguntilyourbrainreturnstonormal.Spreadinglavenderoilonyourtemples.Relaxingandattackingyourbrainsoftly.Whatwillhappenoncewegetoverourstressaccordingtothepassage?Ourhairstartsfallingoutandthengrowsback.Ourbody’sresistantsystemattacksyourhairfolliclesOurhairstartsgrowingagain.Aseriousheadachestarts.(C)

Formanyinthegeneralpublicandtheengineeringcommunityalike,thepotentialimplicationsofadditivemanufacturing(AM)haveexcitedtheimagination.Popularlyknownas3-Dprinting,theemergingclassoftechnologieshasbeenregardedasbotharevolutioninproductionandanopportunityfordramaticenvironmentaladvance.Yetwhilethetechnologicalcapabilitiesofadditivemanufacturingprocessesarestudiedextensively,adeepunderstandingoftheirenvironmentalimplicationsisstilllacking.AnewspecialissueofYale’sJournalofIndustrialEcologypresentsthecutting-edgeresearchonthisemergingfield,providingimportantinsightsintoitsenvironmental,energy,andhealthimpacts.Thoughsometimesdescribedinthepublicfieldassimilartoaninkjetprinterformakingobjects,additivemanufacturingisprimarilyusedasaproductionprocessinindustryandcontainsadiversesetoftechnologies.Whattheyshareistheabilitytoproduceproductsandpartsbasedondigitalinformationbyaddinglayersofmaterialsoneaftertheotherratherthan,asintraditionalmanufacturing,removingmaterials–thusthelabel“additive.”“Theresearchinthisissueshowsthatitistooearlytolabel3-Dprintingasthepathtosustainablemanufacturing,”saidReidLifset,editor-in-chiefoftheJournalofIndustrialEcologyandco-authoroftheleadeditorial.“Weneedtoknowmuchmoreaboutthematerialfootprints,energyconsumptioninproduction,processemissions,andespeciallythelinkingdevicesandadjustmentsbetweenthevariousstagesintheproductionprocess.”Additivemanufacturingissometimesseenasinherentlyenvironmentallypreferabletotraditionalmanufacturingbecauseofitspotentialforlocalproduction–byconsumers,merchantsandhobbyists–andbecauseitisthoughttoallowzero-wastemanufacturing.Researchinthisissue,however,indicatesthattheenvironmentalperformanceisverysensitivetothepatternofusageandcompositionofthemachineryandthematerialsused.“Thisspecialissuedemonstratesthecapabilityofindustrialecologytorevealimportantandoftenoverlookedaspectsofnewtechnologies,”saidIndyBurke,DeanoftheYaleSchoolofForestry&EnvironmentalStudies.“Ifwearetorealizetheenvironmentalpotentialof3-Dprinting,weneedtoknowwherethechallengesandtheadvantageslie.”Thespecialissuecontains:lifecycleassessments(LCA)ofAMprocessesandproductsinvestigationsoftheprocessenergyconsumptionofAMtechnologiesstudiesofoperatorexposuretoprinteremissionsanddangerousmaterialsexaminationofthesustainabilitybenefitsderivedfromthecomplexfigureofpartsenabledbythetechnologyanalysisofsupply-chainissuesarisingfromtheuseofthetechnologyTheword“additive”inthepassagerefersto______.A.thesubstanceaddedinsmallamountsforaspecialpurposeB.theadditionaltechnologicalcapabilitiesofmanufacturingprocessesC.thedigitalwaytoproduceproductsbyaddingseriallayersofmaterialsthetraditionalwaytoproduceproductsbyremovingmaterialsThecontentslistedinthespecialissuementionedattheendofthispassagefocuson______.thestudiesofadditivemanufacturingandsustainabilityadiversesetoftechnologiesofadditivemanufacturingthecomparisonbetweenadditiveandtraditionalmanufacturingtheexperimentsconductedbyJournalofIndustrialEcologyWhichofthefollowingcanbeinferredabouttheresearchers’viewpointfromthepassage?3-Dprintingisviewedasarevolutioninproduction.3-Dprintingisregardedasakindofsustainablemanufacturing.AMmakesaharmfulimpactonenvironment,energy,andhealth.ThechallengesandadvantagesofAMneedfurtherstudies.Thepassagemainlydiscusses______.investigationsofthe3-DprintingprocessB.theenvironmentalimplicationsof3-DprintingC.studiesof3-DprintingemissionsandmaterialsD.assessmentsofadditivemanufacturingprocessesSectionCThefindingsshowthattheyalsoapplycriticismtonontraditionalwomen’shusbands.Thefindingsshowthattheyalsoapplycriticismtonontraditionalwomen’shusbands.Heisalsoregardedashavinglesspowerintherelationship.Theseincludehavingahigherstatus,yieldingmorepower,beingmoreself-focused,ambitiousandself-confident.Themarriedsurnametraditionismorethanjustatradition.Uptonow,researchershavenotyetexaminedhowawoman’smarriedsurnamechoiceinfluenceshowotherslookatherhusband.Women’srightistscholarsunderstandwhythesurnametraditionremainswidelysupported.Whatdoesitmeanforthehusbandwhenhiswifekeepsherownsurname?Thetraditionofwomenadoptingtheirhusbands’surnameaftermarriageisarguablyoneofthemostwidespreadgender-rolestandardsinWesternculturesdespitemarkedchangesintherolethatwomenplayinsocietyandinthelaborforce.Accordingtopreviousstudies,womenwhoviolatethemarriedsurnametraditionarevieweddifferentlyfromothers.Theyaredescribedintermsofinstrumentalcharacteristicsthatinagenderedsocietyaretypicallyassignedtomen.__67__Thesecharacteristicscontrastwiththeexpressivecharacteristicsthataretypicallyassignedtowomen,suchasbeingmorecaring,kindandhavinglessinfluenceandpower.__68__Forthispurpose,RobnettandhercolleaguescarriedoutthreestudiesintheUSandUK.Thefirsttwostudiesshowedthathusbandswhosewiveskeeptheirownsurnamesareoftendescribedthroughtermsthatareopposedtothegender-typicalpersonalitycharacteristicsandpowerframeworkusedformen.Theyaredescribedinmoreexpressivethaninstrumentalterms,andareseentoholdlesspowerinamarriage.Theirfindingsindicatethatpeopleconcludefrommarriedsurnamechoicestomakemoregeneralinferencesaboutacouple’sgender-typedpersonalitycharacteristics.ResultsfromthethirdstudyconductedbyRobnett’steamsuggestthatpeopleholddifferentopinionsinhowtheythinkaboutsuchcases.Peoplewhofirmlyholdontotraditionalgenderrolesreactparticularlystronglytoamanwhosewifekeepshersurnamebecausetheyseehimasanincapableperson.“Weknowfrompreviousresearchthatpeoplehighinunfriendlysexism（蔑視女性）respondnegativelytowomenwhoviolatetraditionalgenderroles,”saysRobnett.“__69__”“Thisstudyjoinsseveralothersinimplyingalinkbetweentraditionsinmenandwomen’sromanticrelationshipsandpowerstructuresfavoringmen,”saysRobnett.“__70__Itreflectsslightgender-rolestandardsandideasthatoftenremainunquestioneddespiteprivilegingmen.”

IV.SummaryWritingSecurepaymentwithoutleavingatraceComputerscientistAndyRupp,memberofthe“SignalingCodeandSecurity”workinggroup,isalwayssurprisedaboutlackingproblemawareness:onlyfewusersareawareofthefactthatbyusingpaymentsystemstheydiscloseindetailhowandwhattheyconsumeorwhichroutestheyhavetaken.Topreventcontroloftheaccountsbydishonestusers,customerdataandaccountbalancesofpaymentareusuallycarriedoutwiththehelpofacentraldatabase.Ineverypaymentdeal,thecustomerisidentifiedandthedetailsofher/hisdealaretransmittedtothecentraldatabase.Thisrepeatedidentificationprocessproducesadatatracethatmightbemisusedbytheproviderorthirdparties.Theexperthasnowpresentedthebasicsofan“electronicpurse”thatworksbyunknownnames,butpreventsmisuseatthesametime.The“black-boxadditionplus”(BBA+)codesystemdevelopedbythemtransfersal