附錄附錄A外文資料DesignofMv/LvSubstationTransformerAbstract：Asubstationisapartofanelectricalgeneration,transmission,anddistributionsystem.Substationsgenerallyhaveswitching,protectionandcontrolequipment,andtransformers.ThelowvoltagedistributionnetworksaresuppliedfromMV/LVsubstationtransformerthatrepresentthelaststepofbringingtransformationtothelowvoltageandensuringtheprotectionandmonitoringofthenetwork.TherearethreetypesofMV/LVsubstation:pole-mountedtransformersubstation,thesubstationinanenvelopeandsubstationinmasonry.ThispaperpresentsageneraldescriptionfordifferentMV/LVsubstationandamethodologytodesignthevariouselementsmakingupthepublicdistributionsubstation(choiceoftheemplacement,engineering,powertransformer,choiceofMVcells,circuitbreakers,fuses,disconnectswitch,conductors,...etc).Keywords:SubstationtransformerMVcellsSubstationinmasonryPole-mountedtransformersubstation1.IntroductionAsubstationisapartofanelectricalgeneration,trans-mission,anddistributionsystem.Substationstransformvoltagefromhightolow,orthereverse,orperformanyofseveralotherimportantfunctions.Electricpowermayflowthroughseveralsubstationsbetweengeneratingplantandconsumer,anditsvoltagemaychangeinseveralsteps.Substationsgenerallyhaveswitching,protectionandcontrolequipment,andtransformers.Distributioncircuitsarefedfromatransformerlocatedinanelectricalsubstation,wherethevoltageisreducedfromthehighvaluesusedforpowertransmission.Distributionnetworksaretypicallyoftwotypes,radialorinterconnected.Aradialnetworkleavesthestationandpassesthroughthenetworkareawithnonormalconnectiontoanyothersupply.Thisistypicaloflongrurallineswithisolatedloadareas.Aninterconnectednetworkisgenerallyfoundinmoreurbanareasandwillhavemultipleconnectionstootherpointsofsupply.Thesepointsofconnectionarenormallyopenbutallowvariouscon-figurationsbytheoperatingutilitybyclosingandopeningswitches.Operationoftheseswitchesmaybebyre-motecontrolfromacontrolcenterorbyalineman.Thebenefitoftheinterconnectedmodelisthatintheeventofafaultorrequiredmaintenanceasmallareaofnetworkcanbeisolatedandtheremainderkeptonsupply.TheMV/LVsubstationsareanodeofanetwork,whichincludesasetofequipmentdesignedtoprotectandfacilitatetheoperationoftheelectricalenergy.TheMV/LVsubstationsprovidetheinterfacebetweenthedistributionMVandLV.TheMV/LVadaptstoallmodesofoperationandwhyshouldfulfillthefollowingfunctions:●DistributethepowerandprotecttheLVdepartures;●IsolatetheMV/LVsubstationincaseofdefault;●ManagetheMVnetworkincaseofdefaultandthepositionbyremotecontrol.MV/LVsubstationtransformerhastwopurposes:-Theinterconnectionbetweenthelinesofthesamevoltagelevel,ithelpstodistributethepowerofthedifferentlinesfromsubstations.-Thetransformationofelectricalpower,processorscanswitchbetweenvoltagelevelstoanother.So,wecanclassifytheMV/LVsubstationsoverthenetworksonwhichtheyareusedaswellasthefunctionstheyperform.TherealizationofMV/LVsubstationsneedspriorknowledge:●Standardsofreferenceandstatutoryinstruments(voltage,qualityofsupply,short-circuitpower,...,etc);●Needstobeperforming(powerplantavailability,operation);●Specificneeds-relateduses(voltagevariationstolerated,compensationofreactivepower,immunitytointerferencereceivers,regulationsrelatedtofacilitysecurity);●Constraints,installationandenvironment.ThispaperpresentsthedifferentMV/LVsubstationtransformerandamethodologytodesignthevariouselementsmakingupthepublicdistributionsubstation.2.TheBirthofMV/LVSubstationTransformerThedecisionofaMVorLVsupplywilldependonlocalcircumstancesandconsiderationssuchasthosementionedabove,andwillgenerallybeimposedbytheutilityforthedistrictconcerned.WhenadecisiontosupplypoweratMVhasbeenmade,therearetwowidely-followedmethodsofproceeding:●Thepower-supplierconstructsastandardsubstationclosetotheconsumer’spremises,buttheMV/LVtransformerislocatedintransformerchamberinsidethepremises,closetotheloadcentre.●Theconsumerconstructsandequipshisownsubstationonhisownpremises,towhichthepowersuppliermakestheMVconnection.2.1.ProjectStudiesTheconsumermustprovidecertaindatatotheutilityattheearlieststageoftheproject.thepower-suppliermustindicate:●Thetypeofpowersupplyproposed,anddefinethekindofpower-supplysystem:overheadlineorunder-ground-cablenetwork,theserviceconnectiondetails:single-lineservice,ring-maininstallation,orparallelfeeders,andthepower(kVA)limitandfaultcurrent.●Thenominalvoltageandratedvoltage(Highestvolt-ageforequipment)●Meteringdetailswhichdefine:Thecostofconnectiontothepowernetworkandtariffdetails(consumptionandstandingcharges).2.2.ImplementationBeforeanyinstallationworkisstarted,theofficialagreementofthepower-suppliermustbeobtained.Therequestforapprovalmustincludethefollowinginformation,largelybasedonthepreliminaryexchangesnotedabove:●Locationoftheproposedsubstation;●Single-linediagramofpowercircuitsandconnections,togetherwithearthing-circuitproposals;●Fulldetailsofelectricalequipmenttobeinstalled,includingperformancecharacteristics;●Layoutofequipmentandprovisionformeteringcomponents;●Arrangementsforpower-factorimprovementifrequired;●Arrangementsprovidedforemergencystandbypowerplant(MVorLV)ifeventuallyrequired.●Prefabricatedsubstations.3.ClassificationofMv/LvSubstationTransformerBirthSubstationstransformermaybeclassifiedaccordingtometeringarrangements(MvorLv)andtypeofsupply(overheadlineorundergroundcable),Substationstransformerareclassifiedintothreetypes:●Substationinmasonry:Installedinadedicatedenclosureprefabricatedornot,withindoorequipment(switchgearandtransformer);●Polemounted(S≤160kVA)withdedicatedoutdoorequipment(switchgearandtransformer);●Prefabricatedsubstations.3.1.PoleMountedSubstationsThesesubstationsaremainlyusedtosupplyisolatedruralconsumersfromMVoverheadlinedistributionsystems.Inthistypeofsubstation,mostoften,theMVtransformerprotectionisprovidedbyfuses.Thekindsofoutdoorsubstationarecommoninsomecountries,basedonweatherproofequipmentexposedtotheelements.Thepolemountedsubstationistheeasiest,itisusedincaseswherethepowertransformerislessthanorequalto160KVA.3.2.PrefabricatedSubstationsPrefabricatedsubstationsprovideaparticularlysimple,rapidandcompetitivechoice.TheMV/LVprefabricatedaremadeusing:MVcells,transformer…etc,groupedinanenvelopewhoseroleistheprotectionofinternalequipmentagainstexternalinfluencesandtoensureadegreeofprotectionagainstthepublic.Theprefabricatedsubstationsaremanufactured,wiredandtestedatthemanufacturer,bringingthetransformer,theLVandMVswitchgear,connectionsandauxiliaryequipmentlimitthestudytimeandachievement.Thetransformerandswitchgearareassembledinametalcase,thestartisdonebyairlineorunderground,thesesubstationsareverycompactandtheirimplementationisveryfast,oneofthebest-knownbenefits:●Simplifiedcivilengineering(platformonly);●Immediateavailability;●Limitedspaceandtime.●Theprefabricatedsubstationistransportedbytruck.Itisplacedonaconcreteslab.3.3.MasonrySubstationOperatingadistributionnetworksometimesrequiresswitchingpointsinadditiontotheHV/MVsubstations,inordertolimittheeffectofafaultonthenetwork.Distributionsubstationsinmasonrymaybeclassifiedintothreetypes:●PublicDistributionsubstations(DP);●DistributionsubstationswithLVmetering(S≤630kVA);●DistributionsubstationswithMVmeteringcalledspecificsubstations(atransformerwhosepowerS>630kVAorseveraltransformers).4.DesignofPublicDistrubutionSubstationPublicdistributionsubstationswithprefabricatedcellsmetalisdonewithcellseachfulfillingafunction.Thepublicdistributionsubstationincludes:●02incomingpanels,●Fuse-switchcombinationorfusedswitch;●FaultdetectorforMVunderground;●LVcircuitbreaker(Tableofpublicdistribution);●PowerTransformer100,160,250,400.630KVA;●Cellpowertransformer(closingmetal);●Safetyequipment;●Boxesofdeflector;●Boxesendexternalandinternal;●MVcableandlugs;●Sparefuses;5.ConclusionInthispaper,wepresentedasynthesisofthevariousMV/LVsubstationtransformer,wehaveexplainedbelowthevariousdocumentsconstitutingtechnicalstudy,adetailedstudyofthepublicdistributionsubstationsOperatingadistributionnetworkrequiresswitchingpointsinadditiontotheMV/LVsubstations,inordertolimittheeffectofafaultonthenetwork.TobuildaMV/LVsubstationtransformer,itisnecessarytosizeanumberofparameterstoachievetheappropriatewiringdiagram.Thedevelopmentofthesecomponentsmustmeetcertainconditionsdictatedbythedualconcernforthesafetyofoperationandloweroperatingcosts.Theseconstructionconditionscanbeclassifiedintoconditionsrelatedtotension,conditionsrelatingtothethermaleffectsofthecurrent,andconditionsrelatingtothesafetyofoperatingpersonnel.From:.51b004PublishedOnlineJanuary()中壓/低壓變電站變壓器設(shè)計摘要:變電站是電力系統(tǒng)中發(fā)電、輸電、和配電一部分。變電站通常有開關(guān)、保護(hù)和控制設(shè)備以及變壓器。低壓配電網(wǎng)絡(luò)提供中壓/低壓配電變壓器,代表最終一步將高壓轉(zhuǎn)換為低電壓,確保保護(hù)和監(jiān)測網(wǎng)絡(luò)。中壓/低壓變電所分三種類型：桿上變電所、箱式變電所和砌筑變電所。本文提出了不一樣MV/LV變電站和方法來設(shè)計各種元素建立公共配電變電站（位置選擇、工程、變壓器、MV電池、斷路器、熔斷器、隔離開關(guān)，導(dǎo)線等）。關(guān)鍵詞：變電站變壓器MV電池附設(shè)變電站桿上變電站導(dǎo)言變電所是發(fā)電、輸電、配電系統(tǒng)中一部分。變電所變換電壓從高壓變換成低壓或者相反，或執(zhí)行任何其余幾個主要功效。電能從發(fā)電廠到用戶可能會流經(jīng)數(shù)個變電站，其電壓也可能發(fā)生數(shù)次改變。變電站通常有開關(guān)、保護(hù)和控制設(shè)備以及變壓器。配電線路來自變電站變壓器，變壓器將高電壓轉(zhuǎn)變成低電壓方便于電能傳輸。分布式網(wǎng)路通常有兩種類型：輻形、互聯(lián)。輻形網(wǎng)絡(luò)離開駐地而且穿過網(wǎng)絡(luò)區(qū)域沒有與其余供給正常連接。這是被隔離負(fù)載領(lǐng)域農(nóng)村線特點?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)絡(luò)通常出現(xiàn)在大多數(shù)城市地域，并將有多個連接到其余供給點連接點。這些連接點正常開放，但經(jīng)過關(guān)閉和打開開關(guān)來運行實用程序所允許各種配置。這些開關(guān)操作可能是由控制中心遠(yuǎn)程控制或由架線工控制。被互聯(lián)模型好處是早發(fā)生故障時或所需維護(hù)網(wǎng)絡(luò)范圍較小時能夠被隔離并保留其余部分繼續(xù)供需。中壓/低壓變電站是網(wǎng)絡(luò)一個節(jié)點，其中包含一套設(shè)備意在保護(hù)和便于操作電能。MV/LV變電站提供分布MV和LV之間接口。MV/LV適應(yīng)全部操作模式以及為何應(yīng)推行以下職能：●分配功率和保護(hù)低壓離開；●在缺省情況下隔離壓/低壓變電站；●在缺省情況下處理MV網(wǎng)絡(luò)和遠(yuǎn)程控制缺省位置。中壓/低壓變電站變壓器有兩個目標(biāo)：-同一電壓等級線路之間相互聯(lián)絡(luò)，它有利于分配來自變電站不一樣線電能。-電功率轉(zhuǎn)換，處理器能夠隨時切換到另一個電壓等級。所以，我們能夠依照使用網(wǎng)絡(luò)情況和執(zhí)行任務(wù)將MV/LV變電站分類。對MV/LV變電站實現(xiàn)需要事先了解：●標(biāo)準(zhǔn)參考和法律文書(電壓，供電質(zhì)量，短路電流等)；●需要執(zhí)行(電廠可用性、操作)；●特定需求關(guān)于用途(容忍電壓改變，無功功率賠償，對接收機(jī)抗干擾，設(shè)施安全關(guān)于要求)；●制約原因、安裝和環(huán)境。本文提出了不一樣MV/LV變電站變壓器和方法來設(shè)計各種元素組建公共配電變電站。2．中壓/低壓變電站變壓器誕生中壓或低壓供電決定將取決于當(dāng)?shù)厍闆r和上述所述考慮原因，通常將由關(guān)于地域?qū)嵱贸绦驅(qū)嵤?。?dāng)已做出提供功率測量值決定時，有兩個方法被廣泛采取：●電源供給商修建標(biāo)準(zhǔn)變電站靠近消費者處所，但低壓變壓器位于處所中變壓室中，靠近負(fù)荷中心。●消費者在自己處所修建和安裝自己變電站，到電源供給商使MV連接。2.1.項目研究在該項目標(biāo)最早階段，消費者必須提供一些數(shù)據(jù)到該實用程序。電源供給商必須說明：●提出電源類型提議，并定義電源系統(tǒng)那種：經(jīng)過標(biāo)題或下地電纜網(wǎng)絡(luò)，服務(wù)連接詳細(xì)信息：單行服務(wù)、環(huán)網(wǎng)柜安裝或平行饋線、功率(千伏安)極限和故障電流?！耦~定電壓和額定電壓(最大電壓-設(shè)備壽命)?！裼嬃吭敿?xì)信息定義：連接到電源網(wǎng)絡(luò)和關(guān)稅細(xì)節(jié)(消費和常規(guī)收費)成本。2.2.實施在任何安裝工作之前，必須取得電源供給商正式協(xié)議。待同意請求必須包含以下信息，主要基于上文提到初步交流：●提議變電站位置；

●單線圖電源電路和連接，以及接地電路提議；●電氣設(shè)備安裝全部細(xì)節(jié)，包含性能特點；

●設(shè)備布局和計量組件供給；●功率因數(shù)提升安排(如需要話)；

●假如最終需要向電源廠(MV或LV)提供給急備用安排。2.3.調(diào)試在一個獨立測試機(jī)構(gòu)測試和檢驗安裝后，被授予證書，允許變電站投入服務(wù)。當(dāng)該機(jī)構(gòu)要求時，必須成功地完成投入運行試驗，在給當(dāng)局加強設(shè)施從電源系統(tǒng)之前。即使權(quán)威機(jī)構(gòu)沒有要求測試，最好也做一下驗證測試：●接地電極電阻測量；

●全部等電位接地和安全連接導(dǎo)體連續(xù)性；

●全部MV組件檢驗