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Characteristics:Chemical,structural,functionalMorphologicalandstructural—shape:varied;size:M—wellorganizedstructure:membrane,organelles,nucleusGolgiapparatusnucleusnucleiChemicals:

water,

inorganicions,smallmolecules,macromoleculesCriticaldifference:Compartmentalization(區(qū)室化)原核細(xì)胞prokaryoticcell真核細(xì)胞eukaryoticcellThenucleus:a

compartmentofDNA1.Whatisthestructureofthenucleus?

interphase-mitosisphase分裂間期-有絲分裂期2.

Whatarethechemicalcomponentsofthenucleus?3.Whatarethefunctionsofthenucleus?Thefunctionsofthenucleus:StorageofgeneticmaterialsReplicationofDNASynthesisandprocessingofRNAvisibleattheinterphase分裂間期可見Disappearedatthemitosisphase分裂期消失DNAdye-stainedcellsCellsintherootofplantMammaliancellsinculture(DNAfluorescentdye)Muscletissue(H&Estain)Nucleus&Chromosomes1.Nuclearenvelope2.Chromatinandchromosome3.Thefunctionsofthenucleus:3.1DNAreplication3.2DNAdamagerepair3.3genetranscription4.Nucleole5.Nucleus&diseases(EssentialCellBiologyChapt.5醫(yī)學(xué)細(xì)胞生物學(xué)第四章)Nuclearenvelope(Nuclearmembrane)LM:boundaryEM:doublemembranesLightMicroscopeElectronMicroscope(1)nuclearenvelopeandnuclearporeSeparateandalsoconnectthenucleusandthecytoplasm,Nuclearenvelope(nuclearmembranes)Inner&outnuclearmembrane:Amembranethatseparatesthenucleusandcytoplasm.ONM:

linkstothemembraneoftheEndoplasmicReticulumINM:

contactstothenuclearlaminaPerinuclearspace:aspacethatONMandINMsurrounds.

aspaceopentothelumenoftheERPerinuclearspaceAnexpansionofERlumenThenuclearmembranes

(electronmicrograph)Nuclear

poreNuclearpore:theporesonthenuclearmembrane,wheretheINMandONMfusetoeachotherNuclearpore

complex:AproteincomplexthatlinesatandconstructsthenuclearporeThenuclearpores

(electronmicrograph)Thenuclearporecomplex

(electronmicrographs;leftupper:illustratingcartoon)Thefunctionsofthenuclearporecomplex:Aaqueous,

selective,bidirectionalchannel

withdiameter9-25nm,Toseparateandconnectthenucleus

andthecytoplasm1、Smallmolecules<5,000Da(9nm):defusefreely2、Largermolecules(9-25nm):dependontheactivetransportbythenuclearporecomplexQ1:whoenterandexitthenuclearpores?(answeraftertoday’slessonsandreviewofChpt4)(or&17)

couldbeanexaminationquestion

opentodiscussiononlinecytoplasmnucleusTheproteindestinedfornucleusNuclearimportreceptorFibersofnuclearporeQ2:Howcanthenuclearporesbeenlarged?(answeraftertoday’slessonsandpreviewofChpt17)

couldbeanexaminationquestion

opentodiscussiononlineNuclear

lamina

AnetshellunderneaththeINMofthehigheucaryocytes,whichconsistsoffibrousproteinsnuclearlamina

(electronmicrographs)Progeria(早老癥):geneticdeficiencyingenesencodingLAMINs(nuclearlaminaproteins)NormalnuclearlaminaNuclearlaminaofthepatientsToformthenuclearmembraneandtoconstructthechromosomes1、Supportsthenuclearmembrane

ininterphase,andregulatesthede-assemblyandreassemblyofthenuclearmembrane

inmitoticphase2、Providestheanchoragesitesforthechromosomesininterphase,andregulatestheconstructionofchromosomesinmitoticphase

Thefunctionsofthenuclearlamina:Q3:What3pictureswithasentenceforeachyouwanttousetodecipherthenuclearlaminaininterphase?opentodiscussiononline轉(zhuǎn)錄翻譯(2)nuclearenvelopeseparatestwoeventsofgeneexpression:transcriptioninthenucleusandtranslationinthecytoplasm,transcriptiontranslation(3)de-assemblyandre-assemblyofthenuclearenvelopeduringmitosisNote:MemorizetheconceptwithoutknowingtoomuchdetailsSummary:

thefunctionsofnuclearmembrane2.Communication1.Isolation(compartmentalization)3.AnchoragesitesforchromosomesChromatin&Chromosome

(1)Chromatines

andchromosomeshavesimilarchemical

compositionbutdistinctmorphologyand

structureMorphology:間期----分裂期Interphase–mitoticphase光鏡下骨骼肌細(xì)胞核(蘇木素染色)透射電鏡下超薄切片核內(nèi)染色質(zhì)電鏡整裝樣品呈纖維狀的染色質(zhì)chromatin:interphase:anextendedfineandlonglinearstructure,tanglestoeachother

Aredot-orpatch-likeonultrathinsections

(lateralcut)-h(huán)eterochromatin:beneathINM、peri-nucleolusanddistributed,highelectrondensity-euchromatin:thelightareasbetweenheterochromatin

Whole-mountsample:fibrousCanbestainedunderlightmicroscope;invisiblestructurekaryotypeBandingpatternNucleolarorganizer(rRNAgenes)著絲粒掃描電鏡下分裂中期染色體chromosome:Mitoticphase:coil,condensed,bar-like(visibleunderbothLMandEM)LM:bar-like-karyotype:afterbeing“painted”,thehomologouschromosomesarenumberedandarrangedinpair

toallowidentificationoftheshapesandnumberofchromosomes-bandingpattern:fluorescentdyesstainingtoallowidentificationofthechromosomesScanningEM:Hshaped(sisterchromotidslinkatthecentromere)interphaseM(anaphase)M(metaphase)M(prophase)間期染色質(zhì)分裂中期染色體染色質(zhì)chromatin染色體chromosomeproteinspackage(folding,

condensing)Chemicalcomposition&structure(1)DNA(doublehelix)(2)ChromosomeproteinsChromatin/chromosome1.histon2.non-histonDNA 49%histon 49%Non-histon alittleRNA verylittleTheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine1910inrecognitionofthecontributionstoourknowledgeofcellchemistrymadethroughhisworkonproteins,includingthenucleicsubstances"

AlbrechtKossel

GermanyUniversityofHeidelberg

Heidelberg,Germanyb.1853

d.1927(2)SpecificsequencesrequiredforexpressionofthegeneticinformationandreplicationofthegeneticmaterialarealignedonDNAmoleculesThesequencesforthe

expressionofthegeneticinformation(genes)

GenomeandgenesThesequencesessentialforDNAreplication(replicationorigins,centromere,telomeres)間期----分裂期Interphase–mitoticphaseTheNobelPrizeinPhysiologyorMedicine1962FrancisHarryComptonCrick

JamesDeweyWatson

MauriceHughFrederickWilkins

"fortheirdiscoveriesconcerningthemolecularstructureofnucleicacidsanditssignificanceforinformationtransferinlivingmaterial"

Genes:thespecificsequencesonDNAGene:

DNAsequencescapableofgeneratingthefunctionalRNA.

Geneistheunitofexpressionofgeneticinformation.

FunctionalRNA

molecules

mRNA:codingRNA(thatencodesproteins)

rRNA

&tRNA:structualRNA(non-codingRNAs)

manyothernon-codingRNAs

proteintranslation表12-1人第22條號(hào)染色體和整個(gè)基因組的一些統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)

22號(hào)染色體整個(gè)人類基因組

DNA長(zhǎng)度48×106核苷酸對(duì)(bp)3.2×109bp

基因數(shù)目700個(gè)左右30,000個(gè)左右編碼蛋白的最小基因1000bp

未分析編碼蛋白的最大基因583,000bp2.4×106bp

平均基因大小19,000bp27,000bp

每個(gè)基因中外顯子最少個(gè)數(shù)11每個(gè)基因中外顯子最多個(gè)數(shù)54178每個(gè)基因中外顯子平均個(gè)數(shù)5.48.8最小外顯子大小8bp

未分析 最大外顯子大小7600bp17,106bp

平均外顯子大小266bp145bp

DNA序列位于外顯子中的百分比3%1.5%人類基因組研究揭示令人驚訝的數(shù)據(jù):

1、基因組很大,基因不大2、基因中外顯子序列很少EssentielelementsofachromasomeThreeelementsareessentialforthereplicationanddistribution

ofeachchromosome

multiplereplication

origineswhereDNAreplicationinitiatesduringSphase(interphase)

onecentromereonwhichthespindlefibersattachduringmitosis

twotelomerestheendsofthechromosomes

Q4:Whichpartinthiscartoonmaybemisleading,andWhy

?opentodiscussiononline(3)ChromosomeproteinsareresponsibleforthepackageofDNAmoleculesandtheregulationofgeneexpression

histonnon-histon

間期----分裂期Interphase–mitoticphase組蛋白histonEqualtoDNA

inquantitySmallmolecularweightRichinthepositivechargeda.a(arginin/lysine,R/K)thatneutralizethenegativechargeofDNA5types: H1

-H1

histon

H2A H2B H3 H4Nucleosome

histonThefunctionsofhiston:1.Toconstructthechromosomes2.Toregulatethegeneexpression

Q5:howdotheydoso?非組蛋白non-histonMuchlessabundantthanhiston

Manytypes

RecognizeandbindwiththespecificsequencesofDNA

Functionsvary: -toconstructthechromosome-toinitiateDNAreplication-toregulatethegeneexpression

(4)DNAmoleculesundergoanorderedpackage

chromatinchromosomeInterphase–mitoticphase多個(gè)層次的包裝:

串珠樣結(jié)構(gòu)-核小體nucleosomes

30nm纖維30nmfibers球狀結(jié)構(gòu)globalstructure意義:1.使纖長(zhǎng)的DNA雙螺旋分子經(jīng)反復(fù)折疊而大大縮短(5cm→5μm)2.有利于轉(zhuǎn)錄和復(fù)制的高效準(zhǔn)確進(jìn)行

包裝(折疊、緊縮)雙螺旋包裝(折疊、緊縮)??30nm染色質(zhì)纖維串珠狀纖維“beads-on-a-string”(核小體nucleosomes)(常見形式)(doublehelix5cm→2cmnucleosomes)Thepackageofthenucleosomesinto30nm

fiberdependson

1.H12.Thetailsofnucleosome

histon

返回組蛋白H1幫助把相鄰核小體拉在一起,折疊成直徑30nm

的規(guī)則結(jié)構(gòu)。H2A、H2B、H3、H4四個(gè)亞基的肽鏈尾部伸出,與相鄰核小體發(fā)生作用Higher(global)structure:Loop&

supercoil(0.1cm

→5μm)30nm

fiberfoldsintotheloopsbasedonnon-histonscaffold.

Theloopsextendwhengenestheycontainaretranscribed.襻環(huán)loop一段DNA雙螺旋染色質(zhì)串珠結(jié)構(gòu)染色體上呈伸展?fàn)顟B(tài)的某個(gè)區(qū)段染色體的緊縮狀態(tài)整個(gè)中期染色體卡通30nm染色質(zhì)纖維間期和分裂期染色體的包裝(5)DNApackageiscorrelatedwiththeregulationofgeneexpression

euchromatinheterochromatinInterphase–mitoticphase30nm纖維在DNA轉(zhuǎn)錄和復(fù)制時(shí),以襻環(huán)為單位發(fā)生松解,伸展成串珠狀纖維或DNA雙螺旋Thenucleosomesareremodeledtoexposethedoublehelix.Histontailsaremodified:condensedorde-condensed.heterochromatineuchromatinThenucleus(electronmicrograph)heterochromatineMostcondensedforminachromosomeininterphase10%sequencesarewrappedinTelomeresandcentromereCombinedbyalotofproteinsEMexaminationofnucleirevealsthreepredominantstructures:

heterochomatin,euchromatinandthenucleolus.Denselypackedheterochromatinisnotcommonlytranscribed,incontrasttoactive,morelooselypacked,euchromatin.Implications?1.telomeresandcentromere(containnogenes)2.genesilencingChromatinstructurevsgeneexpression雌性動(dòng)物所有細(xì)胞中都僅有1條X染色體??赡芤?yàn)殡p倍X染色體是致死的,在胚胎發(fā)育過程中1條X染色體通過隨機(jī)變成異染色質(zhì)而永久失活。此后,這條失活X染色體遺傳給后代細(xì)胞,但在細(xì)胞受精后會(huì)重新活化為常染色質(zhì)最令人驚異的例子:整條染色體異染色質(zhì)化,X染色體成為巴氏小體Barr小體決定黑毛和黃毛的基因分別位于兩條X染色體。胚胎發(fā)育早期,不同細(xì)胞中整條X染色體異染色質(zhì)化,造成不同細(xì)胞只含黑毛或黃毛基因。黑斑或黃斑分別來源于這兩種細(xì)胞。(這種貓是雌還是雄?)Calico貓的奇麗皮毛:雌性的細(xì)胞核中巴氏小體核仁巴氏小體發(fā)生異染色質(zhì)化的X染色體:巴氏小體FigureQ5-15

EssentialCellBiology(?GarlandScience2010)Q6:whichcellhasmoreactivegenetranscription?(6)Thefunctionsofthechromatine

andthechromosomeThecarriersofgeneticmaterials(1)DNA

replicationanddivision(2)DNA

transcription

比較DNA復(fù)制和轉(zhuǎn)錄的特點(diǎn)復(fù)制轉(zhuǎn)錄目的 復(fù)制遺傳物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)錄遺傳信息模板完整的染色體分子染色體分子上一段DNA(基因)催化合成的酶DNA聚合酶RNA聚合酶原料4種脫氧核糖核苷酸4種核糖核苷酸

dATP,dTTP,dCTP,dGTPATP,UTP,CTP,GTP產(chǎn)物完整的染色體分子一個(gè)特異的RNA分子

(子代DNA)(mRNA,rRNA,tRNA或sRNA)首發(fā)事件起始蛋白識(shí)別聚合酶識(shí)別并結(jié)合至復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)基因啟動(dòng)子review:NucleusunderEMNucleole1.morphology2.chemicalcomposition3.functions返回(1)

Nucleolushasdistinctchemicalcompositionandmorphology在電鏡超薄切片中可以看到,核仁包括互相不完全分隔的3個(gè)部分:1)

纖維中心(fibrillarcenter)呈淺染區(qū),可有多個(gè)。2)

纖維成分(fibrillarcomponent)位于淺染區(qū)周圍,呈直徑為5~10nm致密纖維。3)顆粒成分(granularcomponent)呈致密顆粒,顆粒直徑15~20nm,散布于核仁各處。ThreecomponentsinthenucleolusDensefibrillarcomponentFibrillarcenterGranularcomponent

Chemicalcomposition

proteins80% RNA11% DNA8%HumanrRNA

geneslocateat5pairsofchromosomes,chromosome13,14,15,21and22.10chromosomeloopsinthenucleolusBandingpatternNucleolarorganizer(rRNAgenes)在襻環(huán)上,rRNA基因以前后串聯(lián)的方式成串排列。

每條袢環(huán)上的一串rRNA基因叫做一個(gè)“核仁組織者”(nucleolar

organizer),簡(jiǎn)稱為NOR。間期-分裂期的動(dòng)態(tài)變化在分裂期,含rRNA基因的DNA襻環(huán)逐漸縮回至相應(yīng)染色體,纖維成分和顆粒成分均分散于核質(zhì)中,整個(gè)核仁先是縮小繼而消失。細(xì)胞分裂完畢后,在剛誕生的子代細(xì)胞中,染色體上含rRNA基因的區(qū)段重新松解和伸展,在這些DNA襻環(huán)周圍,以每一個(gè)“核仁組織者”為中心,又組建新的核仁。先是有數(shù)個(gè)小核仁形成,隨即

小核仁互相融合成一個(gè)或數(shù)個(gè)大核仁。1.rRNA

synthesis(transcription)2.rRNA

processing3.rRNA

andproteinsassemblytothesubunitsofribosomes(2)

Thefunctionofthenucleolusisribosomebiogenesis200個(gè)rRNA基因拷貝,重復(fù)存在,高速轉(zhuǎn)錄在電鏡下觀察核仁,看到圣誕樹狀的轉(zhuǎn)錄單位。間隔DNArRNA轉(zhuǎn)錄單位

rRNA合成方向

rDNA絲前體rRNA由RNA聚合酶I催化合成蛋白質(zhì)顆粒rDNA高效轉(zhuǎn)錄所形成的箭頭樣結(jié)構(gòu)-圣誕樹狀轉(zhuǎn)錄單位返回to1.rRNA

synthesis2.rRNA

processing3.rRNA

andproteinsassemblytothesubunitsofribosomes裝配成核糖體小亞基裝配成核糖體大亞基45SrRNA前體45SrRNA前體加工1。兩種化學(xué)修飾-甲基化和假尿苷2。某些序列被切除形成三個(gè)獨(dú)立的

rRNA分子(18S、5.8S、28S)S的含義to1.rRNA

synthesis2.rRNA

processing3.rRNA

andproteinsassemblytothesubunitsofribosomes返回70多種蛋白質(zhì)40多種蛋白質(zhì)30多種蛋白質(zhì)結(jié)合對(duì)功能的了解,

重新認(rèn)識(shí)核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):1)

纖維中心(centrefibrillaire)呈淺染區(qū),位于核仁中央部分。該部分含有從數(shù)條染色體上伸出的DNA襻環(huán),上有核糖體RNA(rRNA)基因。2)

纖維成分(composantfibrillairedense)位于淺染區(qū)周圍,呈直徑為5~10nm致密纖維。該處含正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的rRNA分子。3)顆粒成分(composantgranulaire)多位于核仁外周,呈致密的顆粒,顆粒直徑15~20nm。為已合成的核糖體前體顆粒,因此這些顆粒比細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的核糖體顆粒略小些。DensefibrillarcomponentFibrillarcenterGranularcomponent結(jié)合對(duì)功能的了解,

重新認(rèn)識(shí)核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu):WherearetheChristmastreesinthenucleolarforest?Curr

OpinCellBiol.2006Jun;18(3):325-34Structureandfunctionofthenucleolusinthespotlight.核膜的功能1.(核被膜)分隔細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)核膜包圍核物質(zhì)形成特定的代謝環(huán)境將RNA合成和蛋白質(zhì)合成分開2.(核孔)溝通細(xì)胞核與細(xì)胞質(zhì)之間的物質(zhì)雙向交流遺傳物質(zhì)復(fù)制、轉(zhuǎn)錄、加工所需酶、蛋白質(zhì)入核RNA和核糖核蛋白復(fù)合體出核3.(核纖層)提供染色質(zhì)和染色體的附著位點(diǎn)本章重點(diǎn)1染色體的化學(xué)組成(一)DNA(雙螺旋)(二)染色體蛋白質(zhì)染色質(zhì)或染色體1.組蛋白2.非組蛋白本章重點(diǎn)2每個(gè)染色體分子上有3種特殊序列是遺傳物質(zhì)復(fù)制所必需的

多個(gè)復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)replication

origines

一個(gè)著絲粒centromere

兩個(gè)端粒telomeres

本章重點(diǎn)3真核細(xì)胞基因的組成外顯子exon

是基因中用于編碼的序列內(nèi)含子intron是間隔在外顯子之間的非編碼序列調(diào)控序列sequence

régulatrice是可被基因調(diào)節(jié)蛋白結(jié)合的序列本章重點(diǎn)4串珠狀纖維(核小體)雙螺旋染色單體線形染色質(zhì)到棒狀染色體的包裝構(gòu)建30納米纖維襻環(huán)間期染色體分裂期染色體本章重點(diǎn)5核仁的形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)1)

纖維中心(fibrillarcenter)呈淺染區(qū)。該部分含有從數(shù)條染色體上伸出的DNA襻環(huán),上有核糖體RNA(rRNA)基因。2)

纖維成分(fibrillarcomponent)呈直徑為5~10nm致密纖維。該處含正在轉(zhuǎn)錄的rRNA分子。3)顆粒成分(granularcomponent)呈致密的顆粒,顆粒直徑15~20nm。為已合成的核糖體前體顆粒,因此這些顆粒比細(xì)胞質(zhì)中的核糖體顆粒略小些。本章重點(diǎn)6核仁的化學(xué)成分和功能本章重點(diǎn)7一.化學(xué)組成 蛋白質(zhì)80% RNA11% DNA8%

二.功能1.rRNA的合成2.rRNA前體的加工3.核糖體亞單位的裝配核仁組織者的概念本章重點(diǎn)8一.定義

每條襻環(huán)上的一串rRNA基因叫做一個(gè)“核仁組織者”(nucleolarorganizer),簡(jiǎn)稱為NOR。

二.功能細(xì)胞分裂完成后,以“核仁組織者”為中心組建新的核仁。(6)Thefunctionsofthechromatine

andthechromosomeThecarriersofgeneticmaterials(1)DNA

replicationanddivision(2)DNA

transcription

細(xì)胞的遺傳特性要在代代相傳中得到維持,有賴于遺傳物質(zhì)完整、準(zhǔn)確的復(fù)制并分配至子代細(xì)胞。(1)Thegenetic

materials

replicatebeforecelldivision1.DNAreplication:processandcharacteristics2.DNAreplication:enzymesandproteins一、DNA復(fù)制過程及其特征半保留復(fù)制復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)開始復(fù)制叉、雙向復(fù)制和復(fù)制泡復(fù)制叉的不對(duì)稱性:前導(dǎo)鏈、后隨鏈和岡崎片段整個(gè)染色體的復(fù)制復(fù)制過程

DNA復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)開始,在起始蛋白為首的一個(gè)多酶復(fù)合體的作用下,雙鏈解開,形成兩個(gè)方向相反的復(fù)制叉。在復(fù)制叉上,DNA聚合酶分別以DNA雙鏈中的一條為模板,4種三磷酸脫氧核苷酸為原料,合成兩條新的DNA鏈。隨著復(fù)制叉向相反兩個(gè)方向推進(jìn),就形成復(fù)制泡。復(fù)制泡在各個(gè)復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)發(fā)生并增大,使DNA分子得到完整復(fù)制。

DNA復(fù)制:由一個(gè)親代DNA雙螺旋產(chǎn)生兩個(gè)子代雙螺旋的過程。1.半保留復(fù)制(

semi-conservatoryreplication

2.復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn)replication

origine開始復(fù)制起始點(diǎn):特殊的DNA序列能被起始蛋白識(shí)別并結(jié)合通常為富含A、T的重復(fù)序列在細(xì)菌只有一個(gè),在真核細(xì)胞有多個(gè)3.復(fù)制叉、雙向復(fù)制和復(fù)制泡

復(fù)制叉:

已經(jīng)打開的2條單鏈與未解開的雙鏈間形成Y形。復(fù)制從復(fù)制起始點(diǎn),開始向兩個(gè)方向推進(jìn)。復(fù)制叉在真核細(xì)胞的染色體上,復(fù)制叉由多處復(fù)制起始位點(diǎn)向兩個(gè)方向移動(dòng)4.復(fù)制叉的不對(duì)稱性asymetryofthereplicationfork

前導(dǎo)鏈、后隨鏈和岡崎片段問題:一條新鏈:

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