[語法初識]原句感知自主探究1.①Firstdegreeburnsturnwhitewhen(theyare)pressed.②Ifburnsareonarmsorlegs,keepthemhigherthantheheart,if(itis)possible.2．①Heistheman(who/whom/that)youcandependon.②ThereisnodoubtthatJohn'squickthinkingandthefirstaidskills(that/which)helearnedatschoolsavedMsSlade'slife.3．Theboywantedtoplayfootballinthestreet,buthismotherdidnotallowhimto(playfootballinthestreet)．4．Itshows(that)aknowledgeoffirstaidcanmakearealdifference.(1)第1組例句為狀語從句的省略。當狀語從句的主語和主句的主語指的是同一人或物，且由人稱代詞的主格擔當，或當狀語從句的主語為it，而且從句謂語中含有be動詞時，可以把從句的主語和be動詞一起省略。(2)第2組例句為關系代詞的省略。當關系代詞在限制性定語從句中作賓語時可以省略。(3)例句3為不定式的省略。有時可用不定式符號“to〞來替代上文中消失的不定式。(4)例句4為當及物動詞之后跟由連接詞that引導的賓語從句時，that可以省略。[語法剖析]為了防止重復，或為了使句子更簡練，在一些句子中常常省去一個或某幾個成分，這種語法現(xiàn)象在英語中叫省略。在英語句子中，常見的省略狀況有以下幾種：語法點一狀語從句中的省略1．在when,while,if,asif,though,although,as,until,once,whether,unless等連接的狀語從句中，常省略跟主句相同的主語和系動詞be或當從句的主語為it時，那么從句中主語和be動詞常被省略。Ididn'tnoticeituntil(itwas)verylate.直到很晚，我才留意到它。If(itis)possible,I'llgoouting.假如可能的話，我將去郊游。[點津]假設省略句中的謂語動詞和主語之間構(gòu)成主動關系，那么使用現(xiàn)在分詞；假設構(gòu)成被動關系，那么使用過去分詞；假設謂語動詞表示尚未發(fā)生，那么使用不定式。Whilecycling,don'tforgetthetrafficlights.騎車時，不要遺忘看紅綠燈。Heopenedhismouthasiftosaysomething.他張開嘴好似要說什么。2．在than,as等引導的比擬狀語從句中常省略某些成分。Iknowyoubetterthan(Iknow)him.我了解你賽過了解他。HerunsasfastasBob(runs)．他跑得和鮑勃一樣快。[點津]并非全部的狀語從句都可以省略主語和be動詞，由after,before,because等詞引導的狀語從句一般要改寫成介詞短語等，用動名詞代替be動詞。Becausehewasill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.→Becauseofbeingill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.(正)→Beingill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.(正)→Becauseill,hedidn'tattendthemeeting.(誤)由于生病了，他沒有出席會議。即時演練11－1.單句語法填空①(2015·湖南高考)Videogamescanbeapoorinfluenceifleft(leave)inthewronghands.②Whensurfing(surf)ontheInternet,Ifoundthenews.③Herushesoutoftheroom,asifto_meet(meet)someimportantperson.1－2.把以下句子改為省略句④Ifitisso,Ihopeyouwillhaveawonderfultime.→If_so,_Ihopeyouwillhaveawonderfultime.⑤ThewintersinHangzhouarenotsomildastheyareinGuangzhou.→ThewintersinHangzhouarenotsomildas_in_Guangzhou.語法點二定語從句和賓語從句中的省略1．定語從句中的省略(1)在限制性定語從句中，作賓語用的關系代詞whom,which,that可省略(但whom,which緊跟在介詞后時不能省略)。Theman(who/whom/that)youwanttomeethase.你要見的人來了。(2)修飾way的關系詞that/inwhich可以省略。Doyouknowtheway(that/inwhich)workismeasured?你知道衡量工作的方式嗎？2．賓語從句中的省略(1)及物動詞后接賓語從句時，連接詞that一般可以省略；但假如及物動詞接兩個或兩個以上that引導的賓語從句，那么只有第一個that可以省略。Ibelieve(that)beautyesfromwithin.我信任漂亮來自內(nèi)心。Hesaid(that)thetextwasveryimportantandthatweshouldlearnitbyheart.他說這篇課文很重要，我們應當牢記在心。(2)when,where,how和why引導的賓語從句有時可以僅保存引導詞。ShewantstolearnEnglishwell,yetshedoesn'tknowhow(shecanlearnitwell)．她想學好英語，但她不知道怎樣才能學好。即時演練2把句中可以省略的局部用橫線標出來①(江西高考)Amongthemanydangerswhichsailorshavetoface,probablythegreatestofallisfog.②(陜西高考)Pleasesendusalltheinformationthatyouhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.③Jerrydidnotregretgivingthementbutfeltthathecouldhaveexpresseditdifferently.④Shedidn'tgotoschoolyesterday.Idon'tknowwhyshe_didn't_go_to_school_yesterday.語法點三動詞不定式的省略1．當不定式在形容詞afraid,anxious,eager,glad,happy,ready,willing等后作狀語時，to后的內(nèi)容常省略。Youcan'tforcehimtoanswerthequestionifhe'snotreadyto(answerthequestion)．假如他不情愿答復這個問題，你不能強迫他。2．某些使役動詞如：make,let,have等和感官動詞如：see,watch,notice,observe,hear等后面作賓補的不定式須省略to，但假設這些動詞用于被動語態(tài)，那么to不省略。WeoftenhearhersinganEnglishsongintheclassroom.→SheisoftenheardtosinganEnglishsongintheclassroom.(被動語態(tài))我們常常聽見她在教室里唱英語歌。3．并列的不定式可以省略后面的不定式符號to。但假設兩個不定式之間表示比照關系時，不省略to。Helikestoswimmorethan(to)skate.比起溜冰他更喜愛游泳。Hebelievesitimportanttostudyratherthantoplayputergames.(比擬)他認為最重要的是學習而不是玩電腦嬉戲。4．當不定式在某些動詞后作賓語時，?？墒÷?。常見的動詞有agree,afford,expect,forget,hope,know,manage,pretend,remember,refuse,want,wish,wouldlike等。Iaskedhimtoseethefilm,buthedidn'twantto(seethefilm)．我請他看電影，但是他不想去。5．介詞but,except(除了)前有實義動詞do的詳細形式時，后面的不定式不帶to。Allhecoulddowasnothingbutwaitandsee.他所能做的只有等等看。6．當不定式在begoingto,beableto,haveto,oughtto,usedto后作復合謂語時，不定式可省略。Theydon'tgoshoppingasmuchastheyusedto(goshopping)．他們不像過去那樣常常去購物了。[點津](1)省略的不定式內(nèi)容假設含有作助動詞用的have或be的任何形式時，to后要保存原形的have或be。(2)類似這樣用法的還有動詞短語begoingto,beaboutto,besupposedto,haveto,usedto及形容詞glad,happy,pleased,delighted等。Hedidn'te,butheoughttohave(e)．他沒來，但他應當來。—Areyouafarmer?—No,butIusedtobe(afarmer)．——你是個農(nóng)夫嗎？——不是，但我過去是。即時演練3單句改錯①Thereweresomanycarsheldupbytheheavyrainontheroadthatwehadnoalternativebutwait.but后加to②Wecandonothingbuttogiveup.去掉to③Hewasnoticedleavetheoffice.noticed后加to④Thecitynowismuchnoisierthanitusedto.to后加be⑤Mymotherwouldn'tletmetogotoseethefilm.去掉第一個to語法點四使用so,not等時的省略在英語中，可以用so,not或其他方式來省略上文或問句中的一局部或整個句子?！狢anyoufinishyourworktoday?——你今日能完成工作嗎？—Ithinkso.——我認為能。—Idon'tthinkso./Ithinknot.——我認為不能。[點津]hope,guess,beafraid的否認形式只能用not的形式，不能用not...so的形式?！猅heboysarenotdoingagoodjobatall,arethey?—Iguessnot.——男孩子們工作做得一點兒也不好，是嗎？——我猜是沒做好。即時演練4完成句子①—Ishefeelingbettertoday?—I'm_afraid_not(唯恐沒有好轉(zhuǎn))．②—Tomwasinjured,orhewouldhavewontherace.—I_think_so(我認為如此).[鏈接高考]把以下加黑局部的省略句補充完整1．(2014·福建高考)Theclimatehereisquitepleasant,thetemperaturerarely,ifever,reaching30℃insummer.if_the_climate_here_ever_reached_30_℃_in_summer2．(2014·湖南高考)Children,whenacpaniedbytheirparents,areallowedtoenterthestadium.they_are_acpanied3．(2014·天津高考)Hadhecaughtthemorningtrain,hewouldnothavebeenlateforthemeeting.If_he_had_caught4．(2013·浙江高考)Eyedoctorsremendthatachild'sfirsteyeexambeattheageofsixmonthsold.should_be5．(2013·江西高考)Ifaskedtolookafterluggageforsomeoneelse,informthepoliceatonce.you_are_asked6．(2013·浙江高考)Therearesomehealthproblemsthat,whennottreatedintime,canbeebiggeroneslateron.when_they_are_not_treated7．(2013·新課標全國卷Ⅰ)Thedriverwantedtoparkhiscarneartheroadsidebutwasaskedbythepolicenotto.not_to_park_his_car_near_the_roadside8．(2013·福建高考)Anyone,oncetestedpositiveforH7N9fluvirus,willreceivefreemedicaltreatmentfromourgovernment.Once_anyone_is_tested[針對演練]Ⅰ.句型轉(zhuǎn)換(用省略形式)1．Thoughhewastired,hemanagedtoclimbthehill.→Thoughtired,_hemanagedtoclimbthehill.2．Hedidn'te,butheoughttohavee.→Hedidn'te,butheought_to_have.3．Whilehewasinprison,hemanagedtowritethebook.→While_in_prison,_hemanagedtowritethebook.4．Whentheiceisheated,theiceinthekettlewillturnintowater.→When_heated,_theiceinthekettlewillturnintowater.5．Checkyouranswerscarefullyandmakesomechangesifitisnecessary.→Checkyouranswerscarefullyandmakesomechangesif_necessary.6．ethisway,please.→This_way,_please.7．Ifyouareasked,pleasegivehimahand.→If_asked,_pleasegivehimahand.8．Getupearlytomorrow.Ifyoudon'tgetupearly,youwon'tcatchthetraintoBeijing.→Getupearlytomorrow.Ifnot,_youwon'tcatchthetraintoBeijing.Ⅱ.用省略形式完成句子1．When_in_troubleIalwaysturntoherforhelp.(trouble)我有困難時總是找她幫助。2．Hedidn'twanttowaitforherbuthe_had_to.(have)他不想等她，但是他不得不等。3．Ithinksheshouldgetajob,butyoucan'tforcehertoif_she's_not_ready_to.(ready)我認為她應當?shù)玫揭环莨ぷ?，但是假如她沒有預備好，你不能強迫她。4．—Doyoubelievehewillpasstheexam?—I_believe_so.(believe)——你認為他會通過考試嗎？——我認為會通過。5．Unless_invited,_you'dbetternotattendtheparty.除非被邀請，否那么你最好不要參與這個宴會。6．AllthatIcandoistry_my_best_tofindanewway.我能夠做的一切就是盡力找出一個新方法。7．LastnightTomdidn'te,butheought_to/should_have.昨晚湯姆沒來，但他應當來。8．Theworkersrequestedthatthemanagerraise_their_pay.工人們要求經(jīng)理提高他們的工資。9．—WhatdoyouthinkmadeMarysoupset?—Losing_her_bicycle.(lose)——你知道什么讓瑪麗如此擔心嗎？——丟了她的自行車。10．Itissaidthatso