RhinologyNasaldissectionandphysiology

dissection鼻（Nose)ExternalnoseNasalcavityNasalsinusesDissection

—externalnoseShapeofexternalnose：pyramidNasalrootNasalapexNasalbridgeNasaldorsumAlae

nasiBasisnasi—anteriornares，columella

nasi，nasolabialfoldDissection

—externalnose

nosestretcher：bone—prefrontalbonenasalboneascendingprocessesofthemaxillaepalatineprocess

Pyriformaperturenosestretcher：cartilage—lateralnasalcartilagegreateralarcartilageDissection

—externalnoseThevenousdrainageoftheexternalnoseTheseveinsmainlydraintointernalcarotidveinviaangularveinandfacialvein，butangularveincommunicatetocavernoussinusviathetheophthalmicveins。facialvein----novalve。

dangertriangleoffaceDissection

—nasalcavityNasalvestibulenasalcavity

鼻前庭：位于鼻腔最前部，由皮膚復蓋，富有皮脂腺和汗腺，并長有鼻毛。固有鼻腔：通稱鼻腔，有內、外、頂、底四壁。

鼻的應用解剖

—鼻腔Dissection

nasalcavitynostril、choanaeinternal、external、top、bottomNasalcavitytop:

anterior:prefrontalbonenasalboneposterior:anteriorwallofsphenoidsinusintermediate:cribriformplatebottom:1.palatineprocessofmaxilla2.horizontalprocessofpalateboneDissectionmedialwallofnasalcavity

Nasalseptum：cartilageofnasalseptum,laminaplateofethmoidboneandvomer。Nosebleedarea：thebranchesofarteriesaggregateinintramembraneofnasalseptum,easytobleeding,sonamedLittlearea.

Lateralwallofnasalcavity

Threeturbinatesdisposelikeladder(superior,

middle,inferiorturbinate)superior,middle,inferiormeatusLateralwallofnasalcavityInferiorturbinateandinferiormeatus:middleturbinateandmiddlemeatus:Lamellaofmiddleturbinate(devide

ethmoidsinustoanteriorpartandposteriorpart)Thegapbetweenthenasalseptumandfreemarginofturbinate,namedmeatusofnoseLateralnasalpassageFrontalsinusdraintoanteriorsuperiorpartofethmoidal

infundibulumvianasofrontalduct,seconddrainageisanteriorpartofethmoidsinus，lastopenismaxillarysinus.uncinateprocess，ethmoidbulla，semilunarhiatus，ethmoidal

infundibulumDissection

Ostiomeatal

complex,OMC：middleturbinateandmiddlemeatus

，andotheranatomicalstructure,

anatomybasisofFunctionalEndoscopicSinusSurgery,FESS.Dissectionartery：externalcarotidartery——MaxillaryArtery——Inferiorpartofnasalcavityinternalcarotidartery——ophthalmicartery——anteriorethmoidartery/posteriorethmoidartery——superiorpartofnasalcavityDissection—SINUSESNasalsinusesanteriorsinusesapertures

maxillarysinusmiddlemeatusanteriorethmoidsinusmiddlemeatusfrontalsinusmiddlemeatus

posteriorsinusesaperturesposteriorethmoidsinussuperiormeatusSphenoidsinusrecessus

sphenoethmoidalisDISSECTION

maxillarysinusanteriorwall—caninefossaposteriorsidewall—nearinternalpterygoidmusclesuperiorwall—orbitalplatefootwall—alveolarprocess（odontogenicmaxillarysinusitis）

medialwall—hardtodrainbecauseofhighaperturefrontalsinusethmoidsinussphenoidsinusNose–skullhomologicanatomyanteriorcranialfossa:hangingwallofnasalcavitymidpiece，posteriorwalloffrontalsinus,hangingwallofethmoidsinusmiddlecranialfossa：hangingwall/lateralwallofsphenoidsinus

（pituitarygland、cavernoussinus、internalcarotidartery）Nose–oralhomologicanatomyposteriorsidewallofmaxillarysinus

：internalpterygoidmuscleFootwallofmaxillarysinus

：secondbicuspidandfirstmolar、secondmolarFootwallofnasalcavity：parspalatalisNasal

physiologyNasalcavityphysiologyrespiratoryfunction—laminarflowANDturbulentflow—nasalairwayresistanceANDnasalcycle