EuropeanCulture：

AnIntroductionDivisionEightMarxismandDarwinismMarxismandDarwinismTheRiseofMarxismDarwinismGeneralIntroduction

Marxismwasborninthe19thcenturyfromEuropeanculture.Itwaslinkedtoagreatintellectualtraditionextendingintothe18thcenturyFrenchEnlightenment,Germanpost-Kantianphilosophy,Englishclassicalpoliticaleconomy,andearly19thcenturyEuropeansocialism.HistoricalBackground

TheIndustrialRevolutionbeginninginthe18thcenturyinBritainresultedtherapiddevelopmentofmoderncapitalismaswellasthegrowthoftheworkingclassasapowerfulindependentpoliticalforce.thefirsteconomiccrisisoccurredinthe1820s.theindustrialgrowthandclassstrugglebetweentheproletariatandthebourgeoisiestrengthenedtheorganizationoftheworkingclass.TheThreeSourcesandThreeComponentPartsofMarxism

a.GermanClassicalPhilosophyandMarxistPhilosophyi.Hegeliandialectics黑格爾辯證法ii.Feuerbach’smaterialism費爾巴哈唯物論iii.Marxistphilosophy馬克思主義哲學iv.Marxisthistoricalmaterialism馬克思歷史唯物論b.EnglishClassicalpoliticalEconomyandMarxistPoliticalEconomy

Capital

資本論isthemostimportantworkbyMarxaboutMarxisteconomics.c.UtopianSocialism空想社會主義andScientificSocialism科學社會主義Therepresentativesoftheutopiansocialistswerethefollowingthreethinkers.i.RobertOwen歐文ii.HenrideSaint-Simon圣西門iii.CharlesFourier傅立葉

MaxandEngelsdevelopedutopiansocialismtoscientificsocialism.theydeclaredthatsocialismwouldberealizedthroughclassstruggle,andthatonlytheproletariatwasareallyrevolutionaryclass.Thesketchofhistoricalevolution:I.MediaevalSocietyII.CapitalistRevolutionIII.ProletarianRevolutionMarxandLiteratureLiterature,forMarx,isnotsimplyameansofexpression;itisalsoameansofself-constitution.ToMarx,worksofliteratureareproducts,authorsareproducts,andliteraturecannotremainunaffectedbythemodesofproductionandconsumptionprevalentinthesocietywithinwhichandforwhichitisproduced.

Summing-upMarxdiscoveredthelawofdevelopmentofhumanhistoryandhealsodiscoveredthespeciallawofmotiongoverningthepresent-daycapitalistofproductionandthebourgeoissocietythatthismodeofproductionhascreated.Thediscoveryofsurplusvaluesuddenlythrewlightontheproblem,intryingtosolvewhichallpreviousinvestigations,ofbothbourgeoiseconomistsandsocialistcritics,hadbeengroupinginthedark.DarwinismAsIsaacNewtondominatedseventeenth-centurysciencewithhisdiscoveryofthelawsgoverningthebodiesoftheuniverse,soCharlesDarwindominatednineteenth-centuryscience,forhediscoveredthelawsgoverningtheevolutionofmanhimself.Darwinshooktheworldwithhistheoriesofspecies,adaptationandevolution.IdeasofEvolutionBeforeDarwina.Jean-BaptistedeMonetLamarck拉馬克(1744-1829)Lamarck,aprominentFrenchnaturalist,upheldthedoctrinethatallspecies,includingman,aredescendedfromotherspecies.Heassertedthatalllifeformshadarisenbyacontinuousprocessofgradualmodificationthroughgeologichistory.b.SirCharlesLyell萊爾(1797-1875)LyellwasanEnglishgeologist.Hisfour-volumePrincipleofGeology(1828-1833)popularizedthe“unifomitarian”orevolutionarytheoryoftheformationoftheearth’ssurface.c.KarlMarx(1818-1883)Marx’sconceptofevolutioninthesocialscienceemphasizedthatallsocialinstitutionwereinaconsentprocessofchange.LifeofCharlesDarwin(1809-1882)Darwin’sWorksandTheoriesa.OntheOriginofSpec