OO二二年二月七日制卷人：歐陽(yáng)文化、歐陽(yáng)理複；制卷時(shí)間：二OO二二年二月七日制卷人：歐陽(yáng)文化、歐陽(yáng)理複；制卷時(shí)間：二高二英語虛擬語氣的用法制卷人：歐陽(yáng)文化、歐陽(yáng)理複；制卷時(shí)間：二 O二二年二月七日虛擬語氣表示說話人的愿望、假設(shè)、猜想或者建議 ,而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬氣通過謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式來表示。下面分別介紹虛擬語氣在各種句式中的用法。注意:主句中的should通常用于第一人稱,would 可用于任何人稱,同時(shí)也可根據(jù)意用情態(tài)動(dòng)詞could,might 等代替should,would 。表示與如今事實(shí)相反:IfIwereyou,Ishouldstayathome.Ifthepeasantscouldfarmthelandthemselves,foodproductionwouldbemuchhigher.Iffewercashcropsweregrown,morefoodcouldbeproducedandtherewouldbelessornostarvation.表示與過去事實(shí)相反:Ifyouhadcomeyesterday,youwouldhavemethim.Ifthehurricanehadhappenedduringthedaytime,therewouldhavebeenmanydeaths.表示與將來事實(shí)相反:Ifyoucametomorrow,wewouldhavethemeeting.Ifitwereto/shouldraintomorrow,themeetingwouldbeputoff.Ifitshouldrain,thecropswouldbesaved.當(dāng)條件狀語從句表示的行為和主句表示的行為所發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致時(shí) ,動(dòng)詞的式要根據(jù)它所表示的時(shí)間是來調(diào)整。例如 :Ifyouhadfollowedthedoctor'sadvice,youwouldbequiteallrightnow.( 從句說的是過去,主句指的是如今。 )以上句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成以下形式 :①?gòu)木渎詉f, 用倒裝句式"were,had,should+ 主語"。例如:WereIinschool again,I wouldworkharder. Hadyoubeenhereearlier,you haveseenhim.Shouldtherebeameetingtomorrow,Iwouldcome. ②用介詞短語代替條件狀語從句。例如:Withoutair,therewouldbenolivingthings.Iwouldnothavesucceededbutforyourhelp."wish+ 賓語從句"表示不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 ,漢語可譯為"可惜??"、"??就好了 "、"悔不該??"、"但愿??"等。表示如今不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 ,從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式 ;表示將來不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望,用"would(could)+ 動(dòng)詞原形";表示過去不能實(shí)現(xiàn)的愿望 ,用"had+過去分詞或者"(could)would+have+ 過去分詞"。例如:Iwishwecouldgototheseasidetoday.Iwishyoutoldmeearlier.Wewishwehadarrivedtheretwohoursearlier.虛擬語氣在動(dòng)詞arrange,command,demand,desire,insist,order,propose,request,require,suggest 等面的賓語從句中,用"(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形"。例如:Isuggestedthatthemeeting(should)beputoff.Thedoctororderedthatshe(should)stayinbedforafewdays.Theydemandedthat theblack people should betreated aswell aswhite people.注意:insist 作"力言"、"強(qiáng)調(diào)"解時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。只有當(dāng) insist 作"堅(jiān)(應(yīng)該)"解時(shí),賓語從句才用虛擬語氣。例如 :Mikeinsistedthathehadneverstolenanything.Iinsistedthatyougivememymoneyback.虛擬語氣用于表語從句、同位語從句作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request 等名詞的表語句和同位語從句,其謂語動(dòng)詞要用虛擬語氣的構(gòu)造 "(should)+ 動(dòng)詞原形"。例如:Weallagreedtohissuggestionthatwe(should)gotoBeijingforsightseeing.Myideaisthathe(should)doexercisesfirst.虛擬語氣用于以asif(asthough) 引導(dǎo)的表語從句或者狀語從句假如從句表示與如今事實(shí)相反 ,謂語動(dòng)詞用一般過去時(shí) ;表示與過去事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用"had+過去分詞";表示與將來事實(shí)相反,謂語動(dòng)詞用"would(might,could)+ 動(dòng)詞原形"例如:HelookedatmeasifIweremad.HespeaksEnglishsofluentlyasifhehadstudiedEnglishinEngland.Itlooksasifitmightrain.但asif(asthough) 后的從句也常用陳述語氣 ,這是因?yàn)閺木渲械那闆r往往是可能發(fā)生的者可能被設(shè)想為真實(shí)的。例如:Itlooksasifoursideisgoingtowin.在主語從句中,謂語動(dòng)詞的虛擬語氣構(gòu)造用 "should+動(dòng)詞原形"的構(gòu)造,表示驚奇、不信、可惜、理應(yīng)如此等。例如 :Itisnecessary(important,natural,de-sirable,advisable,strange,etc.)thatweshouldcleantheroomeveryday.Itwasapity(ashame,nowonder,etc.)thatyoushouldbesocareless.Itwillbedesired(suggested,decided,ordered,requested,proposed,etc.)thatsheshouldfinishherhomeworkthisafternoon.在上述三種主語從句中 ,should 意為"應(yīng)該"、"竟然",可以去,但不可換用would。主所用動(dòng)詞的時(shí)態(tài)不限。注意:這種從句表示的是事實(shí)。假如說話人對(duì)這種事實(shí)表示驚奇 ,就可用虛擬語氣。之,假如不表示驚奇,that 從句也可用陳述語氣。例如 :Itisstrangethathedidnotcomeyesterday.Itisapitythatyoucan'tswim.這種從句常用在"Itis(high)time(that)..." 句型中,定語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式 ,或者"should+動(dòng)詞原形(should 不能略,be用were)"來表示,意為"(如今)該??"。例如:It'stimethatIwentandpickedupmylittlegirlfromschool.Itishightimeweweregoing.虛擬語氣用于ifonly 引導(dǎo)的感慨句:IfonlyIhadtakenhisadvice. 我要是聽他的話就好了。IfonlyIwereabird! 我假如是一只鳥就好了。虛擬語氣用于Ifitwerenotfor...此構(gòu)造意為"假如沒有",表示同如今事實(shí)相反的假設(shè)。例如 :Ifitwerenotfortherain,thecropsshould(would)die.Ifithadnotbeenfor... 假如當(dāng)時(shí)沒有??",:Ifithadnotbeenforyourtimelyhelp,Iwouldhavefailed.虛擬語氣在wouldrather 后接從句:I'dratheryoupaidmenow.( 從句用過去時(shí)指如今)Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow.( 從句用過去時(shí)指將來)I'drathershehadn'tdonethat.( 從句用過去完成時(shí)指過去 )(此句中的would可作是表愿望的實(shí)義動(dòng)詞 )表示說話人謙虛、客氣、有禮貌 ,使語氣委婉,常出如今日常會(huì)話中。例如 :Itwouldbebetterforyounottostayuptoolate.Wouldyoubekindenoughtoopenthedoor.用于一些習(xí)慣表達(dá)法中。例如 :Wouldyoulikeacupoftea.Youhadbettergonow.用"may+動(dòng)詞原形",表示"祝愿"、"但愿"。may須置于句首。例如 :Mayyoubehappy!Mayyousucceed!在某些虛擬語氣構(gòu)造中沒有 if 條件句,虛擬條件是用其它形式表示出來 ,這種現(xiàn)象在法上稱為"含蓄條件句"。含蓄條件詳細(xì)分為以下幾種情況 :通過動(dòng)詞不定式短語表示條件。例如 :Youwouldbeafooltorefusehisoffer.(=Ifyoushouldrefusehisoffer,youwouldbeafool.)要是你回絕他的建議,就太傻了。通過介詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如 :ButforthestormIwouldhavearrivedmuchearlier.(=Ifithadnotbeenforthestorm...)要不是那場(chǎng)暴雨,我早就到達(dá)了。通過連詞otherwise,or,but,that,though,once 等表達(dá)條件。例如 :Shecametotownyesterday,otherwise/orIwouldnothavemether.昨天她到城里來了,不然我就不會(huì)遇見她了。(otherwise/or=ifshehadn'tcome)Iwouldhaveattendedthemeeting,butIhavebeentoobusy.(=...ifIhadnotbeentoobusy)我本來要參加會(huì)議的,只是太忙了。通過Wereitnotfor... 或者Haditnotbeenfor... 等句式表達(dá)條件。例如 :Wereitnotfor(=Ifitwerenotfor)theleadershipoftheParty,wecouldnotliveahappylife.要不是HY的指導(dǎo),我們不可能過幸福生活。(與如今事實(shí)相反 )Haditnotbeenfor(=Ifithadnotbeenfor)theleadershipoftheParty,weshouldhavefailed.假設(shè)不是有HY的指導(dǎo),我們?cè)缇褪×恕?與過去事實(shí)相反 )通過分詞短語表達(dá)條件。例如 :Givenmoreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter. 倘假設(shè)給予更多的關(guān)心,這些樹本來可以生長(zhǎng)得更好的。(=I