并列句與復(fù)合句ThecompoundsentenceWeoftenneedtojoinideas.Onewaywecandothisistolinksimplesentencestoformcompoundsentences.Thislinkingisachievedbyanyofthefollowing:我們經(jīng)常需要把想法聯(lián)系起來。我們可以這樣做的一種方法是將簡單句連接成復(fù)合句。這種鏈接可以通過以下方式實(shí)現(xiàn):1.逗號：Wefishedallday,wedidntcatchathingThecompoundsentence逗號+連接詞：Wefishedallday,however,wedidn'tcatchathing注意:并列連詞(如and,but,soyet)，前常加逗號:Inacompoundsentence,thereisnosinglemainclausewithsubordinateclausesdependingonitThecompoundsentenceWordorderandco-ordinatingconjunctions：詞序和并列連詞：Thewordorderofthesimplesentenceisgenerallyretainedinthecompoundsentence:subjectverbobjectconjunctionsubjectverbcomplementJimmyfelloffhisbike,but

(he)

was

unhurtThecompoundsentenceTheco-ordinatingconjunctionswhichcanbeusedtoformcompoundsentencesare:and.andthen,but,fornor,orso,yet,eitherorneithernor,notonlybut(also/aswell/too).可以用來構(gòu)成并列句的并列連詞有:和。然后，but,fornor,orso,yet,either或neithernor,notonlybut(also/aswell/too)。ThecompoundsentenceThesecanbeusedforthepurposesofaddition(and),contrast(but,yet),choice(or),reason(for),continuation(andthen)andconsequenceorresult(so).這些詞可以用于加法(and)、對比(but,yet)、選擇(or)、原因(for)、延續(xù)(andthen)和結(jié)果(so)。and的各種用法，例如：-addition:Weweretalkingandlaughing(=inadditionto)-result:Hefellheavilyandbrokehisarm(=so)-condition:WeedthegardenandI'llpayyou￡5(=If...then)-sequence:Hefinishedlunchandwentshopping(=then)-contrast:Tom's15andstillsuckshisthumb(=despitethis)ThecompoundsentenceJoiningsentencepatternstomakecompoundsentences：Thefivesimplesentencepatternscanbejoinedbymeansofco-ordinatingconjunctions：subjectverbmanner(P1)+(subject)verbcomplemen(P2)Frank

workedhard

and(he)becameanarchitectsubjectverbobject(P3)

+subjectverbplace(P1)I

havegotacold

soImgoingtobedsubjectverbobjectcomplement(P5)+(subject)verbobject(P)Theymadehimchairmanbut(they)didntincreasehissalarysubjectverbcomplement(P2)+subjectverbobjectobject(P4)HerbirthdayisnextMondaysoImustbuyherapresentTheuseofco-ordinatingconjunctionsWhenthesubjectisthesameinallpartsofthesentence,itisusualnottorepeatit.Wedonotusuallyputacommainfrontofand,butwegenerallyuseoneinfrontofotherconjunctions:當(dāng)句子的所有部分的主語都相同時(shí)，通常不要重復(fù)。我們通常不會在and前面加逗號，但我們通常會在其他連詞前面加逗號:Addition/sequence:'and';'both...and';'notonly...but...(too/aswell)';'notonly...but(also)...';'andthen'HewashedthecarHepolisheditHewashedthecarandpolisheditHenotonlywashedthecar,butpolishedit(too/aswell)HewashedthecarandthenpolisheditWhenthesubjectsaredifferent,theymustbothbeused:YoucanwaithereandI'IIgetthecarJimspeaksSpanish,buthiswifespeaksFrenchContrast:'but';yet'HewashedthecarHedidn'tpolishitHewashedthecarbutdidn'tpolishitShesoldherhouseShecan'thelpregrettingitShesoldherhouse,but/yet(she)can'thelpregrettingitAlternatives:either...or...';'neither...nor...'HespeaksFrenchOrperhapsheunderstandsitHeeitherspeaksFrench,orunderstandsit(I'mnotsurewhich)Hedoesn'tspeakFrenchHedoesn'tunderstanditHeneitherspeaksFrench,norunderstandsitResult:'so'HecouldntfindhispenHewroteinpencilHecouldntfindhispensohewroteinpencil(Thesubjectisusuallyrepeatedafterso)Cause:'for'WerarelystayinhotelsWecantafforditWerarelystayinhotelsforwecan'tafforditLinkingsimplesentencesbycommas,etc.MorethantwosimplesentencescanbejoinedbycommaswithonlyoneconjunctionwhichisusedbeforethefinalclauseTheuseofacommabeforeandisoptionalhere/foundabucketputitinthesmk()andturnedthetaponItookoffmycoatsearchedallmypocketsbutcouldntfindmykeySometimessubjectandverbcanbeomittedInsuchcases,asentenceissimple,notcompoundThehotelwascheapbutcleanDoesthepriceincludebreakfastonlyordinneraswell？AsecondquestioncanbeavoidedbytheuseofornotDoesthepriceincludebreakfastornot?(=ordoesn'tit?)Thecomplexsentence:Manysentences,especiallyinwrittenlanguage,arecomplexTheycanbeformedbylinkingsimplesentencestogether,buttheelementsinacomplexsentence(unlikethoseofacompoundsentence)arenotofequalimportanceThereisalwaysoneindependent(or'main')clauseandoneormoredependent(or'subordinate')elementsIfremovedfromasentence,amainclausecanoftenstandonitsown許多句子，尤其是書面語言中的句子，都是復(fù)雜的，它們可以由簡單句連接在一起構(gòu)成，但復(fù)雜句中的元素(與復(fù)合句不同)并不同等重要。總有一個(gè)獨(dú)立的(或“主”)分句和一個(gè)或多個(gè)從屬的(或“從屬”)分句，如果從句子中去掉，主分句通?？梢元?dú)立存在Complexsentencescanbeformedintwoways1byjoiningsubordinateclausestothemamclausewithconjunctions：Thealarmwasraised(mainclause)assoonasthefirewasdiscovered(subordinateclause)2byusinginfinitiveorparticipleconstructions.Thesearenon-finiteandarephrasesratherthanclauses,buttheyformpartofcomplex(notsimple)sentencesbecausetheycanbere-expressedasclauseswhicharesubordinatetothemainclause不定式或分詞結(jié)構(gòu)。這些是非有限的，是短語而不是分句，但它們是復(fù)雜句(而不是簡單句)的一部分，因?yàn)樗鼈兛梢员恢匦卤磉_(dá)為從句，從屬于主句例如：Togetintouniversityyouhavetopassanumberofexaminations(=Ifyouwanttogetintouniversity)Seeingthedooropen,thestrangerenteredthehouse(=Whenhesawthedooropen)Manydifferentconstructionscanbepresentinacomplexsentence復(fù)合句中可以出現(xiàn)許多不同的結(jié)構(gòu)(a)Freetradeagreementsarealwaysthreatened(mainclause)(b)whenindividualcountriesprotecttheirownmarkets(subordinateclausedependenton(a))(從句依賴于(a))(c)byimp

osingdutiesonimportedgoods(participleconstructiondependenton(b))(分詞結(jié)構(gòu)依賴于(b))(d)toencouragetheirownindustries(infinitiveconstructiondependenton(c))(依賴于(c)的不定式結(jié)構(gòu))Thesubjectofthemamclausemustbereplacedbyapronouninasubordinateclauseifareferenceismadetoit在從句中，如果提到主語，則必須用代詞代替主語Theracingcarwento