全國翻譯專業(yè)資格（水平）英語二級(jí)筆譯實(shí)務(wù)模擬試卷二[問答題]1.Passage1SleeplessnessEverda（江南博哥）ydreamingduringameeting,jerkawakewhileatyourcomputer,orsnoozethroughpartofaTVshow?MillionsofAmericansdo,andthat’scauseforconcern.ArecentpollbytheNationalSleepFoundation,anonprofitresearchgroupinWashington,foundthattwo-thirdsoftheUSpopulationgetslessthantherecommendedhoursofsleepatnight.Thatmeanssleeplessnessisof“epidemicproportionsinthiscoundivy,”saysDr.WilliamDement,directoroftheSleepDisordersCenteratStanfordUniversitySchoolofMedicine.Whetherit’stheresultofinsomniaortoday’sburn-the-midnight-oillifestyle,notgettingenoughsleepleadstopoorjudgment,lackofcreativity,impairedmemory,evendepression.Italsocanmakeyoumorevulnerabletoviralandbacterialinfections.ResearchersattheUniversityofChicagohavefoundthatinadequatesleepoverjustsixnightsimpairsmetabolicandhormonalfunctions.Overtime,thiscanprovoketheonsetorincreasetheseverityofhypertensionandTypeⅡdiabetes,themorecommonformofthatdisease.Forsomepeople,however,theproblemisnotsomuchsettingasidetimetosleepasfallingasleep.Wakefulnessisoftentheresultofbadsleephabits.Sleepinginforhoursonweekends,forexample,confusesthebody’sinternalclockandleadstowide-eyednightsandgroggymornings.Sowilllongnaps,althoughshortones(20minutesorso)topaybacksleeplostthenightbeforeorinanticipationofalatenightareOKTodivainyourbodytogettosleepmoreeasily,divythesetips:1.Sticktoaregularbedtimeschedule.2.Trytoavoidintensementalactivitiessuchasstudyingyourstockportfoliobeforebedtime.Instead,considerdeepbreathing,yoga,orlightsdivetchingtoalleviatetheday’ssdivess.Expertsalsoadvisekeepinganotepadonyournightstandtojotdownworriestobedealtwiththenextday.Followingthesameroutinenightafternightbeforebedtimeseemstohelpprepareboththemindandthebodyforsleep.3.Giveyourselfaphysicalenvironment,drownoutdisturbingnoiseandcreateasoothingbackground.Keepitcool—peopleusuallysleepbestinroomsthatarebetween65and69F.Andmakesureyourbediscomfordivandhasplentyofroom.Sleepexpertsurgecouplestoconsiderakingsotheywon’tdisturbeachotheratnight.參考答案：參考譯文失眠你是否曾經(jīng)在開會(huì)時(shí)走神，是否曾經(jīng)在電腦前猛然醒過神來，或者在看電視節(jié)目時(shí)打瞌睡?成千上萬的美國人都這樣，這就令人關(guān)注了。華盛頓一個(gè)非贏利性的研究機(jī)構(gòu)——國家睡眠基金會(huì)最近一項(xiàng)民意調(diào)查顯示，三分之二的美國人夜間睡眠都達(dá)不到專家建議的時(shí)間。斯坦福大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院睡眠障礙中心主任威廉·迪蒙特醫(yī)生說，這意味著睡眠不足“在這個(gè)國家已到了流行病地步?！辈还苁怯墒甙Y引起的，還是當(dāng)今流行開夜車的生活方式造成的，睡眠不足都會(huì)使人判斷力下降，創(chuàng)造力缺乏，記憶力減退，甚至得憂郁癥。它也會(huì)使你更容易受病毒和細(xì)菌的感染。芝加哥大學(xué)的研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)，睡眠不足只要超過六個(gè)夜晚，就會(huì)損害新陳代謝和激素分泌的功能。久而久之，這會(huì)引發(fā)或加重高血壓以及該疾病的常見形式——乙型糖尿病。然而對(duì)有些人來說，問題不在于保證睡眠時(shí)間，而在于能否入睡。失眠往往是不良睡眠習(xí)慣的結(jié)果。例如，周末，睡幾個(gè)小時(shí)的懶覺就會(huì)打亂人體的生物鐘，使人晚上興奮不眠，而早晨昏沉沉。午睡時(shí)間長也會(huì)如此。而短時(shí)間午睡(20分鐘左右)以補(bǔ)償前晚欠缺的睡眠或準(zhǔn)備今晚熬夜，則是有益的。要培養(yǎng)易于入睡的習(xí)慣，可試試以下勸告：第一：堅(jiān)持每晚定時(shí)睡覺。第二：睡前盡量避免緊張腦力活動(dòng)，諸如研究厚厚的公文等。相反，試試深呼吸，瑜珈功或輕輕伸展一下身體以減輕一天的壓力。專家們還建議在床頭柜放一個(gè)筆記本，記下第二天要辦的瑣事。每晚睡前堅(jiān)持這樣做，就會(huì)讓身心都做好睡眠準(zhǔn)備。第三：給自己一個(gè)良好環(huán)境，消除干擾的噪音，創(chuàng)造一個(gè)放松的氛圍。保持涼爽——人們通常在華氏65°～69°的房間內(nèi)睡得最好。盡量使你的床舒適并有足夠的空間。睡眠專家建議夫妻睡特大號(hào)床，這樣就不會(huì)在晚上互相干擾。[問答題]2.Passage2DebtFinancingThemostcommonsourceofdebtfinancingforstart-upsoftenisn’tacommerciallendinginstitution,butfamilyandfriends.Itmakessense.Peoplewithwhomyouhavecloserelationshipsknowyouarereliableandcompetent,sothereshouldbenoprobleminaskingforaloan,right?Keepinmind,however,thataskingforfinancialhelpisn’tthesameasborrowingthecar.Whileborrowingmoneyfromfamilyandfriendsmayseemaneasyalternativetodealingwithbankers,itcanactuallybeamuchmoredelicatesituationandit’simportanttobeasdisciplinedasyouwouldbeindealingwithaprofessionalinvestor.Herearesomebasicrules:Treatthemasiftheyweresdivangers.Forgetforthemomentthatyourinvestorisafriendorfamilymember.Makeitan“arm’slength”divansaction,andinsistonthesamesortoflegaldocumentationyouwouldprepareifyourinvestorwasatotalsdivanger.Why?Becausetoomanyendivepreneursborrowmoneyfromfamilyandfriendsonaninformalbasis.Thetermsoftheloanhavebeenverbalizedbutnotwrittendowninacondivact.Lendingmoneycanbedivickyforpeoplewhocan’tviewthedivansactionatarm’slength;iftheydon’tfeelyouarerunningyourbusinesscorrectly,theymightstepinandinterferewithyouroperations.Insomecases,youcan’tpreventthis,evenwithawrittencondivact,becausemanystatelawsguaranteevotingfightstoanindividualwhohasinvestedmoneyinabusiness.Thiscan,andhas,createdalotofhardfeelings.Makesuretocheckwithyourattorneybeforeacceptinganyloansfromfriendsorfamily.Soifit’saloan,haveyourlawyerprepareanI.O.U.(calleda“promissorynote”)forthefriendorfamilymember,anddon’tofferlessthana“commercial”interestrate.Debtmayactuallybebetterthanequity.Ifsomeone“l(fā)ends”youmoney,youonlyhavetopayitback,withinterest.Theycan’ttellyouhowtorunyourcompany.Ifsomeonebuysstockinyourbusiness,theyarelegallyyourbusinesspartner.Whenindoubt,makeitaloan,andpayitbackassoonasyoucan.Tieallpaymentstoyourcashflow.Trytoavoidobligationswithfixedrepaymentschedules.Considerinstead“cashflow”obligations,inwhichyourinvestorwillreceiveapercentageofyouroperatingcashflow(ifany)untiltheyeitherhavebeenrepaidinfullwithinterest,orhaveachievedaspecifiedpercentagereturnontheirinvestment.Considernonvotingstock.Ifyourfriendorfamilymemberinsistsonbuyingstockinyourcompany,divytomakeitnonvotingstock,sotheydon’thavetherighttosecond-guessyoureverymanagementdecision.參考答案：參考譯文負(fù)債融資最普遍的負(fù)債融資來源通常不是某個(gè)商業(yè)貸款機(jī)構(gòu)，而是家人或者朋友，這合情合理。與你有親密關(guān)系的人知道你既可靠又能干，因此借錢給你沒有問題，對(duì)吧?然而，記住，請(qǐng)求資金援助與借車可不一樣。盡管從家人或朋友那兒借錢與跟銀行家打交道相比起來是一個(gè)更容易的選擇，但這很可能會(huì)是一個(gè)更微妙的情況，你要像跟一個(gè)專業(yè)投資人員打交道時(shí)一樣嚴(yán)格遵守規(guī)則，這是很重要的。以下是一些基本的規(guī)則：把他們當(dāng)作陌生人對(duì)待?，F(xiàn)在，忘記你的投資者是一個(gè)朋友或是一個(gè)家庭成員，把它當(dāng)作一個(gè)“一臂之長”的交易，堅(jiān)持準(zhǔn)備一份合法的文件，就像你會(huì)給一個(gè)完全陌生的投資者準(zhǔn)備的一樣。為什么?因?yàn)樘嗟钠髽I(yè)家沒有依照正規(guī)的程序向家人和朋友借錢，貸款之事僅僅是口頭上達(dá)成一致，而并沒有形成書面合同。對(duì)于那些不能把借錢看作是一臂之長的交易的人，事情就比較難辦，他們會(huì)認(rèn)為你不是以正確的方式經(jīng)營，從而將涉足你的經(jīng)營管理工作。有時(shí)候即便是有了書面合同你也不能阻止他們這么做，因?yàn)樵S多州的法律保障那些進(jìn)行商業(yè)投資的個(gè)人的表決權(quán)，這確實(shí)會(huì)，也已經(jīng)給人帶來了痛苦。在你接受家人或朋友的貸款時(shí)，確保與你的代理人核實(shí)相關(guān)事宜。因此，如果你確定了這筆貸款，讓你的律師給你的朋友或家人準(zhǔn)備一張借據(jù)(叫做“本票”)，你所提供的利息率不能低于商業(yè)利息率。負(fù)債很可能比權(quán)益好。如果有人借給你錢，你只要還本付息；他們不能對(duì)你的經(jīng)營管理指手畫腳。如果有人購買了你公司的股票，他們就是你公司的合法股東。在你猶豫不定的時(shí)候，就實(shí)行負(fù)債，并且盡快還款。將所有的償付與現(xiàn)金流掛鉤。盡量避免有固定的償還時(shí)間的義務(wù)，考慮“現(xiàn)金流”義務(wù)，就是你的投資人可以從你的經(jīng)營現(xiàn)金流(如果有的話)中收到一定比例的資金，直到所有的本息都付清，或是得到相對(duì)于投資的某個(gè)特定比例的收益?？紤]無表決權(quán)股票。如果你的朋友或家人堅(jiān)持要買你公司的股票，盡量讓他們買沒有表決權(quán)的股票，那么他們就無權(quán)對(duì)你的每個(gè)管理決策產(chǎn)生猜疑。[問答題]3.Passage1在人際關(guān)系上我們不能太浪漫主義。人是很有趣的，往往在接觸一個(gè)人時(shí)首先看到的都是他或她的優(yōu)點(diǎn)。這一點(diǎn)頗像是在餐館里用餐的經(jīng)驗(yàn)。開始吃頭盤或冷碟的時(shí)候，印象很好。吃頭兩個(gè)主菜時(shí)，也是贊不絕口。愈吃愈趨于冷靜，吃完了這頓宴席，缺點(diǎn)就都找出來了。于是轉(zhuǎn)喜為怒，轉(zhuǎn)贊美為責(zé)備挑剔，轉(zhuǎn)首肯為搖頭。這是因?yàn)椋谝?，開始吃的時(shí)候你正處于饑餓狀態(tài)，而餓了吃糠甜如蜜，飽了吃蜜也不甜。第二，你初到一個(gè)餐館，開始舉筷時(shí)有新鮮感，新蓋的茅房三天香，這也可以叫做“陌生化效應(yīng)”吧。參考答案：參考譯文Weshouldnotbetooromanticininterpersonalrelations.Humanbeingsareinterestinginthattheytendtofirstseegoodinanewacquaintance.Thisislikedininginarestaurant.Youwillbenotonlyfavorablyimpressedwiththefirstdishorcolddishes,butalsoprofuseinpraiseofthefirsttwocourses.However,themoreyouhave,themoresoberyoubecomeuntilthedinnerendsupwithalltheflawsexposed.Consequently,yourjoywouldgivewaytoanger;yourpraisestocriticismorevenfault-finding;andyournoddinginagreementtoshakingthehead.Whataccountsforallthisis,inthefirstplace,youarehungrywhenyoustarttoeat.Asthesayinggoes,“Hungeristhebestsauce”,andviceversa.Andinthesecondplace,unfamiliarity,ratherthanfamiliarity,breedsfreshnessinyouwhenyoustarttoeatinarestaurantnewtoyou,whichistheso-calledeffectofdefamiliarization.[問答題]4.Passage2中華民族歷來愛好和平，主張強(qiáng)不凌弱、富不侮貧，主張協(xié)和萬邦。在近代以后的100多年中，中國人民曾經(jīng)飽受列強(qiáng)的殖民侵略和壓迫，同絕大多數(shù)非洲國家有著相似的歷史遭遇和悲慘命運(yùn)。正因?yàn)橛兄@樣刻骨銘心的歷史經(jīng)歷和奮斗過程，所以中國人民最堅(jiān)決地反對(duì)一切形式的殖民、壓迫、奴役活動(dòng)，最真誠地同情一切為爭取民族獨(dú)立和人民幸福而奮斗的民族，最深切地理解這些民族的愿望和要求。新中國成立后，中國政府和人民為非洲人民爭取民族解放、反對(duì)殖民主義統(tǒng)治的英勇斗爭提供了政治上、物質(zhì)上、道義上的堅(jiān)定支持。中國過去不會(huì)、現(xiàn)在不會(huì)、將來也決不會(huì)把自己的意志以及不平等的做法強(qiáng)加于其他國家，更不會(huì)做任何有損于非洲國家和人民的事。中國尊重非洲人民自主選擇適合自己國情的政治制度和發(fā)展道路，支持非洲國家加強(qiáng)民主法制建設(shè)和實(shí)施良好管理，支持非洲國家充分發(fā)揮自身優(yōu)勢(shì)、積極參與國際合作和競(jìng)爭。參考答案：參考譯文TheChineseareapeace-lovingnation.Webelieveincooperationandharmonyamongnations,andweholdthatthestrongandtherichshouldnotbullytheweakandthepoor.FormorethanonehundredyearsinChina’smodernhistory,theChinesepeopleweresubjectedtocolonialaggressionandoppressionbyforeignpowers,andwentthroughsimilarsufferingandagonythatthemajorityofAfricancountriesendured.Becauseofthesufferingstheyexperiencedandthestruggletheylaunched,somethingtheywillneverforget,theChinesepeoplearemoststronglyopposedtocolonialism,oppression,andslaveryof