X射線吸收精細(xì)結(jié)構(gòu)譜XAFS（實(shí)驗(yàn)方法和應(yīng)用）WebofScienceSearch:“EXAFS”or“XAFS”(butnot“XAS”–toomanyfalsehits)–1971-1975:8Publications–Lastyear:743Publications–Last10years:7,199Publications第一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。

XAFSBeamlineDesignParameter

位于第三代上海同步輻射裝置的BL14W1是一個(gè)高性能的X射線吸收譜光束線站。在一期的七條光束線站中BL14W1設(shè)計(jì)為通用吸收譜線站。BL14W1的光源是一個(gè)38極Wiggler插入件，最大磁場(chǎng)為1.2T，磁場(chǎng)周期為80mm.XAFS光束線的主要光學(xué)部件包括一個(gè)準(zhǔn)直鏡，一個(gè)配有Si(111)和Si(311)的液氮冷卻雙晶單色器，一個(gè)聚焦鏡，一個(gè)高次諧波抑制鏡。光束線有聚焦和非聚焦兩種工作模式，其中，聚焦模式下能量范圍為4～22.5keV，非聚焦模式下的能量范圍為3.5~50keV。第三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。同步裝置束線能量范圍keV分辨率ΔE/E光通量@10kevPhs/sAS（澳大利亞）XAFS4-405×10-5~2×10-41012~1013SPing-8（日本）BL01B13.8-1133×10-5~3×10-4109~1011Diamond（英國(guó)）I-204-3410-4~10-51012BSRF（北京）1W1B4-301~3×10-42×1011SSRF（上海）BL14W14~505×10-5~2×10-41012～1013國(guó)內(nèi)外同類(lèi)線站性能比較第四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。ExperimentalStation第五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。PotentialcapabilityMinimumDetectionLimit~1ppmItisageneralandhighperformanceXAFSbeamline,withhighflux、highsignal/noiseratioandfastdatacollection.XAFSanalyticaltechniquesatSSRF32元高純Ge探測(cè)器及XIA電子學(xué)系統(tǒng)4元Si漂移探測(cè)器及采集系統(tǒng)Lytle熒光電離室Oxford電離室五維樣品臺(tái)掠入射平臺(tái)低溫樣品室(4K)和高溫爐XAFS線站主要儀器設(shè)備XAFS線站主要實(shí)驗(yàn)技術(shù)透射XAFS（TransmissionXAFS）熒光XAFS（FluoresceXAFS）掠入射XAFS（GrazingIncidentXAFS）原位XAFS（InsituXAFS）快速XAFS(QXAFS)第六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。ConventionalXAFSandQXAFSspectra(5Sec)ofCufoilatKedgemeasuredatBL14W1beamlineincomparisonwithstandardXAFSspectra(thedataisfromChicagoUniversityXAFSlibrary,whichwasmeasuredinAPS13ID)

comparisonwithAPSstandardXAFSspectra第七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。SR-XAFS實(shí)驗(yàn)框圖第八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XAFS在鈣鈦礦催化劑研究中的應(yīng)用第九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。汽車(chē)尾氣污染問(wèn)題嚴(yán)重汽車(chē)尾氣的污染物，CO、HC以及NOx等，嚴(yán)重威脅到人類(lèi)的生活，對(duì)其治理受到全球范圍的重視。世界上污染最為嚴(yán)重的二十個(gè)城市，出現(xiàn)頻率最高的就是中國(guó)的城市，占據(jù)60%。大氣污染問(wèn)題與汽車(chē)尾氣排放具有很高的相關(guān)性。引起的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病(主要是慢性阻塞性肺病)在我國(guó)城市居民主要疾病死亡構(gòu)成中占12.6%，59%以上的司機(jī)患有不同程度的呼吸道疾病國(guó)內(nèi)不斷提高汽車(chē)尾氣排放處理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。國(guó)內(nèi)在尾氣處理催化劑研究人員眾多。第十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Mazda:World’sfirstapplicationofsingle-nanocatalysttechnologyincatalyticconverters

第十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Self-regenerationofaPd-perovskitecatalystforautomotiveemissionscontrol用XAFS手段研究催化材料的重生問(wèn)題，研究其反應(yīng)前后的結(jié)構(gòu)變化，發(fā)現(xiàn)其在催化反應(yīng)前后所處晶格和配位環(huán)境差異，解釋了其能長(zhǎng)期保持高活性的原因。SPring-8Nature418,164-167(11July2002)第十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第二十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Improvingcatalyticconverters

為了提高催化劑的催化效率，科學(xué)家利用同步輻射裝置開(kāi)展很多原位實(shí)時(shí)監(jiān)測(cè)反應(yīng)過(guò)程的研究。XAFS可以提供很重要的在金屬催化劑反應(yīng)過(guò)程中，與局域結(jié)構(gòu)和電子環(huán)境有關(guān)的原位動(dòng)力學(xué)信息，他的動(dòng)力學(xué)行為可以在ms,us,以至于ps.fs內(nèi)研究。M.A.Newtonetal.,

NatureMaterials

2007,6,528-532;Angew.ChemInt.Ed.2007,45,8629-8631Fig.99:NormalisedPdKedgeenergydispersiveEXAFSspectraderivedduringaswitchfroma5%NO/Hefeedtoa5%CO/Hefeed(both75mlmin–1flow)at673Kovera1wt%Pd/10ZCAsample.Eachspectrumwasacquiredinca.250msecs.Forclarityonly1spectrum/secondisplotted.TheredtoyellowshadingisindicativeoftheswitchfromtheNOtoCOfeed.Fig.100:

Infraredspectra(averagedover9reversibleNO/COswitches)takenatthesametimeastheEXAFSspectrashowninFigure99,collectedwitha3Hzspectralacquistionspeed.Themajorgasphaseandsurfacefunctionalitiesobservedduringtheexperimentareindicated.Againtheshadingoftheflowofthegraphindicatesthechangeofreactivefeedstock.第二十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。國(guó)內(nèi)的研究汽車(chē)尾氣凈化裝置及催化劑通過(guò)EXAFS研究助劑Fe的添加對(duì)催化劑Pt/Ba/Al2O3

中Pt物種微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的影響，這種微觀結(jié)構(gòu)的改變對(duì)催化劑組分間的作用和催化性能產(chǎn)生了顯著影響。MengMetal.AppliedCatalysisB:Environmental78(2008)38第二十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第二十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XAFS在電化學(xué)研究中應(yīng)用第二十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。“Ethanolisoneofthemostidealreactantsforfuelcells,”saidBrookhavenchemistRadoslavAdzic.“It’seasytoproduce,renewable,nontoxic,relativelyeasytotransport,andithasahighenergydensity.Amajorhurdletothecommercialuseofdirectethanolfuelcellsisthemolecule’sslow,inefficientoxidation,whichbreaksthecompoundintohydrogenionsandelectronsthatareneededtogenerateelectricity.Specifically,scientistshavebeenunabletofindacatalystcapableofbreakingthebondsbetweenethanol’scarbonatoms.ButatBrookhaven,scientistshavefoundawinner.Madeofplatinumandrhodiumatomsoncarbon-supportedtindioxidenanoparticles,theresearchteam’selectrocatalystiscapableofbreakingcarbonbondsatroomtemperatureandefficientlyoxidizingethanolintocarbondioxideasthemainreactionproduct.Othercatalysts,bycomparison,produceacetalhydeandaceticacidasthemainproducts,whichmakethemunsuitableforpowergeneration.氫電池：儲(chǔ)存、運(yùn)輸困難甲醇電池：CO中間物質(zhì)乙醇電池：氧化困難，“Theabilitytosplitthecarbon-carbonbondandgenerateCO2atroomtemperatureisacompletelynewfeatureofcatalysis,”Adzicsaid.“Therearenoothercatalyststhatcanachievethisatpracticalpotentials.”第二十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第二十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。ThemainabsorptionpeaksattheRhandPtedgeshaveaverysmallpotentialdependence,indicatingthatthesurfacesareonlyslightlyoxidized,unliketheprocessthatoccurswiththepureRhphase.ItislikelythatOH,whichispresentontheSnO2surfaceinaqueoussolutions,causesashiftinsurfaceoxidationofRhandPt(RhorPtOHformation)第二十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Measurementsofmetalmetal(RhPtandPtRh)coordinationnumbersNRh-PtandNPt-Rhenabledustoobtaintheaveragecompositionofthenanoparticles:x(Pt)/x(Rh)=NRh-Pt/NPt-Rh=2.1(0.3),inreasonablygoodagreementwiththeICPdatax(Pt)/x(Rh)=1.5(0.2).Theabsolutevaluesofthesecoordinationnumbersindicatethesamesizerange(13nm)asobtainedbyTEM.TheobtainedPtandRhcoordinationnumbershavesimilarvalues9.5(0.8)and10.8(0.8)respectively,consistentwithhomogeneousdistributionofPtandRhthroughouttheparticles.Inaddition,astheNPtPt/NPtRhandNRhPt/NRhRhratioswerefoundtobeconsistent,withthebulkratiosofPtandRhconcentrationsobtainedindependentlybyEXAFSandICP,weconcludethatthePtandRhformedaquasi-randomalloy.FurtherindependentevidencetowardsthatconclusionisthesimilaritybetweenthePtPt,PtRhandRhRhbondlengthsfoundbyourEXAFSanalysis:2.743?,2.725?,and2.705?,respectively,thatis,characterizedbyamuchsmallerspreadthanbetweenpurePt(2.775?)andRh(2.689?).第二十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。insituIRRAStoidentifytheintermediatesandproductsofethanoloxidation第二十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XASofPlatinumMonolayerFuelCellElectrocatalysts–Unambiguous,DirectCorrelationofSpectroscopyDatawithCatalyticProperties(a)ModelsofpseudomorphicmonolayersofPtonthreedifferentsubstratesinducingcompressivestrain(Ru(0001)andPd(111))andexpansivestrain(Au(111)).(b)SchematicofPtmonolayerelectrocatalystsubjecttosynchrotronX-rayK.Sasaki,R.R.Adzic.SynchrotronRadiatinNews,2009,22,17-21第三十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第三十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。StructuralandElectronicPropertiesofPlatinumNanoparticleSurfaceinanAqueousSystemProbedbyInSituX-rayAbsorptionSpectroscopy第三十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第四十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。其他幾個(gè)與電池材料有關(guān)的例子第四十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Dischargeofnewlithiumbatterymaterials:LixFePO4LixFePO4cathode0.1Hz,averagedover75spectra,lithiationspeedC/3,startingwithx=0.56.OxidationstatechangesfromFe3+toFe2+.FeK-edgeEdgeshiftatmd=0.5第四十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2-cathodeMeasuredatNiK-andMnK-edgesalternatelyduringdischarge.0.1Hz,averagedover20spectra.LithiationspeedC/4.5,startingwithx=0.414.OxidationstatechangesfromNi4+overNi3+toNi2+.Dischargeofnewlithiumbatterymaterials:

LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2NiK-edge第四十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2-cathodeMeasuredatNiK-andMnK-edgesalternatelyduringdischarge.0.1Hz,averagedover20spectra.LithiationspeedC/4.5,startingwithx=0.414.SignificantchangesintheEXAFS.Dischargeofnewlithiumbatterymaterials:

LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2NiK-edge第四十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2-cathodeMeasuredatNiK-andMnK-edgesalternatelyduringdischarge.0.1Hz,averagedover20spectra.LithiationspeedC/4.5,startingwithx=0.414.OxidationstateofMnstaysinatetravalentstate.Dischargeofnewlithiumbatterymaterials:

LixNi0.5Mn0.5O2MnK-edge第四十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。直接甲醇燃料電池DMFC第四十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第四十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第四十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第四十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。ElectrochemicalcellforinsituEXAFSoffuelcellelectrodesonstation16.5attheSRS,DaresburyPEMfuelcellforinsituEXAFSstudiesofanodeorcathodecatalystsonstation16.5attheSRS,Daresbury.Thecelldesignenablesthestudyofrealisticcatalystloadingsof≤1mgPtpercm-2ofelectrodeareaandoperatesunderfullyhumidifiedconditionsat80°C.第五十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。優(yōu)點(diǎn)缺點(diǎn)第五十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。時(shí)間分辨XAFS在動(dòng)力學(xué)研究中應(yīng)用第五十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。QXAFS-催化-Pt/Al2O3-CO-氧化第五十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第五十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。時(shí)間分辨XAFS在反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)應(yīng)用第五十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。時(shí)間分辨XAFS在反應(yīng)動(dòng)力學(xué)應(yīng)用第五十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。FilmingchemicalreactionsThestudyoftransientstatesofmatterthatlastnanoseconds(10-9s),orevenpicoseconds(10-12s),isoneofthescientificchallengesthattheESRFhastakenupsuccessfully.Forexample,researchersobservedwhathappenstotheC2H4I2moleculeinwaterwhenhitbyaflashoflaserlight.Thepumpandprobetechniqueusedinthisexperimentmayalsohelpinthefuturetostudynanomaterialsandproteinsinaction.H.Iheeetal.,

Science2005,

309,1223第五十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XAFS在多相催化中應(yīng)用第五十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。solidcatalystgasesSurfaceeventsMolecularunderstandingAtomicscaleconstructionDynamicprobeofoperatingstate在原子精度上設(shè)計(jì)、構(gòu)筑高效催化劑；在分子精度上揭示反應(yīng)物向產(chǎn)物的轉(zhuǎn)化；發(fā)展表征工具，原位、實(shí)時(shí)、高空間分辨地表征工作狀態(tài)催化劑，實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)催化過(guò)程本質(zhì)的理解–DOEReport2007第五十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。ActivationofaCuO/ZnO/Al2O3catalystCatalysisformsmethanolfromsynthesisgas:CO+2H2

→CH3OH.Alsohydrogencanbeproducedfromsyngasviathewater-gas-shiftreaction:CO+H2O→CO2+H2.CuO/ZnO-catalyst,asprepared:CuinsolidsolutionwithZnO,substitutingZn2+asCu2+.ReductionofcatalystinH2atmosphere:

Cureducedtometallicstate,migratestoZnOsurfaceCuformsparticlesoffewnmsize.ClustersizeandatomicstructureiscrucialforcatalyticactivitySmallerclusterslargerspecificsurface

higheractivitylessmaterialneeded(expensive,evennoblemetals!)第六十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。AdvancingTime-resolvedMethodsinMonitoringandCharacterizationofCatalystsReductionofaCuO/ZnO/Al2O3methanolcatalystinH2atmosphere,observedwith50mstimeresolution.MeasurementsperformedatHASYLABincollaborationwiththegroupofB.S.Clausen.第六十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Anovelfastmonochromator:DrivesystemGoal:Faster(ms),widespectralrange,continuousmovementCurrentlyupto40Hzpossible80spectra/s12.5ms/spectrum第六十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。ExperimentsatAPSundulator1-IDMonochromatorCatalyticreactor第六十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。CuO/ZnO-catalyst:ReductionCuOCuCuK-edgeDt=200sJ.-D.GrunwaldtandA.Baiker,ETHZürich第六十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。CuO/ZnO-catalyst:ReductionCuOCuCuK-edgeDt=200s第六十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Tomographicabsorptionspectroscopy:

Enteringthe3rddimension第六十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。m-XAFSin2Dand3DCharacterizationofmulticomponentsamplesonmm-scaleValencedistributionofelements2D-mapping:0.25mm2with5mmresolution:10.000spectra

notfeasiblewithconventionalmethods,30s/scan

3.5days

oscillatingQEXAFSatmoderate10Hz

8min3D-Tomography:Evenmoretimeconsuming…FirstexperimentsatESRF(BM)andAPS(taperedundulator)FocussingwithX-raylenses

Focalsize6mmx2mm.Even

dilutebiologicalsamplesinfluorescence

modepossible!第六十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XANESm-tomographyrotationtranslationI1I2I0referencesampleL2horizontalfocalsize:6-10μmrefractivelensmonochromaticX-raysfromoscillatingmonochromatorCollaborationwithRWTHAachen(B.Lengeler)andTUDresden(C.Schroer)第六十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。X-rayAbsorptionSpectroscopicMicroscopy:FromtheMicro-totheNanoscaleXANEStomography:(a)schematicsketchofthesample.(b)TomographicreconstructionofthesampleonavirtualsectionatX-rayenergyE=8995eV.Fromthetomographicdataset,thefullXANESspectraateachlocationonthevirtualsectioncanbereconstructed.Twoexamplespectraforlocationsshownin(b)aredepictedin(c).(d)Relativeconcentrationsofmetallic,monovalent,andbivalentCuinsidetheglasscapillary.Theconcentrationofbivalentcopperisbelowthedetectionlimitofthemethod.AttenuationgeneratedbyelementsotherthanCuisshowninthelowerrightimage.第六十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。MeasuredData

acquire10spectrain1secondsamplingrate:100kHz

102projections91pointsperprojectionAteachpositioninthescan:Acquisitionoftomographicdataset:over90.000spectrawith104pointseach>7GByteofrawdatarotationtranslationNearedgespectrum:Sample:CuO/ZnOcatalystinglasscapillary第七十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Cu/ZnOcatalystSampleinglasscapillary,outerdiameter500mm,innerdiameter400mm.Beamsize:10mmx10mmSamplebelow/aboveCuK-edgeReconstructedspectrawithreferencesC.G.Schroeretal.,Appl.Phys.Lett.82,3360(2003)Reconstructionatdifferentpositionsafterseveraloxidation/reductioncycles:Whathappenstothecatalystduringcatalysis?AllspectracanbedecomposedintocontentoftheCu-oxidesandCutoanswerthisquestion!第七十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Cu/ZnOcatalyst:CudistributionCu<Cu(I),1:1.8

Cu>Cu(I),1.26:1

Averageoverwholecrosssection:Cu:Cu(I)=51:49

Verydetailedinsituobservationofbehaviourofrealcatalysts!第七十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XAFS在表面有機(jī)金屬化學(xué)中應(yīng)用第七十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XAFS在有機(jī)金屬化學(xué)中應(yīng)用-Zeolite-Ir第七十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第七十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第七十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第七十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。XAFS在雙金屬納米粒子研究中應(yīng)用第七十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。Magneticnanoparticles

Iron-platinumnanoparticlesareknownfortheirinterestingmagneticproperties.AttheESRF,theyweresubjectedtosuccessivetreatments.Thestructuralchangesandtheirinfluenceontheelement-specificmagneticmomentsweremonitoredbytheanalysisoftheX-rayabsorptionnear-edgestructureandtheX-raymagneticcirculardichroism.ThesynthesisedFe50Pt50particleswereself-assembledonasiliconsubstrateandexposedtoasofthydrogenplasma.Theywerethenannealedat600°Cinorderto

achievethechemically-orderedL10phaseC.Antoniaketal.,Phys.Rev.Lett.

97,117201(2006).第七十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十三頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十四頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十五頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十六頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十七頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十八頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。第八十九頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。NearedgeX-rayabsorptionfinestructureC1s(C=C)→π*C=C：283.4eVC1s(C--H)→π*ring：285.2eVC1s(C--N)→π*ring：286.8eVσ*CCJ.AM.CHEM.SOC.9VOL.131,NO.18,2009第九十頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。上海光源XAFS線部分研究結(jié)果第九十一頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。

Fe基超導(dǎo)材料高壓X射線吸收譜結(jié)構(gòu)研究中科院物理所趙忠賢丁洪孫力玲用于XAFS實(shí)驗(yàn)的金剛石CeFeAsO1-xFx鐵基超導(dǎo)材料結(jié)構(gòu)高壓與超導(dǎo)臨界溫度關(guān)系高壓X射線吸收譜（XAFS)

2008年春日本和中國(guó)科學(xué)家發(fā)現(xiàn)一種新型超導(dǎo)體—鐵基超導(dǎo)材料。鐵基超導(dǎo)材料的發(fā)現(xiàn)為高溫超導(dǎo)研究和量子凝聚物理帶來(lái)了巨大的刺激和振奮，XAFS將從原子和電子結(jié)構(gòu)上理解高溫超導(dǎo)的深層機(jī)制，利用SSRF高通量、高能量分辨的XAFS光束線，獲得了高質(zhì)量高壓XAFS譜。

第九十二頁(yè)，共一百零一頁(yè)。經(jīng)過(guò)輻照后，隨時(shí)間增加，伴隨主峰強(qiáng)度降低，吸收邊能量位移，和邊前峰的強(qiáng)度降低特征，判定三價(jià)鐵逐漸還原為二價(jià)鐵原位研究離子液體（BmimFeCl4)的鐵的還原過(guò)程中國(guó)科學(xué)院上海應(yīng)用物理研究所此輻照反應(yīng)的機(jī)理為：Fe（Ⅲ）受X射線激發(fā)產(chǎn)生光電子或俄歇電子，隨后被Bmim+陽(yáng)離子俘獲，成為溶劑化電子，此溶劑化電