篇章開頭句型1.對立法2.現(xiàn)象法3.觀點法4.引用法5.比較法6.問題法I．對立法

文章開頭首先引出人們對要討論的問題的不同看法，然后提出作者自己的不同看法，或偏向的那個看法。對立法的句型多用于有爭議性的主題。1.1Whenaskedabout...,thevast/overwhelmingmajorityof/most/many/quiteafewpeople

say/think/believe/answerthat....

Butotherpeopleregard/view/see/thinkof...as....

Ithink/viewquite/abitdifferently.

1.1Whenaskedaboutthebiggestproblemtoday,manypeoplesaythatitistheseriousenergycrisis.Theyareafraidthattheworldwillsoonrunoutofoilandrunshortoffood.Butotherpeopleholdoptimisticviews:theyregarditasanaturalresultoftheeconomicdevelopmentandbelieveitwillbeonlysolvedwithfurtheradvancesineconomyandtechnology.

當(dāng)問起世界上現(xiàn)在最大的問題是什么，許多人說是嚴(yán)重的能源危機。他們擔(dān)心人類不久會用完石油、發(fā)生食品短缺！但有些人則持樂觀的看法。他們把能源危機看成是經(jīng)濟發(fā)展的自然結(jié)果，而且只有隨著經(jīng)濟和技術(shù)的進一步發(fā)展才能得以解決。1.2Whenitcomesto...,somepeoplethink/believethat....Othersargue/claimthattheopposite/reverseistrue.Thereisprobablysometruthinboth

argumentsstatements,but....

1.2WhenitcomestointernationalsportsuchastheOlympicGamesandtheWorldCupsoccergame,somepeoplebelievethatitcreatesgoodwillbetweenthenationsandthatifcountriesplaygamestogethertheywilllearntolivetogether.Otherssaythattheoppositeistrue:thatinternationalcontestsencouragefalsenationalprideandleadinmisunderstandingandhatred.Thereisprobablyalittlebitoftruthinbotharguments,butinrecentyearstheOlympicGameshavedonelittletosupporttheviewthatsportsencourageinternationalbrotherhood.

當(dāng)說到國際體育比賽，諸如奧林匹克運動會和世界杯足球賽，有些人認(rèn)為它能增進國與國之間的友善。如果許多國家在一起比賽交流，他們就會知道怎么一起生活。但另一些人則持相反的觀點。他們認(rèn)為國際體育競賽只會造成虛假的民族自豪感，導(dǎo)致相互間的誤解和仇恨。這兩種觀點可能都有點道理，但是從最近幾年的奧林匹克運動會來看，很少能證明體育運動可以增進國與國之間的友好感情。1.3Thereisapublic/general/much

debate/discussion/controversytoday/nowadayson/about/over/asto/theproblem

/issueof....Thosewhocriticize/oppose/objectto/contend/argue...that....Theybelievethat....Butpeoplewhoadvocate/favor

...,ontheotherhand,maintain/assertthat....1.3topic:somearguethatfasteconomicgrowthisdesirable,whileothersdonotagreewiththeargument.What’syouropinion?

Thereismuchdiscussiontodayaboutwhetherfasteconomicgrowthisdesirable.Thosewhocriticizeeconomicgrowtharguethatwemustslowdown.Theybelievethatsocietyisapproachingcertainlimitsongrowth.Theseincludethefixedsupplyofnaturalresources,andthepossiblenegativeeffectsofindustryonthenaturalenvironment.Peoplewhowantmoreeconomicgrowth,ontheotherhand,arguethatevenatthepresentgrowthrate,therearestillmanypoorpeople,Theymaintainthatonlycontinuedgrowthcancreatethecapitalneededtoimprovethequalityoflifeandprovidethefinancialresourcesrequiredtoprotectournaturalsurroundingsfromindustrialization.

Topic:Shouldcollegestudentsdopart-timejobs?Someagreeit,butothersdisagreewithit.Thereisageneraldebateonthecampustodayoverthephenomenonofcollegestudents'doingapart-timejob.Thosewhoobjecttoitarguethatstudentsshouldnotspendtheirprecioustimeinthisway.Butpeoplewhoadvocateit,ontheotherhand,claimthat,bytakingamajor-relatedpart-timejoborsummerjob,studentscannotonlyimprovetheiracademicstudies,butgainmuchexperience,experiencetheywillneverbeabletogetfromthetextbooks.

1.4Now,itiscommonly/generally/widelybelieved/thought/held

/accepted/felt

/recognized/acknowledgedthat....Theyclaim/believe/arguethat....ButIwonder/doubtwhether...Topic:nowadays,moreandmoreyoungpeopleareformingthehabitofsmoking.Somethinkthatitisbecauseoftheincreasingamountofpocketmoney,cigaretteadsonTVandsoon.What’syouridea?Itiscommonlybelievedthattheriseinteenagesmokingistheinevitableresultofeconomicdevelopment.TheyarguethatiftherearenocigaretteadvertisementonTV,nocigarettesavailableeverywhere,andnoadequatepocketmoney,teenagersareunlikelytotakeupthehabitofsmoking.ButIdoubtthatitisasatisfactoryexplanation.Whileconcedingtheeffectofadvertisingandothercommercialfactors,Ithinkthattheprimarycauseissocialandindividualratherthaneconomic.

1.5

...isapopular/widespread/commonmethod/wayof...,butisitafair/wise/reasonableone?

Themethod/way/value/wisdomsnowisquestioned/challengedbymoreandmorepeople.

Topic:itiscommonfortheteacherscallthestudentsnamesinclassinordertochecktheirattendancetolesson.Doyouthinkitisaneffectivewaytoraisestudents’performanceinthatcourse?Requiredclassattendance,likeanoldcustom,issocommonininChinesecollegesanduniversitiesthatmanyteachersandevenstudentsthemselvessimplyassumeitisagoodthing.Butisitawisemethod?Itdoescontributetotheriseinthenumberofstudentsattendingclass.Butisthereanyprovenco-relationbetweenattendanceandperformanceinacourse?Thevalueofrequiredattendanceisnowbeingquestionedbymoreandmoreteachersandstudents.

1.6Thesedaysweoftenhearabout....Theyclaim/argue/saythat....But

close

examination/analysis/scrutiny

doesn'tbearouttheclaim/argument.

Topic:ManypeopleregardthatsharpentheirEnglishandcomputerabilityisamethodtogetmorechancesinjob-hunting.What’syourviewaboutit?ThesedaysIhaveheardmanyexasperatedstudentsandworkingadultsalikeexpressastrongdesiretotakeanEnglishcourseandacomputercourse.Theybelievethatsuchknowledgewillenhancetheirjobopportunitiesorpromotionopportunities.Butwillit?TheinformationI'vecollectedoverlastfewyearsleadsmetobelievethatthisknowledgemaybelessusefulthanmostpeoplethink.

II．現(xiàn)象法

對某種社會現(xiàn)象、傾向或社會問題進行剖析的文章往往在文章一開始首先引出這種現(xiàn)象或問題，然后評論。本節(jié)句型就適用于這種開頭2.1Recentlytheriseinphenomenonof

/problemof/questionof

...hasdrawn/arousedpublic/popular/grave/world-wideattentioncaused/arousedwide/general/considerable/internationalconcernarisen/loomedup/croppedupascontroversial/asnoteworthy/moredistinctlyforsettlement

Topic:withthedevelopmentofscienceandtechnology,manyimpossiblethingsarechangedintoreality.Butpeopleareworriedabouttheuseoftheadvancedtechnology,

2.1Recently,thealarmabouttheproblemoftheuseofgenetictechnologiesonhumanbeingshavecausedwidepublicconcern,andunderstandablyso.Withnuclearenergythreateningglobalcatastropheandwithsomanyothertechnologicaladvancesvisiblydamagingthequalityoflife,whowouldwishtohavescientiststamperingwithman'sinnernature?Indeed,fearofsuchmanipulationmayamuseevenmoreanxietythanfearofdeath.

Topic:Itissaidthatpeoplearebecomingmoreandmorenon-creative.However,thechildrenseemtobemuchmorecreative.

Recentlypsychologistshavefoundonlyabouttwopercentofadultsusetheircreativity,comparedwithtenpercentofseven-year-oldchildren.Whenfive-year-oldsweretested,theresultsoaredtoninetypercent!Thefindingssetoffmanypeoplethinking.Curiosityandoriginalityaredailyoccurrencesforthesmallchild,butsomehowmostofuslosethefreedomandflexibilityofthechildaswegrowolder.Theneedtofollow"directions"and"do-it-right",plusthemanysocietalconstraintsweputonourselves,preventusfromusingourcreativepotential.

2.2

Recentlytheissue/problem/question

of...hasbeen

inthelimelightbroughtintofocusbroughttopublicattention.posedamongthegeneralpublic.

Topic:shouldwedevelopeconomyorprotectenvironment?EspeciallyinChina,howtodealwiththehotpotato?2.2Theproblemofdevelopmentvs.environmenthasnowbeeninthelimelight.NowhereistheclashmorevisiblethaninChina,wheretheworld'slargestpopulationfacespollution,deforestationandacidrainonalargescale.

2.3In

recent/thepast5years,manycities/nations/peoplehavebeenfaced/plagued/troubledwith

/experienced/witnessed/undergonethe/a(n)seriousproblemof/acuteshortageof/alarmingincreasein

Topic:thereisanincreaseinjuvenilecrime,shouldwetreatthejuvenileasaspecialoffenderorchangethetraditionalpractice?Inrecentyears,Chinahasexperiencedanalarmingincreaseinjuvenilecrime------thatis,crimecommittedbyindividualswhohaven'tcomeofage.Whetherthecategoryismurderorrobbery,muggingorrape,thestoryisthesame:juvenilecrimeisontherise.Oursocietyhastraditionallytreatedthejuvenileasaspecialkindofoffender,onewhowarrantspunishmentdifferentfromthatgiventoanadult,eventhoughthecrimemaybethesame.Nowitistimeweaskedourselves:Doesthetreatmentwork?

Topic:facingtheeconomicturmoil,moreandmorefactoriesaredecidingtodownsizetheworkers.Andhowtopromoteproductivityormaketheworkersmoreproductive?2.3Inrecentyearsmanyfactoriesofourcountryhavebeenfacedwiththeproblemofhowtomaketheirworkersmoreproductive.Seeingmanyidleworkerssmoking,chatting,orplayingcardsduringtheworkinghours,someexpertsclaimthatthesolutionistoincreaseeconomicreward.Otherpeoplefeelthat"theironricebowl"shouldberoughlysmashed.Butdoesmeremoneyleadtogreaterproductivity?

2.4Withthe

rapid/amazing/marked

development/improvement/expansionofincrease/growth/declinein

....Withthegeneral/growingrecognition/realization/acknowledgementof/commoncommitment/devotion/dedicationto

interestin/concernover/enthusiasmfor…

With...

playinganIncreasinglybigrolein/

attachingmuchimportanceto

...,moreandmore

Topic:Theenergyproblemisahottopicdiscussedrightnow.peopleresorttotheusageofnewenergy.2.4Withtheprospectofcoalandpetroleumsuppliesbeingdepletedandwithairpollutionbecominganincreasingconcern,moreandmorecountriesarenowseekingalternativesourcesofenergy.Amongthemisnuclearpowerwhoseenvironmentaladvantagesovercoalandoilisincreasinglyrecognized.

隨著煤和石油的供應(yīng)逐漸耗盡，隨著人們越來越關(guān)注環(huán)境的污染，越來越多的國家正在尋找其它能源。而其中之一就是核能。與煤和石油相比，其不污染環(huán)境的優(yōu)點正逐漸被人們認(rèn)識。2.5Nowadays/Currently/Recently

thereisagrowing/unhealthytendencyto/in/that

general/deep-seatedbeliefin/that

general/uneasyfeelingof/against/that

growing/nation-widerecognitionof/that

growing/generalawarenessof/that

deep/seriousconcernover/for/that

deep/keeninterestin

growing/greatdemandfor

growing/greatenthusiasmfor/amongsb

Topic:Children’sheavyburdeninlessonhasbecomeaconcernforthepeople.Shouldwefocusonchildren’smarksorgrades?Ifnot,howtosolvetheproblem.2.5Nowthereisagrowingconcernovertheheavyburden,bothacademicandpsychological,ourchildrenhavetobear.Afteraday'sstudyinschool,theybringalotofassignmentsbackhomeandworkthemuntilmidnight.Theyplayfewgamesandgotofewmovies.Theyhavebeensoobsessedwithgradesandmarksthattheyhavehardlyhadtimetosavorthelifeandgrowaswell-roundedpeople.

如今人們越來越關(guān)注我們的孩子所承受的沉重的學(xué)習(xí)負(fù)擔(dān)和精神壓力。在校學(xué)習(xí)一天后，他們帶回許多作業(yè)，常常做到深夜。他們很少玩或去看電影。他們?yōu)榉謹(jǐn)?shù)所累，幾乎沒有時間品嘗人生，并成長為一個全面發(fā)展的人。2.6Inrecentfewyears/thepastfewdecades,thereis

/hasbeenasharp/marked/sudden/dramaticincrease/growth/rise/declinein

astonishing/increasing/sizablenumber/percentage/proportion/populationofAccordingtoa(n)recent/new/officialstudy/survey/report/poll

,...Topic:thereisdeclineinthenumberofcoupleswhowanttohavechildrenordelaychildbearing.What’syouropiniontowardsthephenomenon?Inthepast5yearstherehasbeenamarkeddeclineinthenumberofyoungmarriedcoupleswhowanttohavechildren,coupledwithagrowingtrendtowarddelayedchildbearing.Accordingtoofficialstatistics,in1993,about28percentofmarriedcoupleswithwivesunder35gavetobirthtochildren,comparedwiththe1983levelof8percent.

2.7Wheneveryousee/find

...youcannothelpbeingstruck/surprised

/astonished/disappointed/impressedby/at...Topic:theresomesuggestionsindicatethatsomeyearslaterwewillbetroubledbyhugepopulation,increasingpollutionandlackofenoughfood.Howtodealwiththeseriousproblem?Wheneverwereadsuggestionsofsomerecentscientificandeconimicresearchthatthecurvesforfooddemandandfoodsupplywillcrossinamaximumof60years,andthatbythen,man'soverpopulation,increasingpollution,andthediminishingfoodsupplycouldthreatentoendhumanlifeonourplanet,wecouldnothelpwonderingwhatstepsmancouldtaketoensurehissurvivalandavoidsuchextinction.

III.觀點法

文章開門見山，直截了當(dāng)提出作者對文章要討論的問題的觀點，也即文章的中心思想。以下就是常用的句型。3.1Nothing/Fewthings/Noidea/opinionbelief/view/attitude

is/aremore/asfoolishdangerous/untrue/undesirable/basic/important/essentialthan

as...(whichiswidely/commonly/

generally

heldby...).Topic:doyouthinkitismeaningfultoparticipateinorlistentoanexchangeofopinion?3.1Nothing,wehavebeentoldtheseyears,ismoreeducativethanparticipatinginorlisteningtoanexchangeofopinion.Theseminar,theconference,thelecture,thepaneldiscussionontheradio------howfine,howliberating,howinstructivetheyaretousall,totheparticipantsandtothoseattheirreceivingsets.Theycannotonlyacquaintonewithmanyfacts,buthelpdeepenone'sunderstandingofsocialphenomenaandrelationships,andbroadenone'soutlook.

Topic:Foodissueistheproblemwestillfacenowadays,butinbigcities,wasteoffoodisnotunusual.Writeyourviewsonthisphenomenon.

Perhapsnoissueinthisworldisasbasictoindividualandnationalsurvivalasfood.ButChinainrecentyearshasexperiencedaseriouswasteoffoodinonewayoranother.Especiallyinmanybigcities,thiswastehasbecomehabitualandtraditional,totheextentthatpeopleareseldomawareofitintheirdailylife.

3.2Nowthereisagrowingawareness/recognitiononthepartofpeople

oftheneed/necessity/importanceto/of...Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyaware/consciousoftheneed/necessity

/importanceto/of...Topic:acquiringaforeignlanguageisveryimportantinmodernsociety.Thatisthecommonview,thenwhat’syourattitude?3.2Nowpeoplebecomeincreasinglyawareoftheimportanceofacquiringamasteryofaforeignlanguage.Tothem,theknowledgeofaforeignlanguage,say,English,oftenmeansagoodopportunityforone'scareer,evenapassporttoaprosperousfuture.Manyofthemequatesuccessinlifewiththeabilityofspeakingaforeignlanguage3.3Wemightmarvelatthegreat/giant/extraordinary/tremendousprogress/

stride/advancemadeinscienceandtechnology/nearlyeveryfield,(but)...remainbasicallyunchanged/thesameasitwas/as...asevertheywere.Topic:Examinationissomethingcommonforcompetitors.Butsomescholarsarguethatitisnotthereliablemethodtotestaperson’strueability.Doyouagreewithit?3.3Wemightmarvelattheprogressmadeineveryfieldofstudy,butthemethodsoftestingaperson'sknowledgeandabilityremainasprimitiveasevertheywere.Itisextraordinarythatafteralltheseyears,educationistshavestillfailedtodeviseanythingmereefficientandreliablethanexaminations.Forallthepiousclaimthatexaminationstestwhatyouknow,itiscommonknowledgethattheymereoftendotheexactopposite.Theymaybeagoodmeansoftestingmemory,buttheycantellyounothingaboutaperson'strueabilityandaptitude.

3.4Perhaps/Maybeweshould/itistimetorethink/reexamine/haveafreshlookattheidea/value/attitude/wisdom/desirabilitythat...Topic:peopleusuallythinkthattogetacollegecertificateisnecessaryinthemodernsociety.Butisittheonlykeytosuccess?

Perhapsweshouldrethinkanideafastbecominganundisputedpremiseofourlifethatacollegedegreeisnecessary------andperhapsevenasufficient------preconditionforsuccess.Idonotwishtoquarrelwiththeassumptionsmadeaboutthebenefitsoforthodoxeducation.Iwantonlytoexposeitsfalsegod;thefour-year,all-purpose,degree-grantingcollege,aimedattheso-calledcollege-agepopulationandbynowalmostuniversallyacceptedasthestepping-stoneto"meaningful"and"better"jobs.

可能我們應(yīng)當(dāng)重新考慮一下這個很快成為我們生活毋庸置疑的前提：對成功來說，大學(xué)文憑是必要的，或許是先決的條件。我不想反對正統(tǒng)的大學(xué)教育帶來種種好處的觀點。我只想揭示把大學(xué)文憑捧上天的虛假性：對象是所謂讀大學(xué)的適齡青年，目的是培養(yǎng)各種人材的頒發(fā)學(xué)位的四年制大學(xué)現(xiàn)已差不多被公認(rèn)為是找到＂有意義的”、“好的”工作的跳板。IV．引用法

文章開頭通過引用名人名言，箴言諺語，或有代表性的看法見解來引出文章要展開討論的一種觀點。下面便是一些常見句型。4.1Oneofthegreat/earlymen/writers/philosophers/scientistssaid/wrote/remarked

that....Ifthisis

true/thecase,

thenthepresent/

currentview/value/attitude/situationshouldmakeuswonder/ponderover…Topic:Itisthecommonphenomenonthatfewwomenareinmanagerialpositionandthemaleisstillthedominate.Trytoexplorethereasonsbehindit.4.1Oneofthegreatearlysocialistssaidthatthestatusofwomeninasocietyisaprettyreliableindexofthedegreeofcivilizationofthatsociety.Ifitistrue,thenthepresentlowstatusofwomeninmanagementshouldmakeusponderaboutwhetherourmanagementiscivilizedatall.

V．比較法

比較法句型主要用于通過對過去與現(xiàn)在兩種不同傾向、態(tài)度和觀點的比較，引出文章要討論的主題。5.1

Foryears/Untilrecently...

hadbeen

wasseen/viewed/regardedas....Butthatischangingnow.peoplearetakingafreshlookatit.

Withthegrowing/mountingdemandfor

interestin/concernover...people....Topic:Thetraditionalviewregardthatsonsshouldlivewiththeirparentsinordertotakecareofthem,whilesomepeoplethinkyoungpeopleshouldliveindependently.What’syourattitude?Foryears,offsprings,especiallysonshadbeenexpected