作概要寫SummaryWritingDefinition(定義)ofsummary: “Ashortstatementthatgivesthemaininformationaboutsomething,withoutgivingallthedetails.”

——《朗文當(dāng)代高級(jí)英語(yǔ)詞典》 “Ashortstatementthatgivesonlythemainpointsofsomething,notthedetails.”

——《牛津高階英漢雙語(yǔ)詞典》Whatis“summarywriting”?Asummarywritingisabriefrestatementoftheessentialthoughtofalongercomposition.

概要寫作是一篇較長(zhǎng)文章本質(zhì)思想的簡(jiǎn)潔重述，它要求用盡量少的語(yǔ)言對(duì)原文的主旨進(jìn)行復(fù)述。

概要寫作不是簡(jiǎn)單的換句話說(shuō)，更不是評(píng)論，而是在不改變?cè)闹行乃枷?、體裁和結(jié)構(gòu)的前提下，高度濃縮（extract）文章的主要內(nèi)容和觀點(diǎn)，是作者思想中最基本部分的準(zhǔn)確再現(xiàn)。Howtogetahighmark?《考試說(shuō)明》中評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定概要寫作閱卷時(shí)按5個(gè)檔次（0—5；6—10；11—15；16—20；21—25points）給分：理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)；能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯；完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言；有效使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。contents(內(nèi)容)languageskills(語(yǔ)言)structure(結(jié)構(gòu))agoodsummarywritingallthekeypointsgrammar,vocabularytightandcoherent(連貫)yourownwordsabout60-80wordscorrectspelling,properpunctuation(標(biāo)點(diǎn))評(píng)分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)本題總分為25分，按5個(gè)檔次給分(詞數(shù)少于40和多于80的，從總分中減去2分)檔次描述第五檔(21－25)1.理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)。2.能準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯。3.能有效使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。4.完全使用了自己的語(yǔ)言。第四檔(16－20)1.理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋絕大部分要點(diǎn)。2.所使用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯可能有些錯(cuò)誤，但完全不影響意義表達(dá)。3.比較有效地使用了語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使所完成的概要結(jié)構(gòu)緊湊。4.有個(gè)別整句抄自原文。第三檔(11－15)1.理解較為準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋大部分要點(diǎn)。2.所使用的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面雖有些錯(cuò)誤，但不影響意義表達(dá)。3.使用簡(jiǎn)單的語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，使上下文內(nèi)容連貫。4.出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。第二檔(6－10)1.理解有誤差，僅涵蓋半數(shù)要點(diǎn)。2.有些許語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，影響了意義的表達(dá)。3.較少使用語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容缺少連貫性。4.出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象。第一檔(1－5)1.沒(méi)有理解原文，造成概要內(nèi)容與原文主題不符。2.有較多語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯方面的錯(cuò)誤，嚴(yán)重影響了意義的表達(dá)。3.缺乏語(yǔ)句間的連接成分，全文內(nèi)容不連貫。4.出現(xiàn)多個(gè)句子抄自原文現(xiàn)象。0分白卷、內(nèi)容太少無(wú)法評(píng)判或所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)。Learningdifficulties:

1.Learnthestepsforwritingasummaryextractessentialinformation(提取基本信息)

rewritetheextractedinformation(改寫提取信息)2.Learntokeepthetoneandorganizationoftheoriginalpassageinthesummary(在概要中要保持原文的語(yǔ)篇結(jié)構(gòu)和口吻).stepsofwriting1325Readforthetopic&writingstyle

andstructureReadandunderlinethekeypointsofeachparagraphRewritethekeypoints.Addpropertransitionalwords(過(guò)渡詞).4Reviseandpolishthesummary.常見錯(cuò)誤1.不能準(zhǔn)確抓住要點(diǎn)。概要寫作的重點(diǎn)是能概括出要點(diǎn)，

如果不能抓住要點(diǎn)，句子寫得再好，也不能得分。因此，抓住要點(diǎn)是關(guān)鍵。抓準(zhǔn)要點(diǎn)，除了要讀懂文章的主旨、了解文章的結(jié)構(gòu)，還要特別注意一些標(biāo)志詞，如小標(biāo)題、高頻詞等。2.隨意打亂文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。概要寫作一般會(huì)提供結(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰的文章。而寫概要的時(shí)候，一般都是按照文章的結(jié)構(gòu)去概括要點(diǎn)。不要輕易打亂文章的結(jié)構(gòu)。3.各個(gè)要點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立性不夠。考試說(shuō)明對(duì)要點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立性有明確的要求。因此，我們對(duì)要點(diǎn)的陳述也要相對(duì)獨(dú)立，一般不要把幾個(gè)要點(diǎn)放到一個(gè)句子中。4.照抄原文中的句子。概要寫作的獨(dú)立性除了各個(gè)要點(diǎn)的獨(dú)立之外，其實(shí)還要求用自己的語(yǔ)言去概括文章，不能直接照抄原文的句子。因此，切記要用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)概括要點(diǎn)。一、在寫作時(shí)，主要考慮以下內(nèi)容：1.概括的準(zhǔn)確性概要應(yīng)包括原文中的主要事實(shí)，略去不必要的細(xì)節(jié)。安排好篇幅的比例，概要應(yīng)同原文保持協(xié)調(diào)，即用較多的文字寫重要內(nèi)容，用較少的文字寫次要內(nèi)容。開篇用主題句清楚明白地告訴讀者文章的寫作目的，主題句的質(zhì)量決定概括的成敗。解題策略2.語(yǔ)言的規(guī)范性盡量使用短句，慎用長(zhǎng)難句。多使用概括性詞語(yǔ)，少用具體描述性詞語(yǔ)。不排斥用原文的某些詞句，但不要照搬原文的句子，如果不能完全用自己的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)，至少要對(duì)原文句子作一些同義詞替換，如果結(jié)構(gòu)上也能有一些轉(zhuǎn)換會(huì)更好。3.篇章的連貫性理解準(zhǔn)確，涵蓋全部要點(diǎn)，完全使用自己的語(yǔ)言，準(zhǔn)確使用相應(yīng)的語(yǔ)法結(jié)構(gòu)和詞匯，得分檔次相應(yīng)比較高；相反，如果概要寫作部分出現(xiàn)兩句以上整句抄自原文現(xiàn)象，得分檔次將會(huì)大大降低；所寫內(nèi)容與所提供內(nèi)容無(wú)關(guān)則不得分。所寫的文章要有一個(gè)明確的主題貫穿全文，在組織材料時(shí)要有明晰的思路。此外，層次要分明，有條理；銜接過(guò)渡要自然。在備考的過(guò)程中進(jìn)行寫提綱的訓(xùn)練有助于該項(xiàng)能力的提高。二、分體裁個(gè)個(gè)擊破1.記敘文：“要素串聯(lián)法”記敘文主要是記敘所發(fā)生的事情和經(jīng)歷。常見的形式有：故事、日記、新聞報(bào)道、游記等。記敘文通常要交代清楚六要素的內(nèi)容，即when，where，who，what，how，why(時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)、人物、事件、原因、結(jié)果)，給讀者一個(gè)內(nèi)容完整、細(xì)節(jié)清晰的故事。事情的敘述通常按時(shí)間的順序敘述，讓讀者易于把握所敘述內(nèi)容之間的內(nèi)在關(guān)聯(lián)。我們必須抓住記敘文的寫作特點(diǎn)或思路，從而更好地理解文章主題，概括出比較中肯的短文中心大意，用最簡(jiǎn)練的語(yǔ)言來(lái)說(shuō)明故事講述了什么。

其概要模板為：(1)點(diǎn)明寫作目的類：Thewritertellsus...(主題)byshowingusanexampleof...，who/which...(故事情節(jié))(2)作者經(jīng)歷類：Inthepassage，thewritermainlytellsushisexperienceofdoing...，which...(3)他人經(jīng)歷類：Thispassageismainlyaboutsb.’sexperienceofdoing...2.議論文：“主題概括法”議論文通常用來(lái)講明道理、議論是非、提出觀點(diǎn)和看法。作者先正面或反面提出論點(diǎn)，然后用事實(shí)論證論點(diǎn)，最后以重申論點(diǎn)或提出建議的方式得出結(jié)論。議論文的主題句通常在首段或尾段，或者在各段的首句或尾句。該概述的過(guò)程中盡可能客觀簡(jiǎn)要地轉(zhuǎn)述閱讀材料的觀點(diǎn)?？梢圆捎萌缦路椒ǜ爬ǎ篢hewriterofthisarticlethinksthat...或者你認(rèn)為該材料的觀點(diǎn)代表了一些人的思想，就可以說(shuō)Somepeoplethink...，還可以從中立的角度或用“無(wú)人稱”的方式來(lái)說(shuō)Thearticlegivestheviewthat...。常用以下句式開頭：

(1)Thepassagemainlytellsus(talksabout)...(2)Wecanknowfromthepassage...(3)Asfarastheauthorisconcerned...3.說(shuō)明文、應(yīng)用文：“段意合并法”說(shuō)明性短文，必須用概括性的文字來(lái)說(shuō)明某種現(xiàn)象，常用以下句式開頭：

(1)Itisstatedinthearticlethat...(2)Accordingtothepassage，theauthorstatesthat...說(shuō)明文的概括結(jié)構(gòu)為：phenomenon/problem＋reason＋solution(causeandeffect)，introductionofanobject(howitismade，howitisused，howitmaychange，whatmakesitneworsignificant)(3)對(duì)于說(shuō)明性或描述性短文，可以用概括性文字說(shuō)明某一現(xiàn)象。其模板為：①現(xiàn)象揭示類：Thisarticlepointsoutthecommonphenomenon—(主題)，which...(補(bǔ)充解釋)②利弊對(duì)比類：Thearticlecomparesthedisadvantages/benefitsofAandB.A...whileB...③研究顯示類：Thestudyreveals(揭露)that...Thepurposeofthereportistoshowthat...三、寫作步驟1.弄清要求，有的放矢。概要寫作是寫全文的概要，不是寫某一部分的概要，也不是單獨(dú)就某些問(wèn)題寫出要點(diǎn)。2.細(xì)讀原文，確定主題句。首先要仔細(xì)閱讀短文，確定文章的主題句，掌握文章主旨和結(jié)構(gòu)，明確各段的大意。主題句一般在段首。沒(méi)有主題句的需要自己組合。3.尋找關(guān)鍵詞，列出原文要點(diǎn)。分析主題句意義，確定關(guān)鍵詞，關(guān)鍵詞一般體現(xiàn)為名詞、形容詞，關(guān)鍵詞的數(shù)目決定了概括的信息濃度。分析原文的內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)，將內(nèi)容分項(xiàng)扼要表述并注意在結(jié)構(gòu)上的順序。在此基礎(chǔ)上選出與文章主題密切相關(guān)的部分。[1](2019·6月浙江)Parentseverywherepraisetheirkids.JennBerman，authorofThe

A

to

Z

Guide

to

Raising

Happy

and

Confident

Kids，says,“We’vegonetotheoppositeextremeofafewdecadesagowhenparentstendedtobemorestrict.”Bygivingkidsalotofpraise，parentsthinkthey’rebuildingtheirchildren’sconfidence，when，infact，itmaybejusttheopposite.Toomuchpraisecanbackfireand，whengiveninawaythat’sinsincere，makekidsafraidtotrynewthingsortakeariskforfearofnotbeingabletostayontopwheretheirparents’praisehasputthem.真題診斷Still，don’tgotoofarintheotherdirection.Notgivingenoughpraisecanbejustasdamagingasgivingtoomuch.Kidswillfeellikethey’renotgoodenoughorthatyoudon’tcareand，asaresult，mayseenopointintryinghardfortheiraccomplishments.Sowhatistherightamountofpraise?Expertssaythatthequalityofpraiseismoreimportantthanthequantity.Ifpraiseissincereandfocusedontheeffortnottheoutcome，youcangiveitasoftenasyourchilddoessomethingthatdeservesaverbalreward.“Weshouldespeciallyrecognizeourchildren’seffortstopushthemselvesandworkhardtoachieveagoal，”saysDonahue，authorofParenting

Without

Fear:Letting

Go

of

Worry

and

Focusing

on

What

Really

Matters.“Onethingtorememberisthatit’stheprocessnottheendproductthatmatters.”Yoursonmaynotbethebestbasketballplayeronhisteam.Butifhe’soutthereeverydayandplayinghard，youshouldpraisehiseffortregardlessofwhetherhisteamwinsorloses.Praisingtheeffortandnottheoutcomecanalsomeanrecognizingyourchildwhenhe/shehasworkedhardtocleantheyard，cookdinner，orfinishabookreport.Butwhateveritis，praiseshouldbegivenonacase-by-casebasisandbeproportionate(相稱的)totheamountofeffortyourchildhasputintoit.思路點(diǎn)撥文章體裁：議論文時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主文章大意：

父母對(duì)孩子的過(guò)多表?yè)P(yáng)或過(guò)少都會(huì)帶來(lái)不好的影響，恰當(dāng)?shù)谋頁(yè)P(yáng)應(yīng)著重表?yè)P(yáng)孩子做事過(guò)程中的努力而非結(jié)果，并建立在實(shí)際情況的基礎(chǔ)上。段落大意：1.現(xiàn)在的父母表?yè)P(yáng)孩子過(guò)多，會(huì)帶來(lái)負(fù)面的影響，如孩子害怕嘗試新事物或者害怕達(dá)不到父母的高期待等。2.過(guò)少的表?yè)P(yáng)也是有害的，會(huì)讓孩子覺得自己不夠好，沒(méi)有得到父母的關(guān)心或覺得自己的努力沒(méi)有意義。3.正確的方式應(yīng)該是注重贊美的質(zhì)量而不是數(shù)量，注重孩子努力的過(guò)程而非結(jié)果。4.表?yè)P(yáng)要適當(dāng)，要根據(jù)實(shí)際情況。變式表達(dá)要點(diǎn)1(1)Givingchildrentoomuchpraisecanbebadforthem.(概括明了)(2)Parentspraisetheirkidstobuildtheirconfidencebutgivingthemalotofpraisemaybejusttheopposite.(交代目的和反作用)要點(diǎn)2(1)Notpraisingthemisalsoharmful，whichmakesthemnottryhard.(定語(yǔ)從句，簡(jiǎn)潔)(2)Kidswillloseheartifnotpraisedenough.(狀語(yǔ)從句、省略句，簡(jiǎn)單明了)要點(diǎn)3(1)Weshouldpaymoreattentiontothequalityofpraiseratherthanthequantity，andweshouldremembertheprocessismoreimportantthantheend.(并列句，交代兩個(gè)方面的問(wèn)題)要點(diǎn)3(2)Actually，whatreallymattersisthequalityratherthanthequantityofpraise，whichshouldbesincereandconcentrateontheprocessinsteadoftheresult.(actually的使用，使前后銜接緊湊)要點(diǎn)4(1)Praisingchildrenappropriatelyisimportant，whichcanencourageandrecognizethem.(which定語(yǔ)從句說(shuō)明目的)(2)Inaword，praisingchildrenshouldbebasedonthefactsandtheirefforts，withthepurposeofencouragingandrecognizingthem.(inaword概括全文)參考范文__________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________Parentspraisetheirchildrentopromotetheirconfidence，buttoomuchpraisemayresultinoppositeeffects.(要點(diǎn)1)However，kidsmayfeeldiscouragedwhennotgivenenoughpraise.(要點(diǎn)2)Actually，whatreallymattersisthequalityratherthanthequantityofpraise，whichshouldbesincereandconcentrateonprocessinsteadofresult.(要點(diǎn)3)Praiseoffersencouragementandrecognition，whileitshouldbebasedonthefactandcorrespondwiththeeffort.(要點(diǎn)4)[2](2018·11月浙江)It’sareallygoodideatovisitcollegesbeforeyouapplybecausetheirwebsitescanallstarttolookandsoundthesame.Nothingwillgiveyouthesenseofwhatitwillactuallybeliketoliveonacollegecampus(校園)likevisitingandseeingforyourselfthedorms，classroomsandathleticequipmentand，ofcourse，thestudents.Itseemsalittlecrazyoncesenioryearhitstofindthetimetovisitcollegecampuses，anditcanalsobepriceyiftheschoolsyouareapplyingtohappentobemorethanacarrideaway.Butkeepinmindthatyouaremakingadecisionaboutthenextfouryearsofyourlife，anddoalltheresearchyoucantomakesureyouaremakingtherightone.There’snoexcusenottovisittheschoolsinyourlocalarea.Infact，alotofcollegeapplicationsevenaskifyouhavevisitedcampus，andobviously，ifyouliveacrossthecountrythatwon’tbeasmuchofapossibility，butifyoulivenearby，gocheckitout!Ifcampusvisitsaren’tgoingtohappenbeforeyouapply，attheveryleastyoushouldfindsometimebetweenapplyingandgettingyouracceptanceletterstovisittheschoolsyou’dliketoattend.Itcansaveyoualotofheartacheifyouruleoutnowthethingsthatyoudon’tlikeaboutcertaincampuses，thingsthatyouwouldn’tknowunlessyouactuallyvisit.Now，iftimeandmoneyaremakingitimpossible，thencheckouttheonlinecollegefairsatCollegeWeekLive.It’sachancetochatonlinewithadmissionsofficers，students，andcollegecounselors(顧問(wèn))，anditwon’tcostyouapenny!Youcanregisterforitsonlinecollegefairatcollegeweeklive.com.Whilevisitinganonlinecollegefaircan’ttaketheplaceofanactualcampusvisit，itcanbeaveryusefultoolthatalongwithallyourotherresearchwillhelpyoumakeaninformeddecisionaboutwhichcollegesoruniversitiesyou’dliketoattend.思路點(diǎn)撥文章體裁：議論文時(shí)態(tài)：一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)為主文章大意：

上大學(xué)之前需要全面地了解你所感興趣的學(xué)校，文章介紹了幾種了解大學(xué)的途徑。段落大意：1.在上哪所大學(xué)之前需要全面地了解你所感興趣的學(xué)校，實(shí)地考察是了解學(xué)校的最好途徑。2.如果有可能，盡量去參觀一下當(dāng)?shù)氐拇髮W(xué)校園。3.倘若實(shí)在沒(méi)有時(shí)間在申請(qǐng)之前去看，那么也要在提交申請(qǐng)和接到錄取通知書這段時(shí)間之間去了解你想去的學(xué)校。4.當(dāng)你既沒(méi)有時(shí)間也沒(méi)有財(cái)力的時(shí)候，上網(wǎng)瀏覽網(wǎng)上大學(xué)博覽會(huì)也是一個(gè)不錯(cuò)的選擇。變式表達(dá)要點(diǎn)1(1)It’sgoodtovisitcollegesbeforeyouapply.(概括簡(jiǎn)潔明了)(2)Thereisnodoubtthatitisbeneficialforyoutovisitcollegesbeforeapplying.(thereisnodoubtthat...，同位語(yǔ)從句的運(yùn)用提升句子檔次)要點(diǎn)2(1)Ifyoulivenearthecollege，dovisititinperson.(do強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作)(2)Itisnecessarytopayavisittothelocalcolleges，whichmaybeaskedinapplications.(定語(yǔ)從句使句子更生動(dòng))要點(diǎn)3(1)Onlywhenyouvisitthecollegeinadvancecanyoufindwhetheritisappropriateforyou.(運(yùn)用倒裝強(qiáng)調(diào)提前參觀大學(xué)的好處)(2)Atleast，youshouldvisittheschoolandfigureoutitsrealconditionsinadvance.(atleast起到了很好的銜接作用)要點(diǎn)4(1)Ifyouhavenotimeormoney，itisagoodideatosurftheonlinecollegefairs.(概括簡(jiǎn)潔)(2)Timeandmoneylimited，youcanregisterfortheonlinecollegefairstovisitthecolleges.(獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)說(shuō)明條件不具備)參考范文_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________It’sreallyworthwhileforstudentstopayavisittotheirdesiredcollegespersonallybeforeapplying.(要點(diǎn)1)Undoubtedly，studentsshouldvisittheirlocalcolleges，whichmaybeincludedinapplications.(要點(diǎn)2)Atleast，theyshouldvisittheschoolandfigureoutitsrealconditionsinadvance.(要點(diǎn)3)Forstudentswhoareshortofmoneyandtime，registeringfortheonlinecollegefairisagoodalternativetohelpthembetterunderstandschools.(要點(diǎn)4)閱讀下面短文，根據(jù)其內(nèi)容寫一篇60詞左右的內(nèi)容概要。HowtoGoAboutIt?Theoldsaying，“Findapenny，pickitup，andalldaylongyou’llhavegoodluck”，mightbeagoodideaforonelookingtoadoptcoincollectingasahobby.Anyonecanstartcoincollecting.It’seasyandfuntostartcollectingonyourown.Youcanbeginsimply，withjustthecoinsinyourpocket.Andfromthere，yourhobbywillgrowintoalifelonghobbywithalittlediligence，perseverance，disciplineandpatience.Coincollectingisbotheducationalandinformative.實(shí)戰(zhàn)演練Forkidsofyourage，allyouneedisaninterestincoins，asharpeye，andaboxtoputthemin.Youcanlookinyourpocketchange，atdepartmentstores，atflea(跳蚤)markets，inpennydishesorinthecheapboxesatcoinshops.Don’tworryaboutwhetherit’sworthanything—juststartwithwhateverstrikesyourfancy(愛好).Ifyouwanttotakespecialcareofyourcoinssothattheydon’tgetscratched(有抓痕的)，youcanputeachoneinasmallpaperenvelopebeforeyouputitinabox.Thefirstyouwillneedtodoistovisityourlocalhobbyshop.Thereyoucanpurchaseamagnifyingglass(放大鏡)，somecoins，andsomecoinstorage(存儲(chǔ))materials.Onceyouhavecollectedagoodnumberofcoins，youwillneedtodecidethetypeofyourcollectionandthechoicescanbeconfusingandendless.Youcancollectthemseparately，orbuypre-collectedsetsof(幾套)Lincolnpennies(便士)，Mercurydimes(硬幣)，coinsfromforeignlands，andsoon，tostartyourcollection.Maybeyouwanttojustcollectcoinsfromacertaintimeperiodthatinterestyou.Whateveryourdecision，stickwithitandworktocompleteyourcollection.Youcanaddtoyourcollectionbyvisitingcoinshowsortradingwithfamilyandfriendswhomightshareinterestwithyou.Thefinalstepistogetoutthere，enjoythehobbyandpulltogetherthemostamazingcollectionof