2有機物的命名1烷烴（alkanes）1.1直鏈烷烴烴類化合物的命名是有機命名的基礎。英文名稱除了含1到4個碳原子以外，其余均用希臘文和拉丁文的數(shù)詞加上相應的詞尾（-ane）來命名，10個碳原子以上的則在數(shù)詞前加前綴un、do、tri、tetra、penta等。如：甲烷methane乙烷ethane丙烷propane丁烷butane戊烷pentane己烷hexane庚烷heptane辛烷octane壬烷nonane癸烷decane十一烷undecane十二烷dodecane

2有機物的命名1烷烴（alkanes）1

Alkane=Numberprefix-aneforexample:CH4

Methane

CH3CH2CH3Propane

CH3CH3

EthaneCH3(CH2)2CH3

ButaneCH3(CH2)3CH3PentaneCH3(CH2)4CH3HexaneCH3(CH2)5CH3HeptaneCH3(CH2)6CH3OctaneCH3(CH2)7CH3NonaneCH3(CH2)8CH3Decane

Alkane=Number2

11~19Alkane=Numberprefix-decanefor

example:

11-alkaneUndecane12-alkaneDodecane13-alkaneTridecane14-alkaneTetradecane

15-alkanePentadecane16-alkaneHexadecane

17-alkaneHeptadecane

3

18-alkaneOctadecane19-alkaneNonadecane

20-alkaneIcosane21~29Alkane=Numberprefix-cosaneforexample:21-alkaneHenicosane22-alkaneDocosane23-alkaneTricosane24-alkaneTetracosane

25-alkanePentacosane

18-alkane4

30-AlkaneTriacontane31~39Alkane=Numberprefix-triacontane

forexample:

31-AlkaneHentriacontane

32-AlkaneDotriacontane33-AlkaneTritriacontane

34-AlkaneTetratriacontane

35-Alkanepentatriacontane

36-AlkaneHexatriacontane

30-Alkane5

40~90Alkane=Numberprefix-contaneforexample:40AlkaneTetracontane50AlkanePentacontane60AlkaneHexacontane70AlkaneHeptacontane80AlkaneOctacontane

90AlkaneNonacontane100AlkaneHectane40~90Alkane=Number6

1.2含支鏈烷烴和烷基

命名含支鏈的烷烴時，可把它們視為直鏈烷烴，但分別是某些氫（hydrogen）原子被稱為烷基（alkylgroups）的原子取代。命名烷基時，只需把“基”（-yl）字加在相應的烷烴的字首后。如：

CH3-MethylCH3-(CH2)9-CH2-UndecylCH3-CH2-CH(CH3)-CH2-CH33-

Methylpentane

1.2含支鏈烷烴和烷基7Univalentradicals

Radical=Alk

-ylforexample:CH3-Methyl

CH3CH2-

EthylCH3CH2CH2-

PropylCH3(CH2)2CH2-ButylUnivalentradicalsRa8Saturatedbranched-chainhydrocarbonbranched-chainhydrocarbon=

n-Radical+alkaneforexample:

Saturatedbranched-chainhydro9UnivalentbranchedradicalsRadical=Alk-ylforexample:UnivalentbranchedradicalsRad10AlkanesThenamesforthefirsttwentycontinuous-chainalkanesarelistedinTable1.Alkanes11Table1

Namesofcontinuous-chainalkanes

CH4MethaneC11H24undecaneC2H6EthaneC12H26dodecaneC3H8PropaneC13H28tridecaneC4H10ButaneC14H30tetradecaneC5H12PentaneC15H32pentadecaneC6H14HexaneC16H34hexadecaneC7H16HeptaneC17H36HeptadecaneC8H18OctaneC18H38OctadecaneC9H20NonaneC19H40NonadecaneC10H22DecaneC20H42EicosaneTable1

Namesofcontinuous-12AlkenesandAlkynes

UnbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonedoublebondarenamedintheIUPACsystembyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-ene.Iftherearetwoormoredoublebonds,theendingis-adiene,-atriene,etc.

Unbranchedhydrocarbonshavingonetriplebondarenamedbyreplacingtheending-aneofthealkanenamewith-yne.Iftherearetwoormoretriplebonds,theendingis-adiyne,-atriyneetc.Table2showsnamesforsomealkylgroups,alkanes,alkenesandalkynes.AlkenesandAlkynes13Table2

SomeAlkanes,Alkyl,Alkenes,Alkynes

AlkanesAlkylsAlkenesalkynesIUPACCommonMthaneMethylEthaneEthylEtheneEthyleneAcetylenePropanePropylPropenePropylenePropyneButaneButylButeneButyleneButynePentanePentyl(amyl)PentenePentylenePentyneHexaneHexyl

HeptaneHeptyl

OctaneOctyl

NonaneNonyl

DecaneDecyl

-ane-yl-ene-ene-yneTable2

SomeAlkanes,Alkyl14ThePrefixes

IntheIUPACsystem,alkylandarylsubstituentsandmanyfunctionalgroupsarenamedasprefixesontheparent(forexample,iodomethane).SomecommonfunctionalgroupsnamedasprefixesarelistedinTable3.ThePrefixes15Table3

SomeFunctionalGroupsNamedasPrefixes

StructureNameStructureName-ORAlkoxy-*-FFluoro--NH2Amino--HHydro--N=N-Azo--IIodo--BrBromo--NO2Nitro--ClChloro--NONitroso-

*methoxy-,ethoxy-,etc.,dependingupontheRgroup

Table3

SomeFunctionalGro16

Insimplecompounds,theprefixesdi-,tri-,tetra-,penta-,hexa-,etc.areusedtoindicatethenumberoftimesasubstituentisfoundinthestructure:e.g.,dimethylaminefor(CH3)2NHordichloromethaneforCH2Cl2.

Incomplexstructures,theprefixesbis-,tris-,andtetrakis-areused:bis-meanstwoofakind;tris-,threeofakind;andtetrakis-,fourofakind.[(CH3)2N]2isbis(dimethylamino)andnotdi(dimethylamino).

Insimplecompounds,thepref17hypochlorite

ClO-Chlorite

ClO2-chlorate

ClO3-perchlorate

ClO4-hypochlorite

ClO-Chlorit18Appendix2SIUnitsPhysicalQuantityNameofUnitsSymbolLengthmetermMasskilogramkgTimesecondsTemperatureKelvinKAmountofsubstancemolemolElectriccurrentAmpereALuminousintensitycandelacdSIFundamentalUnitsAppendix2SIUnitsPhysicalQ19TraditionalMetricandSIPrefixesFactorPrefixSymbolFactorPrefixSymbol1012t