句子的成分是指組成句子的各個部分，即：主語、謂語、表語、賓語（直接賓語和間接賓語）、補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語等。主要成分：主語和謂語次要成分：表語、賓語、補(bǔ)足語、定語、狀語等一、主語：句子所敘述的主體。一般位于句首，表示句子所說的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。一般由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、名詞化的形容詞和主語從句等充當(dāng)。注意：在therebe結(jié)構(gòu)、疑問（當(dāng)主語不是疑問詞時）和倒裝句中，主語位于謂語動詞、助動詞或情態(tài)動詞后面。例如：Tomisagoodboy.（名詞）WeoftenspeakEnglishinclass.（代詞）One-thirdofthestudentsinthisclassaregirls.（數(shù)詞）Toswimintheriverisagreatpleasure.（不定式）Smokingdoesharmtothehealth.（動名詞）Therichshouldhelpthepoor.（名詞化形容詞）Whenwearegoingtohaveatesthasnotbeendecided.（主語從句）Itisnecessarytomasteraforeignlanguage.（it為形式主語，真正的主語是不定式）（二）謂語：謂語說明主語所做的動作或具有的特征和狀態(tài)。說明主語“做什么”、“是什么”或“怎么樣”，一般由動詞或動詞13

/1短語來充當(dāng)，一般放在主語之后。謂語和主語在人稱和數(shù)兩方面必須一致。謂語的構(gòu)成如下：簡單謂語：由一個動詞或動詞短語構(gòu)成。如：Ilikeapples.（動詞）Hepracticesrunningeverymorning.（動詞短語）復(fù)合謂語：（1）由（情態(tài)動詞或其他助動詞+動詞原形）構(gòu)成。如：Youmaykeepthebookfortwoweeks.Hehascaughtabadcold.（2）由（系動詞+表語）構(gòu)成。Wearehavingaquickbreakfast.（三）表語：用于說明主語的性質(zhì)、身份、特征和狀態(tài)等，說明主語“是什么”或“怎么樣”。表語一般由名詞、代詞、一形容詞、分詞、數(shù)詞、不定式、動名詞、介詞短語、副詞及從句充當(dāng)。位置：用在動詞be和系動詞（如keep,remain,become,get.grow,turn,look,seem,feel,smell,sound,taste等）的后面。表語須和連系動詞一起構(gòu)成句子的復(fù)合謂語，即成系表結(jié)構(gòu)。Mymotherisadoctor.（名詞）Isityours?（代詞）Theweatherhasturnedcold.（形容詞）13Thespeechisexciting.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Thespeechisexciting.（現(xiàn)在分詞）Thedoorisclosed.（過去分詞）Threetimessevenistwentyone.（數(shù)詞）HisjobistoteachEnglish.（不定式）Hishobbyisplayingfootball.（動名詞）Themachinemustbeoutoforder.（介詞短語）Timeisup.Theclassisover.（副詞）Thetruthisthathehasneverbeenabroad.（表語從句）（四）賓語：表示動作的對象或承受者，一般位于及物動詞和介詞后面,說明主語“做什么”，由名詞、代詞、數(shù)詞、名詞化的形容詞、不定式和賓語從句。及物動詞必須加賓語。Theywenttoseeanexhibitionyesterday.（名詞）Theheavyrainpreventedmefromcomingtoschoolontime（.代詞）Howmanydictionariesdoyouhave?Ihavethree.（數(shù)詞）Theyhelpedtheoldwiththeirhouseworkyesterday.（名詞化形容詞）Hepretendednottoseeme.（不定式）Ienjoylisteningtopopularmusic.（動名詞）Ithink（that）heisfitforthisjob.（賓語從句）賓語種類：<1>雙賓語（間接賓語+直接賓語）13/3有的動詞后面可接雙賓語，包括常用來指人的間接賓語和常用來指物1313/#于副詞的詞組或短語等來充當(dāng)。如：Lighttravelsmostquickly.（副詞性詞組）Hehaslivedinthecityfortenyears.（介詞短語）Heisproudtohavepassedthecollegeentranceexamination.（不定式）Heisintheroommakingamodelplane.（現(xiàn)在分詞短語）Waitaminute.（名詞）Onceyoubegin,youmustcontinue.（狀語從句）Howaboutmeetingagainatsix?（表時間）Lastnighthedidn'tgotothedancepartybecauseoftherain.（表原因）Ishallgothereifitdoesn'train.（表條件）Mr.Smithlivedonthethirdfloor.（表地點）Sheputtheeggsintothebasketwithgreatcare.（表方式）Shecameinwithabookinherhand.（表伴隨狀態(tài)）Inordertocatchupwiththeothers,Imustworkharder.（表目的）Hewassotiredthathefellasleepimmediately.（狀語從句表結(jié)果）Sheworksveryhardthoughsheisold.（狀語從句表讓步）Iamtallerthanheis.（狀語從句表比較）狀語的位置：1.only在句中的位置比較靈活,但位置不同,意義也不同.Theactoronlysangasong.Onlytheactorsangasong.Theactorsangonlyonesong..兩個或多個狀語同時修飾時的順序1）地點狀語在前,時間狀語在后.WewillhaveameetinginRoom202tomorrow.2）較小單位的狀語在前,由小到大Mr.Lilivesat88ChongwenRd.,Suzhou,Jiangsu.3）一個句子有幾個不同種類的副詞作狀語,其順序大都是:程度副詞,方式副詞,地點副詞,時間副詞Shesangverywellatthemeetinglastnight..時間和地點狀語也可以位于句首,表示強(qiáng)調(diào)或使上下文更為連貫UsuallyIreadthenewspapersinthemorning,butyesterdayIreadthemintheevening.（八）獨(dú)立成分：與全句沒有語法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh,hello,aha,ah,等?？隙ㄔ~：yes否定詞：no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的Ithink,Ibelieve,等。如:Thestory,Ithink,hasnevercometotheend.我相信,這個故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束.效果測試指出下列句中主語的中心詞1313/5Theteacherwithtwoofhisstudentsiswalkingintotheclassroom.Thereisanoldmancominghere.Theusefuldictionarywasgivenbymymotherlastyear.Todotoday'shomeworkwithouttheteacher'shelpisverydifficult.選出句中謂語的中心詞。()@Idon'tlikethepictureonthewall.A.don'tB.likeC.pictureD.wall()@Thedaysgetlongerandlongerwhensummercomes.A.getB.longerC.daysD.summer()@Doyouusuallygotoschoolbybus?A.DoB.usuallyC.goD.bus()@Therewillbeameetingatthelibrarythisafternoon.A.willbeB.meetingC.thelibraryD.afternoon()@Didthetwinshaveporridgefortheirbreakfast?A.DidB.twinsC.haveD.breakfast()@Tomdidn'tdohishomeworkyesterday.A.TomB.didn'tC.doD.hisA.TomB.didn'tC.doD.his13/9homework()?WhatIwanttotellyouisthis.A.wantB.totellC.youD.is()@Wehadbettersendforadoctor.A.WeB.hadC.sendD.doctor()?Heisinterestedinmusic.A.isB.interestedC.inD.music(，⑩Whomdidyougivemybookto?A.giveB.didC.whomD.book找出下列句中的表語Theoldmanwasfeelingverytired.WhyisheworriedaboutJim?Theleaveshaveturnedyellow.SoonTheyallbecameinterestedinthesubject.Shewasthefirsttolearnaboutit.挑出下列句中的賓語Mybrotherhasn'tdonehishomework.PeopleallovertheworldspeakEnglish.Youmustpaygoodattentiontoyourpronunciation.Howmanynewwordsdidyoulearnlastclass?Someofthestudentsintheschoolwanttogoswimming,howaboutyou?13/10Theoldmansittingatthegatesaidhewasill.Theymadehimmonitoroftheclass.Goacrossthebridgeandyouwillfindthemuseumontheleft.Youwillfinditusefulafteryouleaveschool.Theydidn'tknowwhoFatherChristmasreallyis.劃出句中的直接賓語和間接賓語Pleasetellusastory.Myfatherboughtanewbikeformelastweek.Mr.Liisgoingtoteachushistorynextterm.Hereisapen.GiveittoTom.Didheleaveanymessageforme?挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語Shelikesthechildrentoreadnewspapersandbooksinthereading-room.Heaskedhertotaketheboyoutofschool.Shefounditdifficulttodothework.TheycallmeLilysometimes.IsawMr.Wanggetonthebus.DidyouseeLiMingplayingfootballontheplaygroundjustnow?找出下列句中的定語TheyuseMr.,Mrs.withthefamilyname.Whatisyourgivenname?13/11OnthethirdlapareClass1andClassIamafraidsomepeopleforgottosweepthefloor.Themandownstairswastryingtosleep.Iamwaitingforthesoundoftheothershoe!找出下列句中的狀語Therewasabigsmileonherface.Everynightheheardthenoiseupstairs.HebegantolearnEnglishwhenhewaseleven.Themanonthemotorbikewastravellingtoofast.Withthemedicineboxunderherarm,MissLihurriedoff.Shelovesthelibrarybecauseshelovesbooks.Iamafraidthatifyou'velostit,youmustpayforit.ThestudentsfollowedUncleWangtoseetheothermachine.答案1.①teacher②man③dictionary④Todo2.①B②A③C④A⑤C⑥C⑦D⑧C⑨A⑩A3.①tired.②worried③yellow.④interested⑤thefirst4.①homework.②English.③attention④words⑤togoswimming⑥hewasill.⑦h(yuǎn)immonitor⑧bridgemuseum⑨itschool.⑩who“FatherChristmas”reallyis.5.①us,間接賓語astory,直接賓語②me,間接賓語anewbike,直接賓語③us,間接賓語history,直接賓語④Tom,間接賓語it,直接賓語⑤me,間接賓語