Electricitytransmissiontariffsforlarge-scalewind

powerconsumptioninwesternGansuprovince,ChinaAbstractLarge-scalewindpowertransmissionpresentsthepowersystemwithseveralchallenges.Thedeterminationofthetransmissiontariffandthecost-sharingissuearepotentialobstacleswhichmayinfluencethedevelopmentofwindpower.Thispaperanalysestheincrementalcosttothepowersystemforlong-distancetransmissionofwindpower,considersthefixedandvariablepropertiesoftheincrementalcostandtheriskoffluctuationsinthecost,andestablishesacomprehensiverisk-basedpricingmodelforlong-distancetransmissionoflarge-scalewindpowerelectricity.GansuProvinceinChinahasabundantwindresources,soweusetheJiuquanwindpowerintegrationandthe±800kVGansu-Zhuzhoudirectcurrent(DC)powertransmissionasexamplestotestthevalidityofthemodel.Theconclusionsareasfollows:theallowancesforaccessgridconnectioncostshouldbeseparatelyestimatedforthelarge-scalewindpowerbaseandlong-distancetransmission;andthelong-distancetransmissionpricingoflarge-scalewindpowershouldapplyatwo-partelectricitytransmissionpricingsystem,inordertoeliminatethevolatilityriskinherentineachsimpleallocationmethod,andthefixedandvariablecharacteristicsofthetransmissioncost.Thetransmissionpricemustincludecompensationfordepreciation,operationandmaintenancecosts,andalsoareasonablereturnoninvestment,inordertoofferaneffectiveincentiveandguidancemechanismforenterprises9businessdevelopment.Keywords

Large-scalewindpower;Long-distancetransmission;Transmissiontariff;Incrementalcost;Risk中國甘肅省西部的大型風力發(fā)電關于電力傳輸?shù)氖召M問題摘要=1I三」電力系統(tǒng)中的大型風力發(fā)電傳動提出了一些挑戰(zhàn)。電能傳輸?shù)氖召M標準的確定和共享的成本是阻礙風電發(fā)展的潛在因素。本文分析了以風力發(fā)電遠程傳輸電能到電力系統(tǒng)的增量成本，考慮固定及增量成本和成本波動的風險變量的因素，并建立了一個大型風力發(fā)電遠程傳輸綜合風險定價模型。甘肅省具有豐富的風力資源，所以我們以酒泉的風電整合和±800kV甘肅株洲直流（DC）=1I三」單的分配方法所產(chǎn)生的固定波動的風險，和固定傳輸成本的變化。輸電價格必須包括折舊補償，運行和維護成本，及合理的投資回報，這是提供企業(yè)業(yè)務發(fā)展的一種有效的激勵和引導的機制。關鍵詞?大范圍的風能?長距離傳輸?輸送電能的收費?增加的成本?風險1.IntroductionWith7GWwindpowerbasesnowbeingpromoted,Chinesewindpowerdevelopmentisswitchingtoultra-large-scale,high-concentrationdevelopmentandlong-distancetransmission,resultinginagreaterthanexpectedincreaseintransmissioncosts[1].Currently,theChinesetransmissionanddistributiontariffhasnoclearindependentpricingmechanism.Itismainlyreflectedbythedifferencebetweentheretailtariffsetbythegovernmentandthegenerationtariffalsosetbythegovernment.However,withtheaccelerationofgridconstruction,thelowtransmissionanddistributiontariffseemsincreasinglycontradictory.Theconsequenceisthattheelectricitypricingmechanismcannotfullycompensatethegridcompany,thepowernetworkcostcannotbeincorporatedintotheretailtariffandtheenthusiasmforwindpowerconsumptionisaffectedbytheimpropertransmissionanddistributiontariff.Inaddition,thelowtransmissionanddistributiontariffisactuallyconcealinginflation;thismaydampentheenthusiasmofpowerinvestorsandproducers,causingaslowdowningridconstruction,andcontinuouspowersupplytension,andfinallyaffectingthesecurity,stability,andultimatelytheorderlyandefficientoperationofthegridsystemasawhole.Theformulationofanallowancestandardforwindpowergridconnectionwasbasedonthedispersiveaccessmodeloftraditionalwindpower.Infact,thisstandardwasinlinewiththeactualsituationofwindpowerdevelopmentatthetimeitwasformulated,anditcannotfullymeetthecurrentandfuturedemandforwindpowerdevelopmentinChina[2].Currently,therearevarioustransmissionanddistributionpricingmethods.Theseincluderolled-intransmissionpricingmethods,suchasthepostagestamp,MW-Mile,andcontractpathmethod.Onthisbasis,Xiaetal.[3]proposedanewtransmissionanddistributionpricingmethodbasedontheoptimalsupply-demandmatchandMWMile,toachieveareasonableapportionmentofdistance-relatedtransmissioncost.Qiaoetal.[4]calculatedtheshareofuseofthecentralChinapowergridthroughtheanalysisoftrendsandtradingcontracts.Theotherkindofpricingmethodisthemarginalcostpricingmethod.Zhangetal.[5]pricedeachtransmissionlinebyusingthemarginalcostpricingmethod,anddeterminingthetransmissioncost-sharingcoefficientbasedonapowerflowtracingmethod.Zhangetal.,Rengetal.andChungetal.[6],[7]and[8]calculatedtheactivepowerpriceandthereactivepowerpricethroughusingthemarginalcostmethod,takingintoaccounttherecoveryandinvestmentoffixedassets,toensurethegrid'spaymentbalance.Lietal.[9]calculatedusers’cost-sharingchangesbasedonthemarginalnetlosscoefficientmethod,calculatedtheadditionalcostbyusingthemarginalcostmethod,anddeterminedtheusers’costbyjudgingwhetherthemarginalchangesinthetradingvolumeexceedthemaximumcapacityofdevices.TarjeiKristiansen[10]madeacomparisonofthreetransmissionpricingmodels:theWangensteenmodel,theoptimalpowerflowmodelandtheHoganmodel,andfoundthatthreemodelshavedifferentapplications:theWangensteenmodelisusedforeducationalpurposes,theoptimalpowerflowmodelhasbeenwidelyusedinelectricalengineeringanddispatchofpowersystems,andHogan'smodelisaneconomist'sversionoftheoptimalpowerflowmodel.Thestudiesabovefocusonconventionalmethodsoftransmissionanddistributionpricing.Althoughtherearesomedifferencesinthetransmissionanddistributionpricingmechanismsforrenewableenergysourcessuchaswindpower,thestudiesabovecanalsogivesomesuggestions.Forexample,therecoveryanddepreciationofinvestmentshouldbeconsideredinwindpowertransmissionanddistributionpricing,andthepowerflowtracingmethodcanbeusedtodeterminethetransmissioncost-sharingcoefficientssoastoensurethepowergrid'spaymentbalance.Atpresent,somescholarsarestudyinglarge-scalewindpower,aswellaswindpowergridconnectionpricingmethods.Daleetal.[11]mainlystudiedtheimpactoflong-distancelarge-scalewindpowerconsumptionontheoperationcost,pointingoutthattheproportionofwindpowerinthepowerresourceiscloselyrelatedtotheproportionofadditionalsparecapacityprovidedforwindfarms’ratedcapacity,andthereservecostcanbedeterminedcorrespondingly.Swideretal.andBarthetal.[12]and[13]proposedthreekindsofwindpowercost-sharingmethods:deep,shallowandultra-shallow,whichcangivedifferentdefinitionsforthedevelopersandtheassociatedcostofpowergridconstructioninwindpowerprojectsrespectively.Hilletal.[14]studiedtheexternalissuesofrenewableenergypricing,andputforwardtheideathattheproductioncostofrenewableenergyelectricitycouldbeallocatedforallenergyproductsthroughreasonabletaxcollectionandsubsidies.Andrewetal.[15]studiedthecostoftransmissionforwindpowerintheUnitedStates,developedabetterunderstandingofthetransmissioncostsandgainedabetterappreciationofthedifferencesintransmissionplanningapproaches.Theyconcludedthatthemediancostoftransmissionfromallscenariosis$300/kW,roughly1520%ofthecostofbuildingawindproject.Abdala[16]mentionedthatanumberofelementsshouldbeusedtosettransmissionpricesonexistingcapacity,suchaslinelosses,operatingandmaintenancecosts,re-dispatchinggenerationcosts,networkrevenuequalityofsupplyandreconciliation.revenueInsummary,currentstudiesonlarge-scalewindpowertransmissionpricingmethodsmainlyfocusonthedistributionoftheadditionalcostcausedbywindpowergridintegration,andthemarketmechanismsandfiscalpolicywhichareadaptedtoit[17]and[18].Thesestudiesdiscusstheimpactofwindpowergridintegrationontransmissionanddistributionlinksfromdifferentperspectives,buttheyhavenottakenintoaccountthatlarge-scalewindpowerbaseinGansuProvinceisconcentratedineconomicallybackwardregionswhicharefarawayfromloadcentres.Therefore,thewindpowerneedstobetransmittedlongdistancestoloadcentreslocatedineconomicallydevelopedareas,whichrequiresalargeamountofconstruction investment, andthetransmission costwill significantly

increasecorrespondingly.Basedontheincrementalanalysis,thispaperexaminestheincrementalcosttotheelectricpowersystemcausedbythelong-distancetransmissionoflarge-scalewindpower,consideringthefixedandvariablepropertiesofthatincrementalcost,andtheriskfromcostfluctuations,toestablishanelectricitytransmissionpricingmodelbasedontheriskcost.Ittookthelong-distancetransmissionofwindpowerinGansuProvinceasanexampletoverifythevalidityofthemodel.1.介紹=1中國目前正在建設容量為7千兆瓦的風能發(fā)電廠，目的是為了向超大風能發(fā)電容量、大容量和長距離傳輸方面發(fā)展，但產(chǎn)生的傳輸成本比預期的增加了很多［1］。目前，中國的輸配電的電價沒有明確獨立的定價標準機制。因為不同地區(qū)不同省的政府制定的收費標準不同。然而，隨=1著電網(wǎng)建設的加速，低壓輸配電電價似乎越來越無法制定相同的收費標準。其結果是，電力定價機制產(chǎn)生的效益不能完全補償電網(wǎng)投資的成本，電網(wǎng)的成本不能被納入的零售電價對風能發(fā)電的前景沒有影響。此外，較低的輸配電電價實際上是在掩蓋通貨膨脹，這可能降低電力投資者的積極性，使電網(wǎng)建設放緩，并產(chǎn)生供電緊張，最終影響到供電的安全性、穩(wěn)定性，對最終建設有序、高效的電力網(wǎng)絡產(chǎn)生致命傷害。對風電并網(wǎng)補貼標準的制定是基于傳統(tǒng)的風力分散的定價模型。事實上，這個標準是制定當時的風電發(fā)展實際情況，并不能完全適應今后中國風能發(fā)電的發(fā)展需求［2］。目前，有各種各樣的定價輸配電價的方法。這些定價方法包括推出，如發(fā)行郵票，按MW/英里計算電價和合同等合法路徑。在此基礎上，Xia等人［3］提出了一個新的在輸送和分布的基礎上以最優(yōu)供需匹配和MW/英里的定價方法，以達到一個合理的輸電成本的分攤。Qiao等人覺得［4］國家電網(wǎng)的共享是通過對發(fā)展趨勢的分析和貿易合同的使用。另一種是邊際成本定價的方法。這種［5］是根據(jù)單根輸電線路采用邊際

l=J成本定價的方法，與基于潮流追蹤法確定輸電費用分攤系數(shù)相配合。Zhang[6],Reng[7].和Chung等人[8]通過采用邊際成本定價方法計算有功功率的價格和功的價格，考慮固定資產(chǎn)投資的收益，以確保電網(wǎng)收支平衡.。Li等人[9]以邊際網(wǎng)損系數(shù)為基礎計算用戶分擔成本的變化，利用邊際成本法計算額外成本，并通過判斷在交易量的邊際變化范圍內是否超過設備的最大容量，以此來確定用戶的成本?？死锼固股璠10]建立了三個輸電定價模型：旺根斯滕模型，最優(yōu)潮流模型和霍根模型。結果發(fā)現(xiàn)這三種模型有不同的應用范圍：旺根斯滕模型適用于教育方面，最優(yōu)潮流模型已被廣泛應用在電氣工程和電力系統(tǒng)的調度方面，霍根的模型則是一個經(jīng)濟學方面的最優(yōu)潮流模型版本。上述研究在傳統(tǒng)的輸配電定價方法中有重要地