大學(xué)英語四級真題試卷及答案（三套全）大學(xué)英語四級真題試卷及答案（三套全）第第#頁共34頁I"vemadecountlessbabyblankets,sweaters,scarves,hats,capsfornewborns.Itakeaknittingprojectwithmeeverywhere,especiallywhenIhavetositstillandlisten.AsIdiscoveredincollege,whenmyhandsarebusy,mymindstaysfocusedonthehereandnow.Itseems,too,thatI"mpartofanationalrenewalofinterestinneedleandotherhandicrafts（手工藝）.TheCraftYarnCouncilreportsthatathirdofwomenages25-35nowknitorcrochet.Evenmenandschoolchildrenareswellingtheranks,amongthemmyfriend"sthreesmallgrandsons.LastApril,thecouncilcreatedaStitchAwayStress”campaigninhonorofNationalStressAwarenessMonth.Dr.HerbertBenson,apioneerinmind/bodymedicineandauthorofTheRelaxationResponse,saysthattherepetitiveactionofneedleworkcaninducearelaxedstatelikethatassociatedwithmeditation（沉思）andyoga.Onceyougetbeyondtheinitiallearningcurve,knittingandcrochetingcanlowerheartrateandbloodpressure.[E]Butunlikemeditation,craftactivitiesresultintangibleandoftenusefulproductsthatcanenhanceself-esteem.Ikeepphotosofmysingularaccomplishmentsonmycellphonetoboostmyspiritswhenneeded.[F]Sincethe1990s,thecouncilhassurveyedhundredsofthousandsofknittersandcrocheters,whoroutinelyliststressreliefandcreativefulfillmentastheactivities"mainbenefits.Amongthemisthefatherofaprematurelyborndaughterwhoreportedthatduringthebaby5sfiveweeksintheintensivecareunit,“l(fā)earninghowtoknitinfanthatsgavemeasenseofpurposeduringatimethatIfeltveryhelpless.It"sahobbythatI"vestuckwith,anditcontinues;tohelpmecopewithstressatwork,provideasenseoforderinhecticJ忙舌L的）days,andallowmybraintimetosolveproblems.""Arecentemailfromtheyarn（紡紗）companyRedHearttitled“HealthBenefitsofCrochetingandKnitting”promptedmetoexplorewhatelsemightbeknownaboutthehealthvalueofactivitieslikeknitting.Myresearchrevealedthattherewardsgowellbeyondreplacingstressandanxietywiththesatisfactionofcreation.[H]Forexample,KarenHayes,alifecoachinToronto,conductsknittingtherapyprograms,includingKnittoQuittohelpsmokersgiveupthehabit,andKnittoHealforpeoplecopingwithhealthcrises,likeacancerdiagnosisorseriousillnessofafamilymember.Schoolsandprisonswithcraftprogramsreportthattheyhaveacalmingeffectandenhancesocialskills.Andhavingtofollowinstructionsoncomplexcraftprojectscanimprovechildren"smathskills.[I]Somepeoplefindthatcraftworkhelpsthemcontroltheirweight.Justasit"schallengingtosmokewhileknitting,whenhandsareholdingneedlesandhooks，there,slesssnackingandmindlesseatingoutofboredom.I"vefoundthatmyhandiworkwithyamhashelpedmyarthritic（患關(guān)節(jié)炎的）fingersremainmoredexterous（靈巧的）asIage.AwomanencouragedtotryknittingandcrochetingafterdevelopinganautoimmunediseasethatcausedalotofhandpainreportedontheCraftYamCouncilsitethatherhandsarenowlessstiffandpainful.A2009UniversityofBritishColumbiastudyof38womenwithaneatingdisorderwhoweretaughttoknitfoundthatlearningthecraftledtosignificantimprovements.Seventy-fourpercentofthewomensaidtheactivitylessenedtheirfearsandkeptthemfromthinkingabouttheirproblem.BetsanCorkhill,awellnesscoachinBath,England,andauthorofthebookKnitforHealth&Wellness，establishedawebsite,Stitchlinks,toexplorethevalueofwhatshecallstherapeuticknitting.Amongherrespondents,54percentofthosewhowereclinicallydepressedsaidthatknittingmadethemfeelhappyorveryhappy.Inastudyof60self-selectedpeoplewithpersistentpain,Ms.Corkhillandcolleaguesreportedthatknittingenabledthemtoredirecttheirfocus,reducingtheirawarenessofpain.Shesuggestedthatthebraincanprocessjustsomuchatonce,andthatactivitieslikeknittingandcrochetingmakeitharderforthebraintoregisterpainsignals.Perhapsmostexcitingisresearchthatsuggeststhatcraftslikeknittingandcrochetingmayhelptokeepoffadeclineinbrainfunctionwithage.Ina2011study,researchersledbyDr.YonasGedaattheMayoClinicinRochesterinterviewedarandom隨機的）sampleof1,321peopleages70-89,mostofwhomwerecognitively（在認知方面）normal,aboutthecognitiveactivitiestheyengagedinlateinlife.Thestudy,publishedintheJournalofNeuropsychiatry&ClinicalNeurosciences,foundthatthosewhoengagedincraftslikeknittingandcrochetinghadadiminishedchanceofdevelopingmildcognitivedisorderandmemoryloss.Althoughitispossiblethatonlypeoplewhoarecognitivelyhealthywouldpursuesuchactivities,thosewhoreadnewspapersormagazinesorplayedmusicdidnotshowsimilarbenefits.Theresearchersspeculatethatcraftactivitiespromotethedevelopmentofnervepathwaysinthebrainthathelptomaintaincognitivehealth.Insupportofthatsuggestion,a2014studybyDeniseC.ParkoftheUniversityofTexasatDallasandcolleaguesdemonstratedthatlearningtoknitordodigitalphotographyenhancedmemoryfunctioninolderadults.Thosewhoengagedinactivitiesthatwerenotintellectuallychallenging,eitherinasocialgrouporalone，didnotshowsuchimprovements.Giventhatsustainedsocialcontactshavebeenshowntosupporthealthandalonglife,thosewishingtomaximizethehealthvalueofcraftsmightconsiderjoiningagroupoflike-mindedfolks.Iforonetrynottomissasingleweeklymeetingofmyknittinggroup.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whentheauthorwasacollegestudent,shefoundthatknittinghelpedherconcentrate.Knittingcanhelppeoplestayawayfromtobacco.Evenmenandchildrenarenowjoiningthearmyofknitters.Beingamemberofacraftsgroupenhancesone"shealthandprolongsone"slife.Knittingdivertspeople9sattentionfromtheirpain.Theauthorlearnttoknitasateenager,butitwasnotuntilshewasmucholderthatshebecamekeenlyinterested.Whenpeopleareknitting,theytendtoeatfewersnacks.Surveyfindingsshowthatknittingcanhelppeoplerelievestress.Accordingtoastudy,knittersandcrochetersarelesslikelytosuffermildcognitivedamage.Theproductsofknittingcanincreaseone"ssenseof self-respect.SectionCDirections:Thereare2passagesinthissection.Eachpassageisfollowedbysomequestionsorunfinishedstatements.ForeachofthemtherearefourchoicesmarkedA),B),C)andD).YoushoulddecideonthebestchoiceandmarkthecorrespondingletteronAnswerSheet2withasinglelinethroughthecentre.PassageOneQuestions46to50arebasedonthefollowingpassage.NobodyreallyknowshowbigLagosis.What"sindisputableisthatit"sgrowingveryquickly.Betweennowand2050,theurbanpopulationofAfricacouldtriple.Yetcitiesinsub-SaharanAfricaarenotgettingricherthewaycitiesintherestoftheworldhave.MosturbanAfricansliveinslums(貧民窟)；migrantsareoftennotmuchbetteroffthantheywereinthecountryside.Why?Theimmediateproblemispoverty.MostofAfricaisurbanisingatalowerlevelofincomethanotherregionsoftheworlddid.Thatmeansthere"slittlemoneyaroundforinvestmentthatwouldmakecitiesliveableandmoreproductive.Withoutupgradesandnewcapacity,bridges,roadsandpowersystemsareunabletocopewithexpandingpopulations.WiththeexceptionofSouthAfrica,theonlylightrailmetrosysteminsub-SaharanAfricaisinAddisAbaba,Ethiopia.Trafficjamleadstoexpenseandunpredictability,thingsthatkeepinvestorsaway.Inotherpartsoftheworld,increasingagriculturalproductivityandindustrialisationwenttogether.Moreproductivefarmersmeanttherewasasurplusthatcouldfeedcities；inturn,thatcreatedapooloflabourforfactories.ButAfricancitiesaredifferent.Theyaretoooftenbuiltaroundconsumingnaturalresources.Governmentisconcentratedincapitals,soisthemoney.MosturbanAfricansworkforasmallminorityoftherich,whotendtobeinvolvedineithercronyish(有裙帶關(guān)系的)businessesorpolitics.SinceAfricanagricultureisstillbroadlyunproductive,foodisimported,consumingaportionofrevenue.Sowhatcanbedone?ThroughAfricancountriesarepoor,notallAfricancitiesare.InLagos,foreignoilworkerscanpayasmuchas$65,000peryearinrentforamodestapartmentinasafepartoftown.Ifthatincomewerebettertaxed,itmightprovidetherevenueforbetterinfrastructure.Ifcityleadersweremoreaccountabletotheirresidents,theymightfavourprojectsdesignedtohelpthemmore.Yetevenasnewroadsarebuilt,newpeoplearrive.Whenacity"spopulationgrowsby5%ayear,itisdifficulttokeepup.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。Whatdowelearnfromthepassageaboutcitiesinsub-SaharanAfrica?Theyhavemoreslumsthanothercitiesintheworld.Theyaregrowingfastwithoutbecomingricher.Theyareasmodernisedasmanycitieselsewhere.Theyattractmigrantswhowanttobebetteroff.Whatdoestheauthorimplyabouturbanisationinotherpartsoftheworld?Itbenefitedfromthecontributionofimmigrants.Itstartedwhenpeople*incomewasrelativelyhigh.Itbenefitedfromtheacceleratedriseinproductivity.Itstartedwiththeimprovementofpeople*livelihood.Whyissub-SaharanAfricaunappealingtoinvestors?Itlacksadequatetransportfacilities.Thelivingexpensestherearetoohigh.Itisonthewholetoodenselypopulated.Thelocalgovernmentsarecorrupted.InwhatwaydoestheauthorsayAfricancitiesaredifferent?Theyhaveattractedhugenumbersoffarmlabourers.Theystillrelyheavilyonagriculturalproductivity.Theyhavedevelopedattheexpenseofnature.Theydependfarmoreonforeigninvestment.WhatmightbeasolutiontotheproblemsfacingAfricancities?Loweringofapartmentrent.Bettereducationforresidents.Morerationaloverallplanning.Amoreresponsiblegovernment.PassageTwoQuestions51to55arebasedonthefollowingpassage.Forthepastseveraldecades,itseemsthere"sbeenageneralconsensusonhowtogetaheadinAmerica:Getacollegeeducation,findareliablejob,andbuyyourownhome.ButdoAmericansstillbelieveinthatpath,andiftheydo,isitattainable?ThemostrecentNationalJournalpollaskedrespondentsabouttheAmericandream,whatittakestoachievetheirgoals,andwhetherornottheyfeltasignificantamountofcontrolovertheirabilitytobesuccessful.Overwhelmingly,theresultsshowthattoday,theideaoftheAmericandream—andwhatittakestoachieveit一looksquitedifferentthanitdidinthelate20thcentury.Byandlarge,peoplefeltthattheiractionsandhardwork—notoutsideforces—werethedecidingfactorinhowtheirlivesturnedout.Butrespondentshaddecidedlymixedfeelingsaboutwhatactionsmakeforabetterlifeinthecurrenteconomy.Inthelastsevenyears，Americanshavegrownmorepessimisticaboutthepowerofeducationtoleadtosuccess.Eventhoughtheyseegoingtocollegeasafairlyachievablegoal,amajority—52percent—thinkthatyoungpeopledonotneedafour-yearcollegeeducationinordertobesuccessful.MiguelMaeda,42,whohasamaster'sdegreeandworksinpublichealth,wasthefirstinhisfamilytogotocollege,whichhasallowedhimtoachieveasenseoffinancialstabilityhisparentsandgrandparentsneverdid.Whilesome,likeMaeda,emphasizedthevalueofthedegreeratherthantheeducationitself,othersstillseecollegeasawaytogainnewperspectivesandlifeexperiences.Sixty-year-oldWillFendley,whohadasuccessfulcareerinthemilitaryandneverearnedacollegedegree,thinks“personaldrive”isfarmoreimportantthanjustgoingtocollege.ToFendley,asenseofdriveandpurpose,aswellasaneffectivehigh-schooleducation,andbasiclifeskills,likebalancingacheckbook,arethenecessaryingredientsforasuccessfullifeinAmerica.注意：此部分試題請在答題卡2上作答。ItusedtobecommonlyacknowledgedthattosucceedinAmerica,onehadtohave.anadvancedacademicdegreeanambitiontogetaheadafirmbeliefintheirdreamasenseofdriveandpurposeWhatisthefindingofthelatestNationalJournalpollconcerningtheAmericandream?MoreandmoreAmericansa