GrammarGrammar1

現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法異同歷來是學(xué)習(xí)中的難點和高考測試的重點。眾所周知，兩種分詞的區(qū)別很多，但它們之間的根本區(qū)別是：

過去分詞在時態(tài)上強調(diào)動作已經(jīng)完成，在語態(tài)上側(cè)重于被動；而現(xiàn)在分詞在時態(tài)上強調(diào)動作正在進行，在語態(tài)上側(cè)重于主動。

現(xiàn)在分詞與過去分詞現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞的用法異同歷來是學(xué)習(xí)中的難2兩者之間的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和語態(tài)上：（1）在時態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表示正在進行，而過去分詞表示已經(jīng)完成。（2）在語態(tài)上：現(xiàn)在分詞表示主動；而過去分詞表示被動?？傊?，現(xiàn)在分詞表主動、進行；

過去分詞表被動、完成。在句法功能上它們都可以作定語、表語、狀語和賓補，它們的具體區(qū)別如下：兩者之間的區(qū)別主要體現(xiàn)在時態(tài)和語態(tài)上：3一、分詞作定語

共同點：分詞作定語時，如果分詞只是一個單詞，那么，該分詞就位于其所修飾的名詞之前；如果是分詞短語，那么，該短語就位于其所修飾的名詞之后，它的作用相當(dāng)于一個定語從句。

不同點：分詞作定語時，被分詞所修飾的名詞就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞與邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，一、分詞作定語共同點：分詞作定語時，如果分詞41、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進行的動作，或表示經(jīng)常性的動作,或現(xiàn)在(或當(dāng)時)的狀態(tài)；2、過去分詞作定語時，過去分詞所表示的動作可以在謂語所表示的動作之前發(fā)生，也可以是沒有一定的時間性。Themeetingheldlastweekisveryimportant.Tellthechildrenplayingtherenottomakesomuchnoise.Theylivedinaroomfacing(=thatfaced)thesouth.Ihatetoseeletterswritteninpencil.1、現(xiàn)在分詞作定語表示正在進行的動作，或表示經(jīng)常性的動作,51.Therewasaterriblenoise____thesuddenburstoflight.

A.followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowed

簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，句子后半部分是一個作定語、修飾noise的分詞短語；再根據(jù)句意“一陣閃電之后，接著就是一聲巨響。”可知，巨響應(yīng)是主動，緊接在閃電之后的。因此，該題應(yīng)選B。2.TheOlympicGames,____in776B.C.,didn’tincludewomenuntil1912.

A.firstplaying B.tobefirstplayedC.firstplayed D.tobeplaying

簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分是一個作定語、修飾TheOlympicGames的后置分詞短語；再根據(jù)TheOlympicGames對于動詞play來說只能是被動承受，且已完成(in776B.C.)。因此，該題應(yīng)選C。3.What’sthelanguage____inGermany?A.speakingB.spokenC.bespokenD.tospeak

簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動，等于定語從句whichisspoken1.Therewasaterriblenoise_64.Mostofthepeople____tothepartywerefamousscientists.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.inviting簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動，等于定語從句whowereinvited5.Mostoftheartists____tothepartywerefromSouthAfrica.A.invitedB.toinviteC.beinginvitedD.hadbeeninvited簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動，等于定語從句whowereinvited6.Thecomputercentre,____lastyear,isverypopularamongthestudentsinthisschool.A.openB.openingC.havingopenedD.opened簡析：該題應(yīng)選D。測試過去分詞短語作定語放在所修飾的名詞后，可以用非限制性定語從句“whichwasopenedlastyear”代替7.Thefirsttextbooks____forteachingEnglishasaforeignlanguagecameoutinthe16thcentury.A.havingwrittenB.tobewrittenC.beingwrittenD.written簡析：該題應(yīng)選D。測試過去分詞作后置定語表達被動，等于定語從句whichwerewritten4.Mostofthepeople____tot7二、分詞作表語

共同點：分詞作表語時，它起著形容詞的作用。

不同點：分詞作表語時，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞作表語時，與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作的一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。二、分詞作表語共同點：分詞作表語時，它起著形8現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩?；過去分詞多表示主語所處的狀態(tài)?，F(xiàn)在分詞表示“令人…的”，過去分詞表示“感到…”.常見的分詞有：amazed/amazing,excited/exciting,bored/boring,annoyed/annoying,interested/interesting,pleased/pleasing,tired/tiring,surprised/surprising,worried/worrying,satisfied/satisfying,amused/amusingThenewswas

exciting.Heappeared

satisfied

withmyanswer.現(xiàn)在分詞多表示主語所具有的特征或?qū)傩裕贿^去分詞多表示主語所處91.Thisnewssounds____.A.encouragingB.encouragedC.encourageD.toencourage簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分在句中應(yīng)作表語，因為sounds在此句中用作連系動詞；再根據(jù)Thenews對于動詞encourage來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系，即這個消息本身就鼓舞人心。因此，該題應(yīng)選A。2.-HowdidBobdointheexamsthistime?-Well,hisfatherseems____withhisresults.A.pleasingB.pleaseC.pleasedD.toplease簡析：首先,根據(jù)語法分析可知,待選部分在句中應(yīng)作表語。因為seems在此句中用作連系動詞;再根據(jù)hisfather對于動詞please來說應(yīng)是被動關(guān)系,即這個結(jié)果使他的父親高興;換言之,他的父親因為受到這個結(jié)果的刺激而感到高興。因此,該題應(yīng)選C。3.-Howdidtheaudiencereceivethenewplay?-Theygotvery____.A.exciteB.excitedC.excitedlyD.exciting簡析：該題應(yīng)選B。測試他們被那出新戲所打動。1.Thisnewssounds____.10三、分詞作賓語補足語

共同點：分詞在復(fù)合賓語中可作賓語補足語，對句子的賓語起補充或說明作用。

不同點：分詞作賓語補足語時，句子的賓語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生在謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。三、分詞作賓語補足語共同點：分詞在復(fù)合賓語中11現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的賓語是主動關(guān)系，它所表示的動作往往正在進行；過去分詞與句子的賓語是被動關(guān)系，它所表示的動作往往已經(jīng)完成。Ifoundthempaintingthewindows.

（現(xiàn)在分詞表主動、進行）Ifoundthewindowspainted.

（過去分詞表被動、完成）現(xiàn)在分詞與句子的賓語是主動關(guān)系，它所表示的動作往往正在進行；12see/hear/listento/feel/notice/lookat/watch…+賓語+doing（在進行中的動作）/done（被動）/

do（過程/發(fā)生過）

Isawhimopenthedoorandentertheroom.(被動時：

Hewasseentoopen…)Isawhimcrossingtheroad.(被動時：

Hewasseencrossingtheroad.)Isawhimknockedoverbyarunningcar.(被動時：

Hewasseenknocked…)下面是幾個常見的動詞用法：感官動詞(三者的區(qū)別)see/hear/listento/feel13Iwillhavemywatch_________.（讓我的手表被修理。）

havethepatient_____________(operate)onHehadtheboy_______(do)thework.（動作是boy發(fā)出的，表示某一次情況）

Hehadthestudents_________(go)thereatonce.Hehadme_________(wait)foranhour.Theyhadthefire_________(burn)allthetime.2.have

sbdo/doing/sthdonerepairedoperated

dowaitinggoburning（強調(diào)總是，所以用burning）Iwillhavemywatch_________.14～

himquitesurprised～theroom

_______(break)into～him______(lie)inbed～manythings________(miss)

～himself__________________(lookafter)byanurse

～him________(change)completely（表示變了的）

～thecolor________(change)（表示顏色在慢慢變化）

3.findsbdoing/sthdonebrokenlyingmissing（尤其要注意missing和lost的用法）being

looked

afterchangedchanging～himquitesurprised3.find15withtheradioturnedon

withthedoor_______(close)withhiseyes_______(shut)withthehands______(tie)withthelightburning

withsweats_______(burn)downherface4.with+O+分詞作補語分清主動和被動withalotofhomeworktodo比較：closedshuttiedrunningwiththeradioturnedon4.wi165.makesbdo/done

分別表示主動和被動

Ican'tmakemyselfunderstood/heard

.6.catchsbdoing

當(dāng)場抓住某人在干什么Hewascaughtcheatingintheexam..5.makesbdo/done分別表示主動和被動6177.

leavesbdoing任憑某人做某事leavesth

done

使某事被做

keepsbdoing讓某人一直做某事keepsthdone

使某事被做Leavethebabycrying

leaveyourworkhalf

doneKeepmewaiting

for

half

an

hour

Keepthewindow

locked7.leavesbdoing任憑某人做某事Leave181.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman____inbed,dead.A.lyingB.lieC.layD.laying簡析:首先,根據(jù)語法分析可知,待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補,補充說明賓語theman;再根據(jù)賓語theman對于動詞lie來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系,而且,lie這個動作與謂語動詞found同時進行。因此,該題應(yīng)選A。2.-Goodmorning.CanIhelpyou?-I’dliketohavethepackage____,madam.A.beweighedB.tobeweighedC.toweighD.weighed簡析:首先,根據(jù)語法分析可知,待選部分在句中應(yīng)作賓補,補充說明賓語thepackage;再根據(jù)thepackage對于動詞weigh來說,只能是被動關(guān)系。因此，該題應(yīng)選D。1.Thenextmorningshefoundt193.IcanhardlyimaginePeter____acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.A.sail B.sailing C.tosailD.tohavesailed簡析:該題應(yīng)選B。測試動詞imagine后要求跟動名詞,Peter是動名詞的邏輯主語。4.Ifyouwaveyourbookinfrontofyourface,youcanfeeltheair____againstyourface.A.movedB.movingC.movesD.tomove簡析:該題應(yīng)選B。測試使役動詞后用現(xiàn)在分詞作賓補表示賓語正發(fā)出的動作。3.IcanhardlyimaginePeter20四、分詞作狀語

共同點：分詞作狀語時，一般在句子中作時間、原因、方式或伴隨等狀語。

不同點：分詞作狀語時，句子的主語就是該分詞的邏輯主語。但現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語時，與其邏輯主語之間是主動關(guān)系，所表示的動作一般與句中謂語動詞所表示的動作同時發(fā)生；而過去分詞則表示被動關(guān)系，所示動作一般發(fā)生謂語動詞之前或同時發(fā)生。四、分詞作狀語共同點：分詞作狀語時，一般在句21

主動被動肯定否定肯定否定一般doingnotdoingbeingdonenotbeingdone完成havingdonenot

havingdonehaving

been

donenothavingbeendone

donenotdone分詞的形式

以上表格需牢牢記??！

主動被動肯定否定肯定否定一般doingnotdoingb22

形式與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系與句子謂動時間先后doinghavingdonebeingdonehavingbeendonedone主謂關(guān)系（主動）同時或基本同時發(fā)生主謂關(guān)系（主動）先于謂語動作的發(fā)生動賓（被動）關(guān)系同時或基本同時發(fā)生動賓（被動）關(guān)系先于謂語動作的發(fā)生動賓（被動）關(guān)系**現(xiàn)在分詞各種形式所表示的含義形式與句子主語的邏輯關(guān)系與句子謂動時間先后doingha23分詞各種形式的意義：doing表示主動的動作，又經(jīng)常發(fā)生或者正在發(fā)生的含義；havingdone也表示主動，但是強調(diào)已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作（或者動作有明顯的先后順序）；Theroadleadingtotheparkwasbuiltlastyear.Theboystandingthereismybrother.===Theroadwhichleadstotheparkwasbuilt….===Theboywhoisstandingthereismy…Havingfinishedmyhomework,IwatchedTV.Havingstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowstheplaceverywell.

===AfterIfinishedmyhomework,Iwatched…===Becausehehasstudiedintheuniversityfor3years,heknowsthe…比較：Hearingthenews,hejumpedwithjoy.分詞各種形式的意義：doing表示主動的動作，又經(jīng)常發(fā)生或者24beingdone表示被動動作，同時表示正在進行的動作；havingbeendone表示被動，表示明顯的先后或者已經(jīng)發(fā)生的動作（通常要找到相應(yīng)的時間副詞）；Havingbeentoldmanytimes,hestillcouldnotunderstandit.==Althoughhehadbeentoldmanytimes,hestill….Havingbeenshownthelabs,theguestswereaskedtovisittheoffices.==Aftertheguestshadbeenshown/wereshownthelabs,theywereasked…Thehousebeingbuiltnowwillbeourofficebuilding.==Thehousewhichisbeingbuiltnowwillbeour….Beingpainted,theroomgivesoutabadsmell.==Becausetheroomisbeingpainted,itgivesouta…beingdone表示被動動作，同時表示正在進行的動作；h25每個分詞的用法都遵循以上規(guī)則。done一般僅僅表示被動（過去的某次，或者經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作），偶爾也表示完成的動作(不表示被動—Vi）。Themeetingheldyesterdayisveryimportant.==Themeetingwhichwasheldyesterdayis…Seenfromthehill,thecitylooksmagnificent.==Whenthecityisseenfromthehill,itlooksmagnificent.

比較:themeetingbeingheldnow

themeetingtobeheldtomorrowadevelopedcountry==acountrywhichhasdevelopedTherisen

sun==thesunwhichhasrisen每個分詞的用法都遵循以上規(guī)則。done一般僅僅表示被動（過去26分詞作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情景，表示時間、條件、原因、讓步、伴隨情況等。一般說來，這一結(jié)構(gòu)的邏輯主語是主句的主語,而句子本身可與狀語從句等句型轉(zhuǎn)換。分詞作狀語，修飾謂語，大多說明動作發(fā)生的背景或情景，表示時間271.Whenweheardthenews,wejumpedwithjoy.

=Hearingthenews,wejumpedwithjoy.2.Whenitisheated,themetalexpands.Heated,themetalexpands.3.Becausehedidn‘tknowhowtodoit,hewenttohisfatherforhelp.=Notknowinghowtodoit,hewenttohisfatherforhelp.4.Astheyweredeeplymoved,thechildrenbegantocry.=

Deeplymoved

bythestory,thechildrenbegantocry.“主動”“被動”表示時間表示原因=1.Whenweheardthenews,wej285.________(look)outofthewindow,youcanhaveafullviewofthebeach.=Ifyoulookoutofthewindow,youcanhaveafullviewofthebeach.6._______(keep)inrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.

=If

theyarekeptinrefrigerator,thesevegetableswillremainfresh.表示條件LookingKept5.________(look)outofthew297.Thechildrenrushedout,shoutingandjumping.8.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,________byherlittledaughter.(follow)9.Shewalkedoutofthehouse,________herlittledaughter.(follow)10.————(consider)asabuildingmaterial,woodisnotverystrong.=Althoughitisconsideredasabuildingmaterial,woodisnotverystrong.表示讓步表示方式和伴隨情況followedfollowingConsidered7.Thechildrenrushedout,sh3011.Thecarwasheldupbythesnowstorm,thus______(cause)thedelay.12.Theglassfelltotheground,_____(break)topieces.

表示結(jié)果分詞作狀語時，分詞前可加連詞表示強調(diào)。e.g.

heated,icecanbechangedintowater．

When

tired,Iwentonwiththework.

walkinginthestreet,Isawaroadaccident．WhileThoughcausingbrokenMoreexercises11.Thecarwasheldupbythe311.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,____itthemostpopularsportintheworld.A.makingB.makes C.made D.tomake簡析：首先，根據(jù)語法分析可知，待選部分在整個句中應(yīng)作狀語；再根據(jù)Europeanfootball對于make來說應(yīng)是主動關(guān)系，即歐洲足球使之本身成為一項最受世人歡迎的運動。因此，該題應(yīng)選A。2.____areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.A.Notreceiving B.ReceivingnotC.Nothavingreceived D.Havingnotreceived簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。測試非謂語動詞的否定式是在其前直接加not。若動作發(fā)生在主句動作之前時用非謂語的完成式。3.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,____thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.A.havingadded B.toaddC.addingD.added簡析：該題應(yīng)選C。測試現(xiàn)在分詞可以作補充說明的狀語。1.Europeanfootballisplayed324.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid____tothenotice.A.angrilypointing B.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointed D.andangrilypointing簡析：該題應(yīng)選A。測試現(xiàn)在分詞作伴隨狀語，通過副詞angrily進行干擾。若B答案為andpointedangrily時也對。另外，分詞作狀語時，如果其邏輯主語與整個句子的主語不一致時，需要獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)或with復(fù)合結(jié)構(gòu)來替代。(此時，也可把該分詞看成介詞的賓語補足語。)例:Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands____behindhisback.A.beingtiedB.havingtied C.tobetiedD.tied簡析：很顯然，待選部分的邏輯主語是hishands，而不是句子的主語Themurderer,而hishands對于動詞tie來說，只能是被動承受。因此，該題應(yīng)選D。4.“Can’tyouread?”Marysaid331)Thepresidentpromisedtokeepalltheboardmembers_______(inform)ofhowthenegotiationsweregoingon．2)__________(be)theremorethanonce,theoldprofessorofferedtoshowusaroundthenewly-builtlibrary.3)_______________(invite)togotocamping,Paulorderedanewsleepingbag．4)____________(notknow)

histelephonenumber,shelosttouchwithhim.informedHavingbeenHavingbeeninvitedNotknowing1)Thepresidentpromisedtoke34分詞的邏輯主語:分詞的邏輯主語一般為___________,但當(dāng)分詞的動作執(zhí)行者和句子的動作執(zhí)行者不一致時，分詞前必須有自己的主語，e.g.Ifweatherpermits,wewillhaveafieldtrip.Weatherpermitting,we‘llhaveafieldtriptomorrow．這被稱為_____________。時間允許,我們將在去杭州的路上順道看一下我叔叔.Timepermitting,wewillvisitmyuncleonmywaytoHangzhou.主句的主語分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)分詞的邏輯主語:主句的主語分詞的獨立結(jié)構(gòu)35獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞前面加上自己的主語就構(gòu)成分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。主語+分詞，句子。Theworkhavingbeenfinished,wewenthome.工作被完成了，我們回家。Helayatfulllengthuponhisstomach,hisheadrestinguponhisleftforearm.Weatherpermitting,theywillgoonanoutingtothebeachtomorrow.天氣允許的話獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)：分詞前面加上自己的主語就構(gòu)成分詞獨立主格結(jié)構(gòu)。36ItbeingSunday,wedidnothavetogotoschool.由于是星期天Therebeingnobus,wetookataxi.由于沒有汽車Therearevariouskindsofmetals,eachhaving

itsownproperties.Moretimegiven,wecouldhavedonebetter.如果被給了更多時間Theroomhaving

justbeenpainted,wewillnotmoveinuntilonemonthlater.Alltheguestshavingleft,theystartedtowashingupthedishes.所有客人都離開了Theradiobeingrepaired,youcan'ttakeitnow.收音機正在被修理MoreExamples:

ItbeingSunday,wedidnotha37

分詞作插入語的結(jié)構(gòu)是固定的，意思上的主語并不是句子的主語。例如：generallyspeaking一般說來

talkingof（speakingof）說道

strictlyspeaking嚴格的說

judgingfrom從…判斷

allthingsconsidered從整體來看

takingallthingsintoconsideration全面看來例如：Judgingfromhisface,hemustbeill.

從他的臉色看，他一定是病了。Generallyspeaking,dogscanrunfasterthanpigs.總的來說，狗比豬跑得快。（speaking不是dogs的動作）五、分詞作插入語五、分詞作插入語38Exercises:1.____someofficials,Napoleoninspectedhisarmy.

FollowedB.FollowedbyC.BeingfollowedD.havingbeenfollowed2.Therewasaterriblenoise___thesuddenburstoflight.

followedB.followingC.tobefollowedD.beingfollowedBBExercises:1.____someofficia393.Thenextmorningshefoundtheman___inbed,dead.

lyingB.lieC.layD.laying4.IcanhardlyimaginePeter___acrosstheAtlanticOceaninfivedays.

sailB.sailingC.tosailD.tohavesailedAB3.Thenextmorningshefound407.___areply,hedecidedtowriteagain.

NotreceivingB.ReceivingnotC.NothavingreceivedD.Havingnotreceived8.Thevisitingministerexpressedhissatisfactionwithhistalks,___thathehadenjoyedhisstayhere.

havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.addedCC7.___areply,hedecidedto419.Don’tgetyouschedule___,staywithusinthisclass.

tochangeB.changingC.changedD.change10.Europeanfootballisplayedin80countries,___itthemostpopularsportintheworld.

makingB.makesC.madeD.tomakeCA9.Don’tgetyouschedule___,4211.Themurdererwasbroughtin,withhishands___behindhisback.

beingtiedB.havingtiedC.tobetiedD.tied12.___moreattention,thetreescouldhavegrownbetter.

GivenB.TogiveC.GivingD.HavinggivenDA11.Themurdererwasbroughti4313.The___morning,thefathercameintothelonelyhouse,___byhisnaughtyboy.

following,followingB.followed,followedC.following,followedD.followed,following14.Mrs.Whitewasgladtoseethenurse___afterhersonandwaspleasedtoseetheboywell___careofinthenursery.

looked;takenB.looking;takenC.looked;tookD.looking;takingCB13.The___morning,thefathe4415.___hisheadhigh,themanagerwalkedintotheroomtoattendthemeeting___then.

Holding;beingheldB.Held;holdingC.Havingheld;heldD.Held;tobeheld16.___,buthestillcouldnotunderstandit.

ToldmanytimesB.HavingbeentoldmanytimesC.HehasbeentoldmanytimesD.ThoughhehadbeentoldmanytimesAC15.___hisheadhigh,theman45動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞動名詞與現(xiàn)在分詞同形（v-ing），但是，兩者有各自的語法名稱和作用：

1）當(dāng)v-ing形式在句中作主語、賓語、表語、定語時，被稱為動名詞。

2）當(dāng)v-ing形式在句中作狀語、賓語補足語、表語、定語時，被稱為現(xiàn)在分詞