職稱英語考試關(guān)于衛(wèi)生類閱讀的判斷

Overtheyearseconomic,socialandtechnologicalfactorshaveinfluencedthedesignofkitchens.Sinceitisoftenusedsimultaneouslybybothfamilymembersaswellasguests,thekitchenrequiresnotonlyaglamorouslookbutapracticalone.Also,thedesignelementsmustmeettheneedsofthemodernfamily.

Environmentalconcernshavehadanenormousimpactonkitchendesign.Thisconcernincludesrecyclingofhouseholdmaterial,aswellasenergyefficientappliancesandthepurityofbothwaterandair.Researchshowsthatupto85percentofthepopulationisconcernedaboutwhatmightbeintheirdrinkingwater.Theyarealsooftendissatisfiedwiththetasteandodorofwhatcomesoutoftheirtap.Thisiswhyitsimportanttoconsideraddingawaterfiltersystem.

Thecharacteroftodayskitchenisverydifferentfromthewayitwasthirtyyearsago.Theresmoresophisticationinfoodpreparation,andmoretechnologicalhelpwithcookingandclean-up.

Whenchoosingcabinets,firstconsiderthestyle.Usethearchitecturalstyleofyourhouseasaguide.Becausecabinetsareabiginvestment,itisbesttochoosequality.Popularstylesinkitchencabinetsareframedpaneldoorswithraisedorrecessedpanelsofwood,cabinetfrontswithglasspanes,orsimpleslabdoorsinarichpaintedorlaminatedfinish.Cabinetpulls,dontbeafraidtomixandmatchstyles.

Becausemanyoftodayskitchensconsistoftwoofmorecookssharinginthemealpreparation,thereisaneedformorecounterspace,cooktopsandsinks.Althoughlifestylesarechanging,theprimaryfunctionofthekitchenasanareaforpreparingfoodhasremainedunchanged.Thesinkremainsoneofthemostusedareasinthekitchenaswellasanimportantdecorativestatement.

Appliancetechnologyismovingataveryfastpace.Choosingwhattypeofappliancesaswellashowmanywilldependonseveralfacto

arssuchashowoftenandhowmuchyoucookandthesizeofyourkitchen.

Dontlimityourselftooneofeachkindofappliance.Youcanhavearefrigeratorinoneplaceandafreezerinaseparateareaortwosetsofcooktops,oneonthecounternexttothewallovenandoneonanisland.Youcanevenhavetwodishwashersifsizeandbudgetrequireandpermit---thinkofitassavingtimeinthelongrun.

1.Awell-designedkitchenshouldbemodern,beautifulandpracticalatthesametime.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

2.Beingharmlesstotheenvironmentisthetoppriorityinkitchendesign.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

3.Qualitymattersthemostwhenyouarechoosingkitchencabinets.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

4.Morecounterspace,cooktopsandsinkareneededintodayskitchensbecausefoodpreparationismorecomplicatedthanitusedtobe.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

5.Thedesignofthesinkisindicativeofakitchendesignersintelligence

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

6.Meansofsavinglabor,appliancesshouldbereplacedwhenevernewmodelscomeout

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

7.Itistheamountoftimeyoucanspendinthekitchenthatdecideshowmanyappliancesofthesamekindyoushouldbuy

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

KEY:ACABACB

TheFirstsettlementinNorthAmerica

Itisverydifficulttosayjustwhencolonizationbegan.ThefirsthundredyearsafterChristopherColumbussjourneyofdiscoveryin1492didnotproduceanysettlementontheNorthAmericacontinentbutrathersomeSpanishtradingpostsfurthersouth,agreatinterestingoldandadventure,andsomecolorfulcrimesinwhichtheEnglishhadtheirpart.JohnCabot,originallyfromGenoabutacitizenofVenice,wasestablishedasatraderinBristol,England,whenhemadeajourneyin1497.Buthisship,theMatthew,withitscrewofeighte

aen,didnomorethanseeanisland(probablyofftheNewEnglandcoast)andreturnhome.HeandhissonmadefurthervoyagesacrossthenorthAtlanticwhichenabledtheEnglishcrowntoclaimalegaltitletoNorthAmerica.ButforalongtimeafterwardstheEuropeansinterestinAmericawasmainlyconfinedtotheSpanishactivitiesfurthersouth.

ThefirstbeginningofpermanentsettlementinNorthAmericawerenearlyahundredyearsafterColumbussfirstvoyage.TheEnglishmanSirWalterRaleighclaimedthewholeofNorthAmericaforEngland,callingitVirginia.In1585hesentasmallgroupofpeoplewholandedinRoanokeIsland,buttheystayedonlyforayearandthenwentbacktoEnglandwithanotherexpedition,ledbyDrake,in1587.Asecondgroupwholandedin1587hadalldisappearedwhenafurtherexpeditionarrivedin1590.

Thefirstperm

anentsettlementinNorthAmericawasin1607.EnglishcapitalistsfoundedtwoVirginiacompanies,asouthernonebasedinLondonandanorthernonebasedinBristol.ItwasdecidedtogivethenameNewEnglandtothenorthernarea.ThefirstsettlersinVirginiawerelittlemorethanwageslavestothecompany.Allweremenandtheexperimentwasnotverysuccessful.Manydied.Thosewhosurvivedlivedinmiserableconditions.By1610thecolonyhadonlyathousandpeople.

1.Weknowforsurethatcolonizationbeganattheendofthe15thcentury

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

2.AmongtheearlysettlersinSouthAmericainthe16thcenturywereSpanishtraders.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

3.WithJohnCabotsarrivalatanislandofftheNewEnglandcoastin1497,theBritishCrownclaimedtobethelegalownerofNorthAmerica.

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

4.TherewereeighteenpeopleonboardtheMatthewduringitsvoyagetoNorthAmericain1497

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

5.ThefirstattemptmadebyEuropeanpeopletosettledownpermanentlyin

aNorthAmericaoccurredinthe1580s

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

6.ThenameVirginiawasgiventoNorthAmericabySirWalterRaleigh

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

7.ThenameNewEnglandwasgiventothenorthernareaofNorthAmericabythebossofoneofthetwoVirginiacompanies

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

KEY:BABBAAC

AnObservationandExplanation

Itisworthlookingatoneortwoaspectsofthewayamotherbehavestowardsherbaby.Theusualfondling,cuddlingandcleaningrequitelittlecomment,butthepositioninwhichsheholdsthebabyagainstherbodywhenrestingisratherrevealing.Carefulstudieshaveshownthefactthat80percentofmothersholdtheirinfantsintheirleftarms,holdingthemagainsttheleftsideoftheirbodies.Ifaskedtoexplainthesignificanceofthispreferencemostpeoplereplythatitisobviouslytheresultofthepredominanceofright-handednessinthepopulation.Byholdingthebabiesintheirleftarms,themotherskeeptheirdominantarmfreeformanipulations.Butadetailedanalysisshowsthatthisisnotthecase.True,thereisaslightdifferencebetweenright-handedandleft-handedfemales;butnotenoughtoprovideanadequateexplanation.Itemergesthat83percentofright-handedmothersholdthebabyontheleftside,butsodo78percentofleft-handedmothers.Inotherwords,only22percentoftheleft-handedmothershavetheirdominanthandsfreeforactions.Clearlytheremustbesomeother,lessobviousexplanation.

Theonlyothercluecomesfromthefactthattheheartisontheleftsideofthemothersbody.Coulditbethatthesoundofherheart-beatisthevitalfactor?Andinwhatway?Thinkingalongtheselinesitwasarguedthatperhapsduringitsexistenceinsidethebodyofthemothertheunbornbabygetsusedtothesoundoftheheartbeat.Ifthisisso,thenthere-discoveryofthi

asfamiliarsoundafterbirthmighthaveacalmingeffectontheinfant,especiallyasithasjustbeenbornintoastrangeandfrighteninglynewworld.Ifthisissothenthemotherwould,somehow,soonarriveatthediscoverythatherbabyismoreatpeaceifheldontheleftagainstherheart,thanontheright.

1.Wecanlearnalotbyobservingthepositioninwhichamotherholdsherbabyagainstherbody

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

2.Mostleft-handedwomenfeelcomfortablebyholdingtheirbabyintheirleftarmandkeeptherightarmfree

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

3.Thenumberofright-handedmotherswhoholdthebabyontheleftsideexceedsthatofleft-handedonesby22%

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

4.Thefactthatmostleft-handedmothersholdthebabyontheirleftsiderendersthefirstexplanationunsustainable

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

5.Thefactthattheheartisontheleftsideofthemothersbodyprovidesthemostconvincingexplanationofall

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

6.Ababyheldintherightarmofitsmothercanbeeasilyfrightened

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

7.Thewritersexplanationofthephenomenonissupportedbythefactthatbabiestendtobemorepeacefulifheldintheirmothersleftarmsthanintherightarms

A.RightB.WrongC.Notmentioned

KEY:ACBABCA

TheWorkersRoleinManagement

Traditionally,ithasbeentheworkersroletoworkerandmanagementsroletomange.Managershaveplannedanddirectedthefirmsoperationwithlittlethoughtconsultingthelaborforce.Managershaverarelyfeltcompelledtoobtaintheworkersopinionsortoexplaintheirdecisionstotheiremployees.Atmost,companieshaveprovidedsuggestionboxesinwhichworkerscouldplaceideasforimprovingprocedures.Inrecentyears,however,manymanagementspecialistshavebeenarguingthat

aworkersaremorethansellersoflabor-theyhaveavitalstakeinthecompanyandmanybeabletomakesignificantcontributionstoitsmanagement.Furthermore,majorcompanydecisionsprofoundlyaffectworkersandtheirdependents.Thisisparticularlytrueofplantclosings,whichmayputthousandsontheunemploymentlines.Shouldworkers,then,playastrongerroleinmanagement?

Workersshouldhavearoleinmanagement.Attheveryleast,thelaborforceshouldbeinformedofmajorpolicydecisions.(Acommoncomplaintamongrank-and-fileworkersisthelackofinformationaboutcompanypoliciesandactions.)Between1980and1985aboutfivemillionworkerswerethevictimsofplantclosingsandpermanentlayoffs,oftenwithnowarning.Atleast90daysnoticeoughttobegiveninsuchinstancessothatworkershavetimetoadjust.Managementshouldconsultworkersbeforeclosingaplant,becausetheworkersmightbeabletosuggestwaysofimprovingproductivityandreducingcostsandmightbewillingtomakeconcessionsthatwillkeeptheplantoperating.

Itshouldbecomeageneralpracticetoincludeworkersinsomemanagerialdecisionmaking.Thereoughttoberepresentativesoftheworkersonthefirmsboardofdirectorsorothermajorpolicymakinggroups.Ifrank-and-fileworkersaregivenavoiceintheplanningandmanagementoftheworkflow,theywillhelptomakeimprovement,theirmoralewillrise,andtheirproductivitywillincrease.Asafurtherincentive,theymustbegivenashareinthecompanysprofits.Thiscanbedonethrough