Chapter1

IntroductionstoLinguistics

I.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)

1.

Languageisasystemofarbitraryvocalsymbolsusedforhuman

__________

A.contact

B.communication

C.relation

D.community

2.

Whichofthefollowingwordsisentirelyarbitrary?

A.tree

B.typewriter

C.crash

D.bang

3.

Thefunctionofthesentence“Waterboilsat100degreesCentigrade.”is

__________.

A.interrogative

B.directive

C.informative

D.performative

4.

InChinesewhensomeonebreaksabowloraplatethehostorthepeoplepresentarelikelytosay“碎碎（歲歲）平安”asameansofcontrollingtheforceswhichtheybelievesfeelmightaffecttheirlives.Whichfunctionsdoesitperform?

A.Interpersonal

B.Emotive

C.Performative

D.Recreational

5.

Whichofthefollowingpropertyoflanguageenableslanguageuserstoovercomethebarrierscausedbytimeandplace,duetothisfeatureoflanguage,speakersofalanguagearefreetotalkaboutanythinginanysituation?

A.Transferability

B.Duality

C.Displacement

D.Arbitrariness

6.

Studythefollowingdialogue.Whatfunctiondoesitplayaccordingtothefunctionsoflanguage?

—Aniceday,isn’tit?

—Right!Ireallyenjoythesunlight.

A.Emotive

B.Phatic

C.Performative

D.Interpersonal

7.

__________referstotheactualrealizationoftheideallanguageuser’s

knowledgeoftherulesofhislanguageinutterances.

A.Performance

B.Competence

C.Langue

D.Parole

8.

Whenadogisbarking,youassumeitisbarkingforsomethingoratsomeonethatexistshearandnow.Itcouldn’tbesorrowfulforsomelostloveorlostbone.Thisindicatesthedesignfeatureof__________.

A.culturaltransmission

B.productivity

C.displacement

D.duality

9.

__________answerssuchquestionsashowweasinfantsacquireourfirstlanguage.

A.Psycholinguistics

B.Anthropologicallinguistics

C.Sociolinguistics

D.Appliedlinguistics

10.

__________dealswithlanguageapplicationtootherfields,particularlyeducation.

A.Linguistictheory

B.Practicallinguistics

C.Appliedlinguistics

D.Comparativelinguistics

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Languageisameansofverbalcommunication.Therefore,thecommunicationwayusedbythedeaf-muteisnotlanguage.

12.

Languagechangeisuniversal,ongoingandarbitrary.

13.

Speakingisthequickestandmostefficientwayofthehumancommunicationsystems.

14.

Languageiswrittenbecausewritingistheprimarymediumforalllanguages.

15.

Wewereallbornwiththeabilitytoacquirelanguage,whichmeansthedetailsofanylanguagesystemcanbegeneticallytransmitted.

16.

Onlyhumanbeingsareabletocommunicate.

17.

F.deSaussure,whomadethedistinctionbetweenlangueandparoleintheearly20thcentury,wasaFrenchlinguist.

18.

AstudyofthefeaturesoftheEnglishusedinShakespeare’stimeisanexampleofthediachronicstudyoflanguage.

19.

Speechandwritingcameintobeingatmuchthesametimeinhumanhistory.

20.

Allthelanguagesintheworldtodayhavebothspokenandwrittenforms.

III.

Fillintheblanks.(10%)

21.

Language,broadlyspeaking,isameansof__________communication.

22.

Inanylanguagewordscanbeusedinnewwaystomeannewthingsandcanbecombinedintoinnumerablesentencesbasedonlimitedrules.Thisfeatureisusuallytermed__________.

23.

Languagehasmanyfunctions.Wecanuselanguagetotalkaboutitself.Thisfunctionis__________.

24.

Theorythatprimitivemanmadeinvoluntaryvocalnoiseswhileperformingheavyworkhasbeencalledthe__________theory.

25.

Linguisticsisthe__________studyoflanguage.

26.

Modernlinguisticsis__________inthesensethatthelinguisttriestodiscoverwhatlanguageisratherthanlaydownsomerulesforpeopletoobserve.

27.

Onegeneralprincipleoflinguisticanalysisistheprimacyof__________overwriting.

28.

Thedescriptionofalanguageasitchangesthroughtimeisa__________study.

29.

Saussureputforwardtwoimportantconcepts.__________referstotheabstractlinguisticsystemsharedbyallmembersofaspeechcommunity.

30.

LinguisticpotentialissimilartoSaussure’slangueandChomsky’s__________.

IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)

31.

Designfeature

32.

Displacement

33.

Competence

34.

Synchroniclinguistics

V.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)

35.

Whydopeopletakedualityasoneoftheimportantdesignfeaturesofhumanlanguage?Canyoutelluswhatlanguagewillbeifithasnosuchdesignfeature?（南開大學(xué)，2004）

36.

Whyisitdifficulttodefinelanguage?（北京第二外國語大學(xué)，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

Howcanalinguistmakehisanalysisscientific?（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）

Key:

[Inthereferencekeys,Iwon’tgiveexamplesorfurtheranalysis.Thatseemstoomuchworkforme.Therefore,thiskeyisonlyforreference.Inordertoanswerthiskindofquestion,youneedmoreexamples.Soyoushouldreadthetextbookcarefully.–icywarmtea]

I.

1~5BACCC

6~10BACAC

II.

11~15FFTFF

16~20FFFFF

III.

21.verbal

22.productivity/creativity

23.metalingualfunction

24.yo-he-ho

25.scientific

26.descriptive

27.speech

28.diachroniclinguistic

29.langue

30.competence

IV.

31.

Designfeature:Itreferstothedefiningpropertiesofhumanlanguagethattellthedifferencebetweenhumanlanguageandanysystemofanimalcommunication.

32.

Displacement:Itmeansthathumanlanguagesenabletheiruserstosymbolizeobjects,eventsandconcepts,whicharenotpresent(intimeandspace)atthemomentofcommunication.

33.

Competence:Itisanessentialpartofperformance.Itisthespeaker’sknowledgeofhisorherlanguage;thatis,ofitssoundstructure,itswords,anditsgrammaticalrules.Competenceis,inaway,anencyclopediaoflanguage.Moreover,theknowledgeinvolvedincompetenceisgenerallyunconscious.Atransformational-generativegrammarisamodelofcompetence.

34.

Synchroniclinguistics:Itreferstothestudyofalanguageatagivenpointintime.Thetimestudiedmaybeeitherthepresentoraparticularpointinthepast;synchronicanalysescanalsobemadeofdeadlanguages,suchasLatin.Synchroniclinguisticsiscontrastedwithdiachroniclinguistics,thestudyofalanguageoveraperiodoftime.

V.

35.

Dualitymakesourlanguageproductive.Alargenumberofdifferentunitscanbeformedoutofasmallnumberofelements–forinstance,tensofthousandsofwordsoutofasmallsetofsounds,around48inthecaseoftheEnglishlanguage.Andoutofthehugenumberofwords,therecanbeastronomicalnumberofpossiblesentencesandphrases,whichinturncancombinetoformunlimitednumberoftexts.Mostanimalcommunicationsystemsdonothavethisdesignfeatureofhumanlanguage.

Iflanguagehasnosuchdesignfeature,thenitwillbelikeanimalcommunicationalsystemwhichwillbehighlylimited.Itcannotproduceaverylargenumberofsoundcombinations,e.g.words,whicharedistinctinmeaning.

36.

Itisdifficulttodefinelanguage,asitissuchageneraltermthatcoverstoomanythings.Thus,definitionsforitallhavetheirownspecialemphasis,andarenottotallyfreefromlimitations.

VI.

37.

Itshouldbeguidedbythefourprinciplesofscience:exhaustiveness,consistency,economyandobjectivityandfollowthescientificprocedure:formhypothesis–collectdata–checkagainsttheobservablefacts–cometoaconclusion.

Chapter2

SpeechSoundsI.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)

1.

Pitchvariationisknownas__________whenitspatternsareimposedonsentences.

A.intonation

B.tone

C.pronunciation

D.voice

2.

Conventionallya__________isputinslashes(//).

A.allophone

B.phone

C.phoneme

D.morpheme

3.

Anaspiratedp,anunaspiratedpandanunreleasedpare__________ofthepphoneme.

A.analogues

B.tagmemes

C.morphemes

D.allophones

4.

Theopeningbetweenthevocalcordsissometimesreferredtoas

__________.

A.glottis

B.vocalcavity

C.pharynx

D.uvula

5.

Thediphthongsthataremadewithamovementofthetonguetowardsthecenterareknownas__________diphthongs.

A.wide

B.closing

C.narrow

D.centering

6.

Aphonemeisagroupofsimilarsoundscalled__________.

A.minimalpairs

B.allomorphs

C.phones

D.allophones

7.

Whichbranchofphoneticsconcernstheproductionofspeechsounds?

A.Acousticphonetics

B.Articulatoryphonetics

C.Auditoryphonetics

D.Noneoftheabove

8.

Whichoneisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtoplacesofarticulation?

A.[n]

B.[m]

C.[b]

D.[p]

9.

Whichvowelisdifferentfromtheothersaccordingtothecharacteristicsofvowels?

A.[i:]

B.[u]

C.[e]

D.[i]

10.

Whatkindofsoundscanwemakewhenthevocalcordsarevibrating?

A.Voiceless

B.Voiced

C.Glottalstop

D.Consonant

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Suprasegmentalphonologyreferstothestudyofphonologicalpropertiesofunitslargerthanthesegment-phoneme,suchassyllable,wordandsentence.

12.

Theairstreamprovidedbythelungshastoundergoanumberofmodificationtoacquirethequalityofaspeechsound.

13.

Twosoundsareinfreevariationwhentheyoccurinthesameenvironmentanddonotcontrast,namely,thesubstitutionofonefortheotherdoesnotproduceadifferentword,butmerelyadifferentpronunciation.

14.

[p]isavoicedbilabialstop.

15.

Acousticphoneticsisconcernedwiththeperceptionofspeechsounds.

16.

Allsyllablesmusthaveanucleusbutnotallsyllablescontainanonsetandacoda.

17.

Whenpurevowelsormonophthongsarepronounced,novowelglidestakeplace.

18.

Accordingtothelengthortensenessofthepronunciation,vowelscanbedividedintotensevs.laxorlongvs.short.

19.

ReceivedPronunciationisthepronunciationacceptedbymostpeople.

20.

Themaximalonsetprinciplestatesthatwhenthereisachoiceastowheretoplaceaconsonant,itisputintothecodaratherthantheonset.

III.

Fillintheblanks.(20%)

21.

Consonantsoundscanbeeither__________or__________,whileallvowelsoundsare__________.

22.

Consonantsoundscanalsobemadewhentwoorgansofspeechinthemoutharebroughtclosetogethersothattheairispushedoutbetweenthem,causing__________.

23.

Thequalitiesofvowelsdependuponthepositionofthe__________andthelips.

24.

Oneelementinthedescriptionofvowelsisthepartofthetonguewhichisatthehighestpointinthemouth.Asecondelementisthe__________towhichthatpartofthetongueisraised.

25.

Consonantsdifferfromvowelsinthatthelatterareproducedwithout__________.

26.

Inphonologicalanalysisthewordsfail/veilaredistinguishablesimplybecauseofthetwophonemes/f/-/v/.Thisisanexampleforillustrating__________.

27.

InEnglishthereareanumberof__________,whichareproducedbymovingfromonevowelpositiontoanotherthroughinterveningpositions.

28.

__________referstothephenomenonofsoundscontinuallyshowtheinfluenceoftheirneighbors.

29.

__________isthesmallestlinguisticunit.

30.

Speechtakesplacewhentheorgansofspeechmovetoproducepatternsofsound.Thesemovementshaveaneffectonthe__________comingfromthelungs.

IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)

31.

Soundassimilation

32.

Suprasegmentalfeature

33.

Complementarydistribution

34.

Distinctivefeatures

V.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)

35.

Whatisacousticphonetics?（中國人民大學(xué)，2003）

36.

Whatarethedifferencesbetweenvoicedsoundsandvoicelesssoundsintermsofarticulation?（南開大學(xué)，2004）

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

Writethesymbolthatcorrespondstoeachofthefollowingphoneticdescriptions;thengiveanEnglishwordthatcontainsthissound.Example:voicedalveolarstop[d]dog.（青島海洋大學(xué)，1999）

(1)

voicelessbilabialunaspiratedstop

(2)

lowfrontvowel

(3)

lateralliquid

(4)

velarnasal

(5)

voicedinterdentalfricative

答案I.

1~5

ACDAA

6~10DBABB

II.

11~15TTTFF

16~20TTTFF

III.

21.voiced,voiceless,voiced

22.friction

23.tongue

24.height

25.obstruction

26.minimalpairs

27.diphthongs

28.Co-articulation

29.Phonemes

30.airstream

IV.

31.

Soundassimilation:Speechsoundsseldomoccurinisolation.Inconnectedspeech,undertheinfluenceoftheirneighbors,arereplacedbyothersounds.Sometimestwoneighboringsoundsinfluenceeachotherandarereplacedbyathirdsoundwhichisdifferentfrombothoriginalsounds.Thisprocessiscalledsoundassimilation.

32.

Suprasegmentalfeature:Thephoneticfeaturesthatoccurabovethelevelofthesegmentsarecalledsuprasegmentalfeatures;thesearethephonologicalpropertiesofsuchunitsasthesyllable,theword,andthesentence.Themainsuprasegmentalonesincludesstress,intonation,andtone.

33.

Complementarydistribution:Thedifferentallophonesofthesamephonemeneveroccurinthesamephoneticcontext.Whentwoormoreallophonesofonephonemeneveroccurinthesamelinguisticenvironmenttheyaresaidtobeincomplementarydistribution.

34.

Distinctivefeatures:Itreferstothefeaturesthatcandistinguishonephonemefromanother.Ifwecangroupthephonemesintotwocategories:onewiththisfeatureandtheotherwithout,thisfeatureiscalledadistinctivefeature.

V.

35.

Acousticphoneticsdealswiththetransmissionofspeechsoundsthroughtheair.Whenaspeechsoundisproduceditcausesminorairdisturbances(soundwaves).Variousinstrumentsareusedtomeasurethecharacteristicsofthesesoundwaves.

36.

Whenthevocalcordsarespreadapart,theairfromthelungspassesbetweenthemunimpeded.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiceless;consonants[p,s,t]areproducedinthisway.Butwhenthevocalcordsaredrawntogether,theairfromthelungsrepeatedlypushesthemapartasitpassesthrough,creatingavibrationeffect.Soundsproducedinthiswayaredescribedasvoiced.[b,z,d]arevoicedconsonants.

VI.

37.Omit.

Chapter3Lexicon

I.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)

1.

Nouns,verbsandadjectivescanbeclassifiedas__________.

A.lexicalwords

B.grammaticalwords

C.functionwords

D.formwords

2.

Morphemesthatrepresenttense,number,genderandcasearecalled__________morpheme.

A.inflectional

B.free

C.bound

D.derivational

3.

Thereare__________morphemesintheworddenationalization.

A.three

B.four

C.five

D.six

4.

InEnglish–iseand–tionarecalled__________.

A.prefixes

B.suffixes

C.infixes

D.stems

5.

Thethreesubtypesofaffixesare:prefix,suffixand__________.

A.derivationalaffix

B.inflectionalaffix

C.infix

D.back-formation

6.

__________isawayinwhichnewwordsmaybeformedfromalreadyexistingwordsbysubtractinganaffixwhichisthoughttobepartoftheoldword.

A.affixation

B.back-formation

C.insertion

D.addition

7.

ThewordTBisformedinthewayof__________.

A.acronymy

B.clipping

C.initialism

D.blending

8.

Thewordslikecomsatandsitcomareformedby__________.

A.blending

B.clipping

C.back-formation

D.acronymy

9.

Thestemofdisagreementsis__________.

A.agreement

B.agree

C.disagree

D.disagreement

10.

Allofthemaremeaningfulexceptfor__________.

A.lexeme

B.phoneme

C.morpheme

D.allomorph

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Phonetically,thestressofacompoundalwaysfallsonthefirstelement,whilethesecondelementreceivessecondarystress.

12.

Foreasinforetellisbothaprefixandaboundmorpheme.

13.

Basereferstothepartofthewordthatremainswhenallinflectionalaffixesareremoved.

14.

Inmostcases,prefixeschangethemeaningofthebasewhereassuffixeschangetheword-classofthebase.

15.

Conversionfromnountoverbisthemostproductiveprocessofaword.

16.

Reduplicativecompoundisformedbyrepeatingthesamemorphemeofaword.

17.

Thewordswhimper,whisperandwhistleareformedinthewayofonomatopoeia.

18.

Inmostcases,thenumberofsyllablesofawordcorrespondstothenumberofmorphemes.

19.

Back-formationisaproductivewayofword-formations.

20.

Inflectionisaparticularwayofword-formations.

III.

Fillintheblanks.(20%)

21.

An__________ispronouncedletterbyletter,whilean__________ispronouncedasaword.

22.

Lexicon,inmostcases,issynonymouswith__________.

23.

Orthographically,compoundsarewritteninthreeways:__________,__________and__________.

24.

Allwordsmaybesaidtocontainaroot__________.

25.

Asmallsetofconjunctions,prepositionsandpronounsbelongto__________class,whilethelargestpartofnouns,verbs,adjectivesandadverbsbelongsto__________class.

26.

__________isareverseprocessofderivation,andthereforeisaprocessofshortening.

27.

__________isextremelyproductive,becauseEnglishhadlostmostofitsinflectionalendingsbytheendofMiddleEnglishperiod,whichfacilitatedtheuseofwordsinterchangeablyasverbsornouns,verbsoradjectives,andviceversa.

28.

Wordsaredividedintosimple,compoundandderivedwordsonthe__________level.

29.

Awordformedbyderivationiscalleda__________,andawordformedbycompoundingiscalleda__________.

30.

Boundmorphemesareclassifiedintotwotypes:__________and__________.

IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)

31.

Blending

32.

Allomorph

33.

Closed-classword

34.

Morphologicalrule

V.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)

35.

HowmanytypesofmorphemesarethereintheEnglishlanguage?Whatarethey?（廈門大學(xué)，2003）

36.

WhatarethemainfeaturesoftheEnglishcompounds?

VI.

Analyzethefollowingsituation.(20%)

37.

MatchthetermsunderCOLUMNIwiththeunderlinedformsfromCOLUMNII（武漢大學(xué)，2004）

I

II

(1)

acronym

a.

foe

(2)

freemorpheme

b.

subconscious

(3)

derivationalmorpheme

c.

UNESCO

(4)

inflectionalmorpheme

d.

overwhelmed

(5)

prefix

e.

calculation

Key:

I.

1~5

AACBB

6~10BCADB

II.

11~15FTFTT

16~20FTFFF

III.

21.initialism,acronym

22.vocabulary

23.solid,hyphenated,open

24.morpheme

25.close,open

26.back-formation

27.conversion

28.morpheme

29.derivative,compound

30.affix,boundroot

IV.

31.

Blending:Itisaprocessofword-formationinwhichanewwordisformedbycombiningthemeaningsandsoundsoftwowords,oneofwhichisnotinitsfullformorbothofwhicharenotintheirfullforms,likenewscast(news+broadcast),brunch(breakfast+lunch)

32.

Allomorph:Itisanyofthevariantformsofamorphemeasconditionedbypositionoradjoiningsounds.

33.

Close-classword:Itisawordwhosemembershipisfixedorlimited.Pronouns,prepositions,conjunctions,articles,etc.areallclosed-classwords.

34.

Morphologicalrule:Itistherulethatgovernswhichaffixcanbeaddedtowhattypeofbasetoformanewword,e.g.–lycanbeaddedtoanountoformanadjective.

V.

Omit.

VI.

37.

(1)c

(2)a

(3)e

(4)d

(5)b

Chapter4

Syntax

I.

Choosethebestanswer.(20%)

1.

Thesentencestructureis________.

A.onlylinear

B.onlyhierarchical

C.complex

D.bothlinearandhierarchical

2.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguageare____innumber.

A.large

B.small

C.finite

D.infinite

3.

The________rulesaretherulesthatgroupwordsandphrasestoformgrammaticalsentences.

A.lexical

B.morphological

C.linguistic

D.combinational

4.

Asentenceisconsidered____whenitdoesnotconformtothegrammati¬calknowledgeinthemindofnativespeakers.

A.right

B.wrong

C.grammatical

D.ungrammatical

5.

A__________intheembeddedclausereferstotheintroductorywordthatintroducestheembeddedclause.

A.coordinator

B.particle

C.preposition

D.subordinator

6.

Phrasestructureruleshave____properties.

A.recursive

B.grammatical

C.social

D.functional

7.

Phrasestructurerulesallowustobetterunderstand_____________.

A.howwordsandphrasesformsentences.

B.whatconstitutesthegrammaticalityofstringsofwords

C.howpeopleproduceandrecognizepossiblesentences

D.alloftheabove.

8.

Theheadofthephrase“thecityRome”is__________.

A.thecity

B.Rome

C.city

D.thecityRome

9.

Thephrase“ontheshelf”belongsto__________construction.

A.endocentric

B.exocentric

C.subordinate

D.coordinate

10.

Thesentence“Theywerewantedtoremainquietandnottoexposethemselves.”isa__________sentence.

A.simple

B.coordinate

C.compound

D.complex

II.

Decidewhetherthefollowingstatementsaretrueorfalse.(10%)

11.

Universallyfoundinthegrammarsofallhumanlanguages,syntacticrulesthatcomprisethesystemofinternalizedlinguisticknowledgeofalanguagespeakerareknownaslinguisticcompetence.

12.

Thesyntacticrulesofanylanguagearefiniteinnumber,butthereisnolimittothenumberofsentencesnativespeakersofthatlanguageareabletoproduceandcomprehend.

13.

Inacomplexsentence,thetwoclausesholdunequalstatus,onesubordinatingtheother.

14.

Constituentsthatcanbesubstitutedforoneanotherwithoutlossofgrammaticalitybelongtothesamesyntacticcategory.

15.

Minorlexicalcategoriesareopenbecausethesecategoriesarenotfixedandnewmembersareallowedfor.

16.

InEnglishsyntacticanalysis,fourphrasalcategoriesarecommonlyrecognizedanddiscussed,namely,nounphrase,verbphrase,infinitivephrase,andauxiliaryphrase.

17.

InEnglishthesubjectusuallyprecedestheverbandthedirectobjectusuallyfollowstheverb.

18.

Whatisactuallyinternalizedinthemindofanativespeakerisacompletelistofwordsandphrasesratherthangrammaticalknowledge.

19.

Anounphrasemustcontainanoun,butotherelementsareoptional.

20.

Itisbelievedthatphrasestructurerules,withtheinsertionofthelexicon,generatesentencesatthelevelofD-structure.

III.

Fillintheblanks.(20%)

21.

A__________sentenceconsistsofasingleclausewhichcontainsasubjectandapredicateandstandsaloneasitsownsentence.

22.

A__________isastructurallyindependentunitthatusuallycomprisesanumberofwordstoformacompletestatement,questionorcommand.

23.

A__________maybeanounoranounphraseinasentencethatusuallyprecedesthepredicate.

24.

Thepartofasentencewhichcomprisesafiniteverboraverbphraseandwhichsayssomethingaboutthesubjectisgrammaticallycalled__________.

25.

A__________sentencecontainstwo,ormore,clauses,oneofwhichisincorporatedintotheother.

26.

Inthecomplexsentence,theincorporatedorsubordinateclauseisnormallycalledan__________clause.

27.

Majorlexicalcategoriesare__________categoriesinthesensethatnewwordsareconstantlyadded.

28.

__________conditiononcaseassignmentstatesthatacaseassignorandacaserecipientshouldstayadjacenttoeachother.

29.

__________aresyntacticoptionsofUGthatallowgeneralprinciplestooperateinoneway

oranotherandcontributetosignificantlinguisticvariationsbetweenandamongnatural

languages.

30.

Thetheoryof__________conditionexplainsthefactthatnounphrasesappearonlyinsubjectandobjectpositions.

IV.

Explainthefollowingterms,usingexamples.(20%)

31.

Syntax

32.

ICanalysis

33.

Hierarchicalstructure

34.

Tracetheory

V.

Answerthefollowingquestions.(20%)

35.

Whatareendocentricconstructionandexocentricconstruction?（武漢大學(xué)，2004）

36.

Distinguishthetwopossiblemeaningsof“morebeautifulflowers”bymeans