畢業(yè)設(shè)計(jì)（論文）外文文獻(xiàn)譯文及原文學(xué)生：學(xué)號(hào)：院（系）：專業(yè)：指導(dǎo)教師：2013年6月7日零售業(yè)供應(yīng)鏈分析20世紀(jì)90年代以來，中國(guó)零售業(yè)的迅速發(fā)展令人矚目，然而與發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家相比，中國(guó)零售業(yè)仍然存在著巨大差距。中國(guó)加入WTO之后，國(guó)外零售業(yè)巨頭紛紛進(jìn)入中國(guó)市場(chǎng)，中國(guó)零售業(yè)要直接面對(duì)國(guó)際市場(chǎng)的激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)。作為一種集成化的管理思想和方法，供應(yīng)鏈管理是圍繞核心企業(yè)，通過物流、資金流、信息流等，將由供應(yīng)商、制造商、分銷商、零售商直到最終的顧客所組成的供應(yīng)鏈連成一個(gè)整體的管理模式。目前，我國(guó)的眾多零售企業(yè)對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈管理的認(rèn)識(shí)還僅僅停留在運(yùn)作層面上，沒有將其看成是企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略實(shí)施的重要組成部分，因此只有通過對(duì)供應(yīng)鏈管理進(jìn)行戰(zhàn)略性思考，結(jié)合商品類型來構(gòu)建供應(yīng)鏈以獲取戰(zhàn)略匹配，才能使我國(guó)零售企業(yè)的供應(yīng)鏈管理實(shí)施產(chǎn)生質(zhì)的飛躍。1效率型供應(yīng)鏈和反應(yīng)型供應(yīng)鏈

供應(yīng)鏈主要有兩類功能：物流功能和商流功能。供應(yīng)鏈的物流功能是指以最低的成本將原材料加工成零部件、半成品、產(chǎn)品并將它們從供應(yīng)鏈的一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)運(yùn)送到另一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)；供應(yīng)鏈的商流功能是指對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求做出迅速反應(yīng)，確保以合適的產(chǎn)品在合適的地點(diǎn)和時(shí)間來滿足顧客的需求。物流功能和商流功能都需要一定成本，兩者構(gòu)成供應(yīng)鏈的總成本，其中物流成本主要包括運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存、包裝、裝卸、流通加工、配送等費(fèi)用，商流成本則包括供過于求時(shí)的商品降價(jià)損失、供不應(yīng)求時(shí)的缺貨損失，以及由此而喪失的潛在顧客收入。一般意義上的供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)窃谖锪骱蜕塘鬟@兩個(gè)功能間的權(quán)衡，即反應(yīng)能力與效率、成本水平之間進(jìn)行權(quán)衡。效率型供應(yīng)鏈?zhǔn)且詫?shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的物流功能為主要目標(biāo)，即以最低的成本將原材料轉(zhuǎn)化成零部件、在制品和成品，并最終送至消費(fèi)者手中。效率型供應(yīng)鏈面對(duì)的市場(chǎng)需求、產(chǎn)品特性和相關(guān)技術(shù)具有相對(duì)穩(wěn)定性，因而供應(yīng)鏈上的各節(jié)點(diǎn)企業(yè)可以關(guān)注于獲取規(guī)模經(jīng)濟(jì)效益、提高設(shè)備利用率、降低生產(chǎn)、運(yùn)輸、庫(kù)存等方面的相關(guān)費(fèi)用，從而最大限度地降低產(chǎn)品成本。反應(yīng)型供應(yīng)鏈則以實(shí)現(xiàn)供應(yīng)鏈的商流功能為主要目標(biāo)，即對(duì)市場(chǎng)需求變化做出迅速的反應(yīng)，這類供應(yīng)鏈所提供的產(chǎn)品，其市場(chǎng)需求有很大的不確定性，或者產(chǎn)品生命周期較短，或者產(chǎn)品本身技術(shù)發(fā)展很快，或者產(chǎn)品需求的季節(jié)性波動(dòng)很強(qiáng)。反應(yīng)型供應(yīng)鏈需要保持較高的市場(chǎng)應(yīng)變能力，實(shí)現(xiàn)柔性生產(chǎn)，從而減少產(chǎn)品過時(shí)和失效的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。2零售企業(yè)商品類型與供應(yīng)鏈戰(zhàn)略的匹配

零售企業(yè)的商品類型可以根據(jù)市場(chǎng)需求的特性劃分為功能性商品和創(chuàng)新性商品。功能性商品是指那些用以滿足基本需求、生命周期長(zhǎng)、需求穩(wěn)定且邊際收益較低的商品，例如超市銷售的各種日用百貨、冷凍冷藏食品、常溫加工食品等。功能性商品的生命周期長(zhǎng)、需求穩(wěn)定并可準(zhǔn)確預(yù)測(cè)，從而使供求可以達(dá)到近乎完美的平衡，這使市場(chǎng)調(diào)節(jié)變得容易，其商流成本可以忽略不計(jì)，零售企業(yè)可以集中幾乎全部精力來降低物流成本，通過與上游供應(yīng)商的密切合作，加速庫(kù)存周轉(zhuǎn)，及時(shí)補(bǔ)充存貨，采取高效率低成本的采購(gòu)，對(duì)供應(yīng)商的選擇側(cè)重成本和質(zhì)量，根據(jù)市場(chǎng)預(yù)測(cè)保證均衡有效地滿足顧客的需求，實(shí)現(xiàn)整條供應(yīng)鏈的庫(kù)存最小化和效率最大化。擇供應(yīng)商要考慮的不是低成本，而是獲得速度和柔性；庫(kù)存和生產(chǎn)能力的關(guān)鍵決策不是使成本最小化，而是響應(yīng)速度和靈活性，以最大限度地減少市場(chǎng)需求的不確定性給企業(yè)造成的損失。3實(shí)施零售商品類別管理

零售商品類別管理是指零售商以某一商品類別作為戰(zhàn)略經(jīng)營(yíng)單位進(jìn)行管理，集中精力傳遞和實(shí)現(xiàn)strong.SupplyChainReactionneedtomaintainahigheradaptabilitytothemarketandachieveflexibleproduction,therebyreducingproductobsolescenceandtherisksoffailure.Supplychainstrategyisinthesupplychain-reactioncapabilityandefficiencylevelsbetweenthebalanceOncetheretailenterprisesupplychainstrategy,stressreactionofthesupplychainmustbeallthefunctionsstrategydesignedtoenhanceitsresponsecapabilities,emphasizingefficiencyandthelevelofthesupplychain,itmustallowallthefunctionsofthestrategiesusedtoimproveefficiencyandmakecontribution.

2Retailenterprise

salesofhouseholditemsRefrigeratedfood,foodprocessingtemperature.Functionalvalueofthelifecyclelength,needsstabilitycanaccuratelyforecast,sothatsupplyanddemandcanachievealmostperfectbalance,Thismakesiteasytoadjustthemarket,thebusinessflowcostscanbeomitted.Retailenterprisescanconcentratealmostallhisenergytoreducelogisticscosts,withtheupstreamsuppliers,inclosecooperationaccelerateinventoryturnover,timelyinventoryandtoadopthigh-efficiencylow-costprocurementandtherighttochoosesuppliersoncostandquality,Accordingtomarketforecaststoensurebalancedeffectivelymeettheneedsofitscustomersbringthewholeofthesupplychaintominimizeinventoryandmaximizeefficiency.Clearly,thefunctionalefficiencyoftheprocessofcommodityrequirements,operatorssuchgoodsretailenterprisesshouldadoptefficientsupplychain.Innovativeproductsreferstothedesignorservices,andsooninnovativeproducts,suchasfashion,high-endappliancesFashionandluxurygoodssuch.Thesecommoditiescanbringhigherprofits,butbecauseofitsshortlifecycleandcommoditydiversification,demandisdifficulttopredictaccurately,alargenumberoffakeproductsandtheemergenceofinnovativeproductswillweakenthecompetitiveedge,Enterpriseshadtoundergoaseriesofmorenewinnovations,sothatthedemandformoreunpredictability.Innovativeproductswithahighdegreeofmarketuncertainty,increasedtheriskofanimbalanceinsupplyanddemand,Thereforethemaincostisnotthecostofbusinessflowlogisticscosts,Retailenterprisesneedtomarketchangesfastandflexibleresponsetocustomerdemand.Choiceofsupplierstonotconsiderthelow-cost,butaccessspeedandflexibility;inventoryandproductioncapacityinkeydecision-makingisnottominimizethecost,butthespeedandflexibilityofresponse.tominimizethemarketdemandfortheuncertaintycausedbytheloss.Clearly,innovativeproductstorespondquicklytotherequestprocess,theoperationofsuchgoodsretailenterprisesshouldadoptreactivesupplychain.Iftheretailbusinessisafunctionofthevalueofgoodstheyusedreactivesupplychain,Ormaybetheoperatorsareinnovativeproductsthathaveadoptedefficientsupplychain,supplychainstrategywillbeafundamentalerror,itisnecessarytoredesignthesupplychain.Retailenterprisesupplychainmanagementstrategyimplementation

3ImplementationofretailmerchandisecategoriesmanageRetailcommoditycategoriesmanagementreferstoaretailcommoditygroupsasastrategicbusinessunitmanagement,toconcentrateontransmissionandconsumersrealizethevalue,inordertoobtainbetteroperatingperformance.Specifically,theretailenterprisesoperatingonallgoodsbycategoryclassification,identificationandmeasurementofeachfunctionalcategoryofcommodities,income,growthandotherindicators,andthetypesofgoodsdividedintofunctionalgoodsandinnovativeproducts.Onthisbasis,considercombiningvarioustypesofcommodityinventorylevelsanddisplayshelves,andotherfactors,thedevelopmentofcommodityvarieties,theentiremerchandisecategorymanagement,enhancecustomerservicelevelsandachieveoverallcommoditycategoriesofoverallrevenuemaximization.

4AccordingtothetypesofgoodsrespectivelycorrespondingSupplychainstrategyforfunctionalproductsShouldfocusonloweringthecostoflogistics.usingefficientsupplychain,theimplementationofeffectivecustomerresponse(ECR)system.Fromtheenhancementoftheefficiencyofthesupplyofgoodsstart.andupstreamsuppliersandmanufacturersbetweentheuseofmoderninformationtechnologytoestablishmutualcoordinationmodesofsupply,RetailersusePOSsystems,thesalesanddistributionofsynchronousoperationandsharingoflogisticsfacilitiesandstorageresources,lowerdistributioncosts,minimizingproductionanddistributionprocessesmayproducethewaste.Forinnovativeproductsshouldfoc