FLIESProfessor:

Jianping

ChenMorphology:

hairy

body

and

legse,(1)

Head:a. A

pair

of

compound

eyes(

close

togetherin

the

malfar

apart

in

the

female

)three single

eyesb. A

pair

of

antennaec. Mouthparts:

sponging

typei.(2)Thorax:a.

Well-developed

mesothoraxb.

Veins:

costal,

subcostal

and

longitudinal

veinsc.

Three

pairs

of

legs:Each

leg

is

divided

intocoxa,

trochanter,

femur,tibia

and

tarsus,

with

a

pair

ofterminal

claws

and

hairy

pulvill(3)

Abdomen:

10

segments,

the

terminal

segmentsmodified

into

external

genital

organsLife

cycle:

complete

metamorphosisEggs30~40℃,

1

dayLarvae4~8

days,

2

moltsPupae3~6

daysAdultsLarvaemilky

white,

body

is

divided

intosegments,

the

posterior

possesses

a

pairof

spiracles.

The

morphologicalcharacters

of

spiracles

are

of

value

inidentifying.Ecology(1)

Habits

of

larvae:a.

Free-living

type:

feces,

garbage,

rotten

plants

andanimalsb.

Parasitic

living

type:Oestridae

and

Hypodermatidae(2)

Feed

habits

of

adults:

a.

Non-blood-sucking

flies:

spongingmouthparts

,

filth-feeding

b.

Blood-sucking

flies:

piercing

and

suckingmouthpartsc.

Non-feeding

flies:

degenerative

mouthparts(3)

Hibernation:Most

hibernate

in

the

pupa

stage.Main

species(1)

Musca

domestica

vicina:

medium

size,dark gray,

4

dark

dorsal

longitudinalstrips.(2)

Chrysomyia

megacephala:

large,greenish-blue,

hairy

flies.(3)

Lucilia

sericata:

medium

sized,

greenmetallic

luster

flies.(4)

Boettcherisca

peregrina:

medium

orlarge

sized,

grayish,

with

3

conspicuousdorsal

longitudinal

black

strips

on

thoraxand

dorsal,

light

and

dark

patchesonabdomen.(5)

Stomoxys

calcitrans:Blood-suckingFlies

and

diseases(1)

Mechanicaltransmission:

*Alimentary

system

diseases:

dysentery,cholera,

typhoid,

parasite

diseases

*Respiratorysystemdiseases:tuberculosis,

pneumonia

*Skin

diseases:

cutaneous

leishmaniasis,bacterial

dermatitis,

anthrax,

tetanus*Eye

diseases:

trachoma,

conjunctivitis(2)

Biological

transmission:

Amiota

variegata

serves

asintermediate

host

of

Thelazia

callipaeda,causes

thelaziasis.(3)

Myiasis:cutaneous,

subcutaneous,

intestinal,urinarytreatment:

surgical

removal

,cystoscopic

treatment

,Purgation

with

sodium

sulfateor

anthelminticsControl

countermeasures(1)

Elimination

or

reduction

of

breeding

grounds(2)

Destruction

of

the

larvae(3)

Destruction

of

the

adult

fliesSand

fliesMorphology1.5~4.0

mm

in

length,

grayish-yellow,

hairybody(1)

Head:

piercing

and

sucking

mouthparts(2)

Thorax:

humpbacked,

erect

V-shapedposition

of

wings

at

rest.(3)

Abdomen:

differentiation

of

speciesdepends

on

structure

of

spermatheca

in

femaleand

external

genetalia

in

maleLife

cycleComplete

metamorphosis:

egg—larva—pupa—adultEcology(1) Breeding

habits:

soil(2) Feeding

habits:

Only

females

areblood

suckers(3) Activity:

Inability

to

fly

against

slightwinds

limits

their

flight

range.(4) Hibernation:

Most

hibernate

in

thelarval

stage.Main

species(1) Phlebotomus

chinensis

chinensis(2) Ph.c.

longiductusSand

flies

and

diseases(1)

Leishmaniasis:Visceral

leishmaniasis,

VL:

Leishmania

donovaniCutaneous

leishmaniasis,

CL:

Leishmania

tropicaMucocutaneous

leishmaniasis,

MCL:

Leishmania

braziliensis

vianna(2)

Phlebotomus

fever:(3)

Bartonellosis:

Bartonella

bacilliformisControl

countermeasuresChemicalcontrolFleasMorphology(1)

Head:

triangular,

a

pair

of

antennae,

singleeyes,

piercing

and

sucking

mouthparts,

genalcomb(2)

Thorax:

wingless,

three

pairs

of

legs,

well-developed

coxa,

pronotal

comb,

mesopleuralrod(3)

Abdomen:

10

segments,

the

last

three

aremodified

into

the

external

genitaliaFemale:

spermathecaLife

cycleComplete

metamorphosis:

egg—larva—pupa—adultEcology(1) Feeding

habits:Males

and

females

are

all

bloodsuckers(2) Activity:

unusual

leaping

powerMain

speciesPulex

irritansXenopsylla

cheopisCtenocephalalides

felisCtenocephalalides

felisPulex

irritansXenopsylla

cheopisFleas

and

diseases(1)

Annoyance

and

blood

loss:(2)

Be

parasites:

Tunga

penetrans

(Jigger

Flea)(3) Serve

asdisease

transmitters:a.

Plague:

Yersinia

pestisb. Murine

typhus:

Rickettsiamooseric.

Hymenolepiasis

nana,

HymenolepiasisdiminutaTunga

penetrans

(Jigger

Flea)Tunga

penetrans,

also

known

as

the'Jigger'

or

'Chigoe'

flea,

occursin

tropical

Africa,

the

Americasand

westernIndia.

The

adult

female

flea

burrowsintohuman

flesh,

particularly

the

feet.Shewill

remain

embedded,

the

ovaries

willswell

and

eggs

are

produced,

with

thebody

becoming

around

the

sizeof

a

pea.This

is

an

adult

female

Tunga

penetransthat

was

surgically

removedandmeasures

4.8mm.

The

head

&

thorax

canbe

seen

as

the

dark

brown

stucture,offcentred

and

to

the

lower

left.This

is

a

close

up

of

the

head

of

the

Tungafemaleseen

above.

Theeyesand

legsareclearly

visible.

From

the

top

of

the

head

to

the

base

of

the

thorax

is

0.57mm.This

patient

has

several

Tunga

adultsembedded

in

the

feet.

The

oval

sand-likegranules

are

the

eggs.Control

countermeasures(1)

Elimination

or

reduction

of

breeding

grounds(2)

Destruction

of

the

fleas(3)

Personal

protectionLiceMorphologyWingless, dorso-ventrally

flattened,

claw

andthumb-like

tibial

process(1)

Pediculus

humanus:

(head

and

body

lice)a. Body:

Male

is

smaller.b. Head:

a

pair

of

antennae,

piercing

and

sucking

mouthpartsc. Thorax:

three

pairs

of

strong

legsd. Abdomen:

8

segments

Male:

rounded,

penial

organThe

posterior

end

Female:

“W”

shapedPediculus

humanus

(2)Pthirus

pubis:

(pubic

lice) crab-likeappearance

,bodyshapeisovalandbroaderPthirus

pubisLife

cycleIncomplete

metamorphosis:

egg—nymph—adultEcology(1) Parasitic

position:a.

P.h..

capitis

(head

lice)

:

hairs

of

the

headb.

P.h.

corp