1Introduction1.1NeedfortheStudySinceenteredWTO,theconstruction,oneoftheimportantpillarindustriesofnationaleconomy,hasmadeastoundingadvances.WiththeintroductionofFIDICcontractterms,Chineseenterpriseshavegraduallybecomecompatiblewiththeinternationalnorms.Inthefieldofinternationalconstruction,therearemoreandmoreengineeringprojectswhicharecontractedbyChineseorforeigncompanies.AndtheInternationalEngineeringProjectsContract(IEPC)istheformalwrittenbusinesscontractsignedbyChineseandforeignengineeringenterprises.Usually,inthesecontracts,ifthere'sdivergence,almosttheEnglishtextshallprevailaccordingtotheinternationalcustom.ButforChina,it'sextremelydetrimentaltodraftandexplainthecontractwithEnglish.Foreignenterprisescanmakefulluseoftheadvantageoftheirnativelanguage—English,tomakeandexplainthetermsbeneficialtotheircommercialinterests.Nomatterthecorporaterepresentativesandthelegalrepresentativesofforeign-relatedprojects,orfull-timetranslators,engineers,contractmanagersandbusinessnegotiants,shouldgraspthelanguagecharacteristicsoftheEnglishcontract,befamiliarwithcontracttermsanddefinitions.Soit'snecessarytostudythetranslationofthesecontracts.Andthetitleofmasterdegree'sdissertationis"ATentativeStudyonTheTranslationofInternationalEngineeringProjectsContractFromChineseintoEnglish".1.2StructureofThesisChapterIIntroductionTheGenerationofIEPCandThePresentSituationonTranslationofIt1.BackgroundDescription2.TheDevelopmentHistoryonTranslationofIEPC2.1TheProductionofIEPC2.2ThePresentSituationonTranslationofIEPCChapterIIStudyoftheApplicableTranslationTheoriesofIEPC1.TheApplicationofFunctionalTranslationTheoryinIEPC1.1TheIntroductionofFunctionalTranslationTheory1.2TheTheoryAppliedinIEPC2.TheTranslatingContrastbetweenIEPCandGeneralForeignTradeContract2.1PartiestoTheContract2.2TheTermsofPaymentinBothContracts2.3TheDisputesandSolutionsofContracts3.TheUniqueLinguisticFeaturesandTranslationSkillsofIEPCChapterIIIStudyoftheTranslationSkillsofIEPC1.TheStyleCharacteristicsofIEPC2.TheLinguisticFeaturesofIEPC3.TheFrequently-usedMethodsonTranslationofIEPCChapterIVConclusionReference2Outline2.1LiteratureReview2.1.1FIDIC——TheinternationalconventionsofconstructionToparticipateincompetitionoftheinternationalprojectcontractingmarket,wemustunderstandandmastertheworld-widerulesofthegame--thecontracttermsofFIDIC(InternationalFederationofconsultingengineers).Itisacontractconditionswhichhascollectedhundredsofyearsofexperiencesincivilengineeringandconstructionofdevelopedcountries,andintegratedtheengineeringtechnologies,laws,economiesandmanagementsciences.TheFIDICcontractinvolvedinInternationalengineeringprojectsmainlyincludesfourkinds.Oneofthem,whichiswidelyusedinChinaandknownbymostEngineeringmanagementpersonnelisthe"RedBook"——ConditionsofContractforWorksofCivilEngineeringConstruction.TheframeworkrelationshipofFIDICcontractisthe"trinity"amongtheowner,consultingengineerandthecontractor,namelyakindoftriangle,butisnotanequilateraltriangle.Consultingengineersclosertotheowner,becausenowinternationalprojectcontractingmarketisstillabuyer'smarket.Inmanyinternationalengineeringcontractingprojects,thevastmajorityofChineseenterprisesplaytheroleascontractors.Obviously,weareinapositionofcomparativedisadvantages.Inordertosuccessfullycompletethecontractedprojects,andmaximizeourdomesticenterprises'interestsatthesametime,wemust"doastheRomansdo".EarnestlystudyandprofoundunderstandingtheFIDICcontractterms.Beforesignedthebilingualcontractswithrelatedenterprises,headedanalysisandthoroughunderstandthecontentsofthecontract,especiallyindisputeresolutionsandclaimprograms,whichinvolveenterprises'interests.2.1.2TheFunctionalTranslationTheoryThefunctionalistapproaches(maybe)istheresearchmethodsof"emphasisonfunctionortextfunctionsandtranslation"(ChristianeNord).Andthefuncionalismreferstothetheoriesofresearchingthetranslationbythisfunctionaldoctrinemode.FunctionaltranslationtheoryhasbeenseenoriginallyinRice's《translationcriticismofthepossibilitiesandlimits》(1971).Ricedividedtheversionintothreecategoriesaccordingtothefunction:Informative——givingprioritytotransfervariousinformation,focusingontheobjectivefacts;Expressive——mainlyexpressingsubjectivefeelingsandthoughts,focusingontheauthor;Operative/Vocative——primarilytoarousetheexpectedreactionofreaders.Andwhentranslatingthetextofapplicationstyle,itemphasizesonInformativeandOperative/Vocative.In1978,Vermeerfirstputforwardthecoretheoryoffunctionalistin《commonframeoftranslationtheory》:Skopostheory.Andputforwardthreeruleswhichtranslatorsmustcomplywith:objectiveprinciple,theconsistencyprincipleandloyaltyprinciple.ObjectiveprincipleandloyaltyprincipleistwobasicprinciplesofSkopostheory.Objectiveprinciplemustbedecidedseparatelyineachclearcases.Andwhichdecidedthisprincipleistranslationbrief.Acustomerwhoneedaversionrequestthetranslatortotranslateitforaspecificpurpose.Andhe/shewillbecomethesponsorofthetranslationactivities.2.1.3ThetranslationofIEPCThenewFIDICcontractwhichwasofficiallypublishedin1999madeimportantchangesinsomeaspectsoftheoriginalcontract.Itmadetheresponsibility,rightandobligationofbothpartiesmorerigorous,andthemaneuverabilityisstronger.Thegeneralconditionsofnew"RedBook"including20paragraphs,163articles.The20paragraphsinclude:generalprovisions,owner,engineers,contractor,appointedsubcontractor,staffandworkers,engineeringequipment,materialandprocess,commenced,delayandsuspension,testsoncompletion,theowneroftheacceptance,defectsliability,measurementandassessment,changeandadjustment,contractpriceandpayment,ownertermination,suspensionandterminationbycontractor,riskandliability,insurance,forcemajeure,claims,disputesandarbitration.AtpresentourcountryhasintroducedandadoptedtheFIDICcontracttermsandmanagementmode.ConstructionministryandthestateadministrationofindustryandcommercereferencetheformandcontentofFIDICcontractterms(suchastheappellationof"engineer"anditsresponsibilities,claimprogram,two-wayclaimsystemetc),jointlypromulgatedthe"constructioncontractdemonstrativetext"."RedBook"requiresthewholeprojectconstructionactivitiesrealizestandardization.Theprefaceofitsfourthversion:"Thestandardizationintechniquesandmanagementsisindispensableforsuccessfullycompletingthecivilengineeringconstructionprojects."Standardizationistoregulatetheunifiedstandardsofthecommodities,andbeingimplementedinthewholeprocess.It'sanimportantpartinthesystemofmoderntechnologyeconomyandscience.Theinternationalengineeringcontractingcontractsshouldalsofollowthestandardization.FIDICcontract72ndparagraph,thesettlementofdisputesfinallywayisarbitration.TheinstitutionforarbitrationisDisputeAdjudicationBoard(DAB).Internationalarbitrationjudgesby"ContraProferentumRule".Thisisveryadvantageoustothecontractorwhichmeanswhenappearingthefuzzyorconflictingterms,thearbitratorswouldmaketheexplanationsinaccordancewiththeworstsituationforwritersonprinciple.Andthecontractwritersareusuallyconsultingengineersorowner.Thisisalsothebiggestopportunityforcontractorstosubmittheinternationalarbitration.2.3ResearchQuestions1.WhatarethefeaturesofIEPC?2.WhatarethetheoriesapplyingtoIEPC?3.WhataretheproblemsfrequentlybeingdisadvantageoustotheclaimsintheprocessoftranslatingtheIEPC?2.4ResearchMethodsStudythelanguageandtranslationmethodsoftheIEPC,bycollectingthemodelsofcontractsbothoninternationalengineeringprojectsandgeneralforeigntrades,andcomparativelystudyingbothofthemaccordingtotheFunctionalTranslationTheory.2.5AnticipatedConclusions1.AccuratetranslationoftheIEPC,canstrengthenthecommunicationandcooperationbetweencountriesandChinainprojectsofinternationalengineering,avoidthecontradictionsandarguments,andlaya