3.2.4LeontiefParadox對(duì)H-O理論的驗(yàn)證Thefirstattempttoinvestigatethefactor-endowmenttheoryempiricallywasundertakenbyWassilyLeontief.AccordingtoHOtheory,theunitedStatesshouldexportcapital-intensivegoodsanditsimport-intensivegoodsshouldbelabor-intensive.In1954,Lenotieftestedthispropositionbyanalyzingthecapital/laborratiosforsome200exportindustriesandimport-competingindustriesintheUnitedStates,basedontradedatafor1947.TheresultsofLeontief’stest:theUnitedStatesexportL-intensivecommoditiesandimportK-intensivecommodities.ExportImportSubstitutesCapital$2550,780$3091,339Labor(man-years)182170Capital/Labor$14010$18,180Leontief’stestsfailedtoconfirmH-Otheory.SowegottheLeontiefParadox.

SubsequenttestIn1971,RobertBaldwinshowedthatU.S.importsweremorecapital-intensivethanU.S.exports,usingameasuresimilartoLeontief'swithupdateddata.In1980,EdwardLeamerquestionedLeontief'soriginalmethodology.However,heacknowledgedthattheU.S.paradoxstillappears.In1999,Helpmanconcludedthattheparadoxpersists,butsomestudiesinnon-UStradewereinsteadconsistentwiththeH–Otheory.In2005,Kwok&YuusedanupdatedmethodologytoargueforalowerorzeroparadoxinU.S.tradestatistics,thoughtheparadoxisstillderivedinotherdevelopednations.Carbaugh,Chap.47ExplanationsoftheLeontiefParadox

1.TheyearistooclosetoWorldWarIItoberepresentative.Leontiefparadox2.U.S.laborembodiesmorehumancapital.

ThePost-LeontiefstudiesshowedthattheUnitedStateswasalsoabundantinfarmlandandhighlyskilledlabor.AndtheUnitedStateswasindeedanetexporterofproductsthatusethesefactorsintensively,asH-Opredicts.Leontiefignoredhumancapital,suchaseducation,jobtraining,andhealthembodiedinworkers.3.U.S.tariffpolicy4.TheU.S.dependenceonimportsofmanynaturalresources.5.Factor-intensityreversalAgivencommodityistheL-intensivecommodityintheL-abundantnationandtheK-intensivecommodityintheK-abundantnation.

TheexplanationsofH-Oparadoxenrichedinternationaltradetheories.Ingenerally,Thetradepatternofdevelopingcoun