(最終完整版)I.DefinetheFollowingTerms.MorphemeMorpheme(語素):theminimalmeaningfulunit(thesmallestfunctioningunitinthecompositionofwords)allomorphAllomorph(語素變體):isadifferentvariantformofamorpheme，differinphonologicalandspellingform,butatthesameinfunctionandmeaning.OneofthevariantsthatrealizeamorphemeboundmorphemeBoundMorpheme(粘著語素):Aboundmorphemeisonethatcannotstandbyitself.freemorphemeFreemorphemes:Thosewhichmayoccuralone,thatis,thosewhichmayconstitutewordsbythemselves,arefreemorphemes.AffixAffixisthecollectivetermforthetypeofformativethatcanbeusedonlywhenaddedtoanothermorpheme.inflectionalaffixInflectionalaffixes(屈折詞綴)(inflectionalmorphemes):affixesattachedtotheendofwordstoindicategrammaticalrelationshipsareinflectionalderivationalaffixDerivationalaffixes(派生詞綴)A)prefix:Aprefixcomesbeforewords.B)suffixaprefixorsuffixaddedtoarootorstemtoformanotherword,asun-inunread,-nessinlikenessrootArootisthebasicformofawordwhichcannotbefurtheranalyzedwithouttotallossofidentity.stemAstemisthesurpluspartafterthecuttingofinflectionalmorphemeinawordwithinflectionalmorphemes,canbefurtheranalyzed,itsometimescouldbearoot.ReferenceReferenceistheconventionalorarbitraryrelationshipbetweenlanguageandtheworld.Partofthewordmeaningisthereference.Motivation(理據)：Motivationreferstotheconnectionbetweenthelinguisticsymbolanditsmeaning.Mostwordsarenon-motivated.Conceptualmeaning(概念意義):alsoknownasdenotativemeaning(外延意義)Conceptualmeaningisoftendescribedasdictionarymeaningorliteralmeaningofaword.Itisthecoreofthemeaningofaword.grammaticalmeaning（語法意義）:indicatethegrammaticalconcept(becomeimportantonlyinactualcontext)Grammaticalmeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichindicatesgrammaticalrelationshipsorfunctions,suchastensemeaning,singularmeaning,etcassociativemeaningAssociativemeaning(關聯(lián)意義):AccordingtothesemanticanalysisofGeoffreyLeech,theassociativemeaningofanexpressionhastodowithindividualmentalunderstandingsofthespeaker.Hyponymy(上下義關系)Hyponymydealswiththerelationshipofsemanticinclusion.Themeaningofamorespecificwordisincludedinthatofanothermoregeneralword.Forexample,acatishyponymofanimalstylisticmeaningLanguageusecanbeformal,neutralandcasualinstyle.Thestylisticfeaturesofwords,whichmakewordsappropriateforappropriatesituations,constitutestylisticmeaningsofwords.affectivemeaningAffectivemeaningreferstothatpartofmeaningwhichconveysemotionsandattitudesofalanguageuser.Sometimesaffectivemeaningsarebroughtoutonlyincontext.collectivemeaningCollectivemeaningconsistsoftheassociationsawordacquiresonaccountofthemeaningsofwordswhichtendtooccurinitsenvironment.SlangSlangisthe"languageofahighlycolloquialtype,consideredasbelowthelevelofstandardeducatedspeech,andconsistingeitherofnewwordsorofcurrentwordsusedinsomesocialsense."homophone同音異義詞AhomophoneisawordthatispronouncedthesameasanotherwordbutdiffersinmeaningWhichofthefollowingisNOTarhetoricalfeatureofidioms?DA．Phoneticmanipulation. B．Lexicalmanipulation.C．Figuresofspeech. D．Phrasalverbs.22.Thesentence“IlikeMarybetterthanyou.”isambiguousdueto____C__.A．extra-linguisticcontext B．lexicalcontextC．grammaticalcontext D．homonymy23.WhichofthefollowingisNOToneoftheobviouscharacteristicsofthebasicwordstock?CA．．Creativity. B．Stability.C．Duality. D．Allnationalcharacter.24.Synonymscanbeclassifiedintotwomajorgroups,thatis:（A

）A.absoluteandrelative B.absoluteandcompleteC.relativeandnear D.completeandidenticalIntheearlyperiodofMiddleEnglish,English,_D________existedsidebyside.A. CelticandDanish

B.DanishandFrenchC.LatinandCeltic D.FrenchandLatinAmonomorphemicwordisawordthatconsistsofasingle（

C

）morpheme.A.formal B.concreteC.free D.BoundWhichofthefollowingisNOTanacronym?（

B

）A.TOEFL B.ODYSSEYC.BASIC D.CCTVWhichofthefollowingisNOToneofthemainsourcesofnewwords?BA．Therapiddevelopmentofmodernscienceandtechnology.B．Geographicalandpoliticalchanges.C．Theinfluenceofotherculturesandlanguages.D．Socialandeconomicchanges.Neologismsarenewly-createdwordsorexpressions.WhichofthefollowingisNOTanexampleofneologisms?BA．SARS. B．Can-opener.C．Futurology. D．Freakout.ThewrittenformofEnglishisa(an)____C_______representationofthespokenform.A.selective B.adequateC.imperfect D.naturalMatchthewordsorexpressionsinColumnAwiththoseinColumnBaccordingto1)meaningofprefixes;2)typeofwordformations;3)typesofmeaningchangesand4)typesofidioms.A B（J）31．Ultr- A.backformation（A）32．burgle B.initialism（H）33．pop C.transferofsensation（C）34．clear-sounding D.before（B）35．VOA E.brim(water’sedge—thetopedgeofacup)（D）36．fore- F.mistress（F）37．degradation G.succeed（I）38．kickthebucket H.clipping（E）39．extension I.die（G）40．makeit J.extreme41.Whatislexicaltaxonomy詞匯分類構造?Illustrateyourpointswithexamples.Lexicaltaxonomyisaclassifiedstructureformedbydifferentleveloftypesoflexicon.Therelationbetweendifferenttypesoflexiconsistaxonomy.Inthetaxonomyrelations,thelexiconcontainsanarrowtypeistaxonyms,whilethelexiconcontainsawidetypeonasuperiorlevelissuperordinate.Thelexiconsinthesamelevelareco-taxonyms,therelationbetweenwhichiscalledco-taxonymy.Taxonomydenotesarelationofbelonging:Xisakind/type/tokenofY.Inthiscase,Xrepresentsthetaxonyms,Yrepresentssuperodinated.Forexamples:horseisakindofanimal;Carrotisakindofvegetable;Chairisakindoffurniture;Hammerandsawsarekindoftools;Usually,thetypesintaxonomyrelationsarewiderthanthebreeds:animal>horse,vegetable>carrot,etc.42.Whatisameliorationofmeaning?Whatisdegradationofmeaning?Illustrateyourpointswithexamples.Elevationorameliorationofmeaning詞義的升華:theprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumble（粗陋的）beginningstopositionsofimportance.[eg：knight(old)servant(el)rankbelowbaronet從男爵]ElevationofMeaning(oramelioration)(詞義的升格)Itreferstotheprocessbywhichwordsrisefromhumblebeginningstopositionsofimportance.e.g.marshal:aservantwholooksaftermares/keeperofhorseminister:servantnice:ignorant,foolishDegradationofMeaning(ordegeneration)(詞義的降格)Itisaprocesswherebynon-affectivewordscometobeusedinderogatorysense.itismuchmorecommonforwordmeaningstochangeindenotationfromneutraltopejorativethanitisforthemtogotheotherway．e.g.sad:calm,serious--------sorryfulcunning:knowingaskillful--------gossip,crafty.wench:girl,youngwoman--------aloosewoman,prostituteboor:peasant--------ill-manneredpersonfond:foolish43.Whatistransferredepithet轉移修飾詞?Illustrateitwithexamples.Anepithetisanadjective(orphrasecontaininganadjective)oradverbwhichmodifies(describes)anoun.Forinstance,in"dreamlesssleep",dreamlessistheepithet.Inatransferredepithet(alsoknownashypallage;literally"echange")theadjectiveoradverbistransferredfromthenounitlogicallybelongswith,toanotheronewhichfitsitgrammaticallybutnotlogically.Soin"dreamlessnight",dreamlessisatransferredepithet.Theexactmeaningofthesentenceis"nightwhenI(orwhoever)sleptwithoutdreaming,"sinceanightcan'tactuallydreamanyway.Weusetransferredepithetsallthetime.Anotherexamplecouldbe"Ihadaterribleday.""Terrible"isatransferredepithet,becauseitwasn'tthedaythatwasterrible,onlythethingsthathappenedtomeonthatday.Amorepoeticexamplewouldbe"alongandwearyroad"-longcanapplylogicallytotheroad,butnotweary–sowearyisatransferredepithet44.Whatissynaesthesia?Illustrateitwithexamples.Synaesthesiaisajoiningtogetherofsensationsthatarenormallyexperiencedseparately.Synesthesiacanoccurbetweennearlyanytwosensesorperceptualmodes,andatleastonesynestheteexperiencedsynesthesiathatlinkedallfivesenses.Giventhelargenumberofformsofsynesthesia,researchershaveadoptedaconventionofindicatingthetypeofsynesthesiabyusingthefollowingnotationx→y,wherexisthe"inducer"ortriggerexperience,andyisthe"concurrent"oradditionalexperience.Forexample,perceivinglettersandnumbers(collectivelycalledgraphemes)ascoloredwouldbeindicatedasgrapheme→colorsynesthesia(e.g.,Aislikelytobered).Inspatial-sequence,ornumberformsynesthesia,numbers,monthsoftheyear,and/ordaysoftheweekelicitpreciselocationsinspace(forexample,1980maybe"fartheraway"than1990),ormayhavea(three-dimensional)viewofayearasamap(clockwiseorcounterclockwise)V.StatetheglocalizationofEnglishlanguageGlocalisation(orglocalization)isacompoundwordofglobalizationandlocalization.Bydefinition,theterm“glocal”referstotheindividual,group,division,unit,organisation,andcommunitywhichiswillingandableto“thinkgloballyandactlocally.”GlocalizationAcombinationofthewords“globalization”and“l(fā)ocal,”whichsuggeststheuniquelocalandsituatedformsandeffectsofwidespreadandevenglobalprocesses.Forexample:thewords“chipmunk”,”moose”comefromIndialanguage;theword“brandy”and“l(fā)andscape”comefromHolland;thewords“cargo”,“contraband”comefromSpanish;thewords“acme”,“acrobat”and“catastrophe”comefromGreek.V.StatethefeaturesofEnglishidiomswithexamples.1.Idiomaticity(習用性):TheidiomiswidelyusedbyEnglish-Americancountries,andithasawidesocialbaseandstrongvitality.Suchas:raincatsanddogs,cutoffone’snosetospiteone’sface,playone’scardsclosetoone’schest,etc.Someofthemhaveplatitudes,somehavealreadylosttheoriginalculturalcontext.Buttheyarestillwidelyusedowingtoitscertainmeaninginpeople’slives.2.Syntacticfrozenness(定型性):ThesyntacticfrozennessoftheidiomisalsocalledtheSyntacticfixedness(固定性).LikeChineseidiom,Theformofaidiomisfixed,itcan’tbesyntacticallychangedorreplaced.Onlyasmallpartoftheidiomscanbereplacedbyotherwords,butthesechangesarefixed,too.Forexam