Argumentative-essay-英文議論文寫作Argumentative-essay-英文議論文寫作Argumentative-essay-英文議論文寫作Ⅰ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil2021/2/42Argumentative-essay-英文議論文寫作ArgⅠ.Maincommunicativepurposesoftheargumentativeessay:

Toconvinceorpersuadetoagreewithanopinion;todefendanopinion;toattackanopinionyoubelievetobemisguiding,untrue,orevil2021/2/42Ⅰ.MaincommunicativepurposesⅡ.BasicfeaturesTheargumentativeessaymusttakeacontroversialissueforanopendebate,i.e.,theissuemustbearguable;Theargumentcannotbegeneralbelief;personalpreference;orfact2021/2/43Ⅱ.Basicfeatures2021/2/43Twosidesaregenerallyinvolved:

proponents(thoseinfavoroftheissue)andopponents(thoseagainsttheissue);Thethesismusttakeasideofanissue,andfrequentlyproposesacourseofaction;Theargumentativeessayare

highlypersuasiveandlogical

(oftenexpressedwiththemodal“should”);Goodlogicistheheartoftheargumentativeessay.2021/2/44TwosidesaregenerallyinvolvⅢ.

StrategiesforlogicalpersuasionBefullyawareofyouraudienceorreader;Asthepurposeofanargumentativeessayistoconvincethereaderofyourposition,youshouldaddressyourreaderbywritingobjectively,logically,andrespectfully.

2021/2/45Ⅲ.StrategiesforlogicalpersTrytoidentifyandunderstandyouropponent’spointofviewYoucannotjustpresentyourownopinioninargumentation.Thiscanneverconvincethereader.Youhavetoconsiderthepointofviewofyouropponent’s.2021/2/46Trytoidentifyandunderstand3.Usetwoformsoflogicalreasoning:inductionanddeduction.Induction（歸納）:theprocessofreasoningfromtheparticulardetailstothegeneralconclusion.Itinvolvesexaminingparticulardetailssuchasspecificcases,facts,orexamples.Theconclusionismadebasedontheevidencecomingfromthespecificdetails.2021/2/473.UsetwoformsoflogicalreDeduction（演繹）:theprocessofreasoningfromthegeneraltothespecific.Itbeginswithageneralizationandisappliedinaspecificcase.Theconclusionisdrawnbasedonageneralization.2021/2/48Deduction（演繹）:theprocessofDeductioninvolvesathree-stepformofreasoningcalledSyllogism（三段論）:MajorPremise(theinitialgeneralization),MinorPremise(thespecificcase),andConclusion(theresultingstatement).Thisthree-stepformcanbeillustratedasfollows:MajorPremise:Dogsbark.MinorPremise:LittleBrownisadog.Conclusion:Therefore,LittleBrownbarks.2021/2/49Deductioninvolvesathree-

Tobemorespecific,themajorpremiseisageneralizationthatyouandyourreadercanbothagreeon,whetheritisagenerallyacceptedstatementorwhetheryouhavealreadyproveditearlierintheargument. Theminorpremiseisthepartthatyouneedtoproveinyourargument.

2021/2/410Tobemorespecific,2021/2/41e.g.Iftheissueisaboutnuclearpowerplantconstruction,youmaytakethethree-stepformofreasoninglikethis:Majorpremise:Onlysafesourcesofenergyshouldbedeveloped.Minorpremise:Nuclearpowerplantsaresafesourcesofenergy.Conclusion:Therefore,nuclearpowerplantsshouldbeconstructed.

（Notice:Somecomplexissuesrequiremorethanonepremisetobeproved.)2021/2/411e.g.IftheissueisaboutToavoidbeingillogicalinthisreasoningprocess,youneedtokeepthefollowingpointsinmind:Themajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbetrueiftheconclusionistobevalid;e.g.,Allpeopleliketosuffer.(MaP)Jonnyisaperson.(MiP)Jonnylikestosuffer.(C)

Theabovereasoningprocessappearsillogicalsincethemajorpremiseisnotbasedonthetruth.2021/2/412ToavoidbeingillogicalinThemajorpremiseandtheminorpremisemustbesetuptofollowthecorrectlogicalorder;

Thecorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:A=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=AHondaisanautomobile.

∴C=BTherefore,Hondahaswheels.

2021/2/413ThemajorpremiseandtheminoAnincorrectlogicalorderisasfollows:AllA=BAllautomobileshavewheels.C=BHondahaswheels.

∴C=ATherefore,Hondaisautomobile.(Suchanillogicalordermakestheconclusioninvalid,forHondamightbeamotorcycleorawagon.)2021/2/414AnincorrectlogicalorderiThetermsinonepremisemustbeusedthesamewayintheotherpremise.Lookatthefollowingexamples:

Somevegetarianseateggs.Johnisavegetarian.

∴

Johneatseggs.AllAmericansspeakEnglish.MaryisaSouthAmerican.

∴MaryspeaksEnglish.2021/2/415ThetermsinonepremisemustⅣ.Planninganargumentativeessay

Whenyouplananargumentativeessay,keepinmindthefollowingpoints:Theargumentativeessayshouldintroduceandexplaintheissueorcase;Theessayshouldofferadequatereasonsandsupportthereasonswithgoodevidence;2021/2/416Ⅳ.PlanninganargumentativeeTheessayshouldrefuteopposingarguments.Thisisaveryparticularcharacteristicwhichdistinguishesargumentativeessaysfromexpositoryessays.Youmustnotonlypresentyourownpointofviewandproveit,butalsorefuteyouropponent’sviewandprovethat

yoursismorevalidorsuperior.2021/2/417TheessayshouldrefuteopposiⅤ.Organizinganargumentativeessay(1)IntroductionTomakeagoodbeginningofsuchanessay,youshouldfirstintroducetheproblemandthethesistoclarifythecontroversialissue

toyourreader.Thenyoushouldprovidebackgroundinformation.

2021/2/418Ⅴ.Organizinganargumentative(2)ThedevelopmentalpartConfirmation(2-3paragraphs)andrefutation(1-3paragraphs)arerequiredindevelopingthemainpartoftheessay.Toconfirmyourpersonalpointofview,youneedtogivereasonstosupportyourthesis;2021/2/419(2)Thedevelopmentalpart2021thereasonsmustbeconvincingevidencewhichisnormallyfromexamplesfactsauthoritativeorexpertopinionsstatisticalfindingspersonalexperienceorobservations2021/2/420thereasonsmustbeconvincing

Torefuteopposingviews,youshouldconsideryouropponent’spointofviewatthesametime;acknowledgethegoodpointsofopponent’sviewsfirst,explainwhyyouropponent’sviewsarenotgoodenough.

2021/2/421Torefuteopposingviews,2021

Indevelopingthemainpartoftheargumentativeessay,youmaychooseanypattern

orcombinethepatternstofurtherdevelopthethesisaswedealwithcause-and-effectgenrewriting(description,narration,definition,classification,exemplification,causalanalysis,comparison&contrast,etc.)2021/2/422Indevelopingthemainpar(3)TheConcludingpart

Tobetterconcludetheessay,youshouldrestateyourthesissummarizeyourmainpointsurgeyourreadertotakeactionpredictthefuture

2021/2/423(3)TheConcludingpart2021/Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandphrasesChronologicalorderfirstofall/first,afterthat/second,then/next,last/finallyExemplification

toillustratethispoint,…canbeillustratedasfollows,agoodcaseinpointis…Additionbesidesthat,apartfromthis,inaddition(to),furthermore,what’smore,moreoverComparison&contrastlikewise/similarly,inthesameway,similarto,conversely/onthecontrary,incontrast(to),ontheotherhand,differentfrom2021/2/424Ⅵ.SometransitionalwordsandⅦ.SometypicalsentencepatternsforargumentationItcanbearguedthat…Peopleargue/maintain/believethat…Somepeopleargue/claimthat…Butmoreoftenthannot,thereverse/theoppositeisusuallythecase/true.Someassumethat…,however,thisprovestobethecontrary/theopposite/theotherwayaround.Theya