考研英語(yǔ)（閱讀）模擬試卷646(題后含答案及解析)全部題型2.ReadingComprehensionSectionIIReadingComprehensionPartADirections:Readthefollowingfourtexts.AnswerthequestionsbeloweachtextbychoosingA,B,CorD.(40points)Manywilldoubttobaccoindustryclaimsthatitissharpeningitssciencetoevaluate“healthiercigarettes”.Butthat’swhatwillhappeniftheUSFoodandDrugAdministration(FDA)getsthejobofregulatingtheindustry,asaSenatevoteontheissuewasexpectedtodecidethisweek.Thenthehealthagencywillbeplacedinthebizarresituationofdecidingwhethertoapprovenewversionsofproductsthathavekilledmillions.Radicalswillarguethattheonlywayofpreventingtobacco-relateddeathanddiseaseistobancigarettes,notencouragemoretobaccoproductsontothemarket—eveniftheymightbesafer.However,abanisunlikely,andsohelpingpeopletoquit,dissuadingteensfromsmokinginthefirstplaceandhelpingpeopleavoidsecond-handsmokeshouldremainattheheartofhealthpolicies.SuchmeasureshavealreadycutthenumberofUSsmokersfromaround50percentofthepopulationinthe1960stoaround20percenttoday—butthisisstillwellshortoftheUSgovernment’stargetof12percentby2010.Abstinencecannotbetheonlypolicy,however.Pragmatistswillseethesenseofsafercigarettes.Thereisahardcoreofpeoplewhocannotorwillnotgiveup,andsafercigarettescouldalsohelpinpoorerpartsoftheworld,wheremoreandmorepeoplearetakingupsmoking:theWorldHealthOrganizationpredictsthatby2030morethan80percentoftobacco-relateddeathswillbeinlowtomiddle-incomecountries.Weneedtofindnewwaysofcuttingtherisksoftobacco.Nicotinereplacementsareonesolution;reduced-harmproductslikemodifiedcigarettesmightbeanother.Withoutrobustsciencetobackuptheclaimsofsafety,however,theycouldmakethingsworse,ashashappenedbefore.Themarketingof“l(fā)ight”,“ultra-light”and“l(fā)ow-tar”cigarettesledmanysmokerstobelievethatthesewerehealthieralternativestostrongerbrands,yetwenowknowthattheycausejustasmuchcancer.Thetobaccoindustryhasapoorhistoryoftransparencywhenitcomestoresearch.Tobaccocompaniesarenowdevelopingbiomarkerstoassessriskmoreaccurately.Theyshouldbeapplauded,butonlyiftheyarepreparedtosubjecttheirresearchtotoughexamination.FDAregulationmayforcethemtodothis.Itshouldalsomakethelabelingofcigarettesevenclearer,sothatconsumersunderstandtherelativerisks.Onlygoodsciencecancutthroughthesmokescreenthatfordecadeshasobscuredthehazardsofcigarettes.1．FromthefirsttwoparagraphsweknowthatA．itisimpossibleforthetobaccoindustrytomakesafercigarettes.B．theUSFoodandDrugAdministrationisgoingtobansmoking.C．discouragingpeoplefromsmokingshouldbethefirstpriority.D．theUSgovernmenthasmetitstargetofreducingthesmokingpopulation.正確答案：C解析：第二段講到healthpolicies的核心之一在于幫助人們戒煙，所以C項(xiàng)正確。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀2．Whenitcomestosmoking,pragmatistsbelieveA．peopleshouldbeencouragedtosmokeconsideringeconomicinterests.B．itissensibletointroducesafercigarettessincemanypeoplewon’tquit.C．theUSgovernmentshouldsparenoefforttobansmokinginpublic.D．thetobaccoindustryshouldexportcigarettestoundevelopedcountries.正確答案：B解析：根據(jù)pragmatists定位到第三段，實(shí)用主義者的觀點(diǎn)是安全型香煙的存在有意義，因?yàn)榭傆蓄B固分子戒不掉也不肯戒煙，所以B項(xiàng)正確。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀3．Themarketingof“l(fā)ight”,“ultra-light”and“l(fā)ow-tar”cigarettesismentionedtoA．introducesomekindsofsafercigarettes.B．provethatit’spossibletocuttherisksoftobacco.C．illustratetheinabilityoftobaccoindustrytodoscienceresearch.D．showthattheclaimedsafercigarettesarerisky.正確答案：D解析：根據(jù)“l(fā)ight”，“ultra-light”and“l(fā)ow-tar”定位到第四段。第四段提及了煙草業(yè)科研透明度很不夠，一個(gè)表現(xiàn)就是誤導(dǎo)吸煙者認(rèn)為light，ultra-lightandlow-tar香煙比濃煙更健康，其實(shí)同樣有害，所以D項(xiàng)正確。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀4．ItisimportantforFDAtoregulatethetobaccoindustryinthatA．itwillimposetoughexaminationonthetobaccoindustryintheUS.B．ithasstrongerscientificmethodstoboostAmerica’stobaccoindustry.C．itcanevaluatetherisksinthetobaccoindustrymoreaccurately.D．itwillintroducepoliciestobansmokinginthepublicplacesintheUS.正確答案：A解析：根據(jù)FDA定位到最后一段，該段講到煙草業(yè)研制安全型香煙必須subjecttotoughexamination，并且FDA可能會(huì)迫使他們這樣做，所以A項(xiàng)正確。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀5．Whichadjectivebestdescribestheauthor’sattitudetowardstobaccoindustry?A．Radical.B．Supportive.C．Objective.D．Disgustful.正確答案：C解析：本題考的是作者對(duì)煙草業(yè)的態(tài)度。整篇文章作者都是以事實(shí)為依據(jù)進(jìn)行客觀的論述，既有對(duì)煙草業(yè)一些不當(dāng)行為的揭露和批評(píng)，也有對(duì)其某些努力的褒獎(jiǎng)，所以答案為C項(xiàng)。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀Organizationsandsocietiesrelyonfinesandrewardstoharnesspeople’sself-interestintheserviceofthecommongood.Thethreatofaticketkeepsdriversinline,andthepromiseofabonusinspireshighperformance.Butincentivescanalsobackfire,diminishingtheverybehaviorthey’remeanttoencourage.Agenerationago,RichardTitmussclaimedthatpayingpeopletodonatebloodreducedthesupply.Economistswereskeptical,citingalackofempiricalevidence.Butsincethen,newdataandmodelshavepromptedaseachangeinhoweconomiststhinkaboutincentives—showing,amongotherthings,thatTitmusswasrightoftenenoughthatbusinessesshouldtakenote.Experimentaleconomistshavefoundthatofferingtopaywomenfordonatingblooddecreasesthenumberwillingtodonatebyalmosthalf,andthatlettingthemcontributethepaymenttocharityreversestheeffect.Dozensofrecentexperimentsshowthatrewardingself-interestwitheconomicincentivescanbackfirewhentheyunderminewhatAdamSmithcalled“themoralsentiments.”Thepsychologyherehasescapedblackboardeconomists,butitwillbenosurprisetopeopleinbusiness:Whenwetakeajoborbuyacar,wearenotonlytryingtogetstuff—wearealsotryingtobeacertainkindofperson.Peopledesiretobeesteemedbyothersandtobeseenasethicalanddignified.Andtheydon’twanttobetakenforsuckers.Rewardingblooddonationsmaybackfirebecauseitsuggeststhatthedonorislessinterestedinbeingaltruisticthaninmakingadollar.Incentivesalsorunintotroublewhentheysignalthattheemployermistruststheemployeeorisgreedy.Closesupervisionofworkerscoupledwithpayforperformanceistextbookeconomics—andaprescriptionforsullenemployees.Perhapsmostimportant,incentivesaffectwhatouractionssignal,whetherwe’rebeingself-interestedorcivic-minded,manipulatedortrusted,andtheycanimply—sometimeswrongly—whatmotivatesus.Finesorpublicrebukesthatappealtoourmoralsentimentsbysignalingsocialdisapproval(thinkoflittering)canbehighlyeffective.Butincentivesgowrongwhentheyoffendordiminishourethicalsensibilities.Thisdoesnotmeanit’simpossibletoappealtoself-interestedandethicalmotivationsatthesametime—justthateffortstodosooftenfail.Ideally,policiessupportsociallyvaluedendsnotonlybyharnessingself-interestbutalsobyencouragingpublic-spiritedness.ThesmalltaxonplasticgrocerybagsenactedinIrelandin2002thatresultedintheirvirtualeliminationappearstohavehadsuchaneffect.Itpunishedoffendersmonetarilywhileconveyingamoralmessage.Carryingaplasticbagjoinedwearingafurcoatinthegalleryofanti-socialanachronisms.6．Fromthefirsttwoparagraphs,weknowthatA．organizationalandsocialprogressesdependoneconomicincentives.B．economicincentivesactuallydiscouragepeopletobehavewell.C．economistsdidn’tagreewithTitmussforthelackofempiricalevidenceD．economistsnowpromptbusinessestonotedownTitmuss’sclaim.正確答案：C解析：根據(jù)題干定位到文章開(kāi)頭兩段。第二段明確提到“那時(shí)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)家對(duì)這種說(shuō)法(理查德關(guān)于獻(xiàn)血者的說(shuō)法)持懷疑態(tài)度，認(rèn)為其缺少經(jīng)驗(yàn)證據(jù)”，故C項(xiàng)為答案。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀7．Accordingtoexperimentaleconomists,A．moremoneyisoffered,fewerpeopledonateblood.B．economicincentivesmayrunintheoppositedirection.C．a(chǎn)decreasingnumberofpeopledonatebloodforcharity.D．economicincentivesclashwith“themoralsentiments”.正確答案：B解析：根據(jù)experimentaleconomists定位到第三段。該段列舉獻(xiàn)血者的例子，說(shuō)明當(dāng)“道德情操”被破壞時(shí)用經(jīng)濟(jì)獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)去激勵(lì)自愿行為會(huì)帶來(lái)反效果，故不難推斷B項(xiàng)為答案。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀8．WeknowfromthetextthatincentivesarecharacterizedasA．counterproductive.B．manipulating.C．implicative.D．effective.正確答案：C解析：考查全文。本文提到激勵(lì)在很多情況下給人們的行為帶來(lái)暗示，比如可能會(huì)暗示捐血的人是為了錢(qián)而不是為了幫助別人等，故C項(xiàng)implicative(有暗示性的)為正確答案。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀9．ThesmalltaxonplasticgrocerybagsinIrelandismentionedtoshowthatA．Irelandisdeterminedtoeliminateplasticpollution.B．incentivepoliciesbythegovernmentaremoreeffective.C．incentivescanharnessegoismandinspirealtruism.D．monetarypunishmentsusuallyhavemoralimplications.正確答案：C解析：根據(jù)plasticgrocerybags或Ireland定位到第五段。該段提到，政策不僅通過(guò)遏制自我利益，而且通過(guò)鼓勵(lì)公益精神來(lái)支持社會(huì)價(jià)值取向，C項(xiàng)符合文意，故為正確答案。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀10．ThetextintendstotellusthatA．businessesmightaswellputeconomicincentivestofullerplay.B．incentiveshavemorenegativeinfluencesthanpositiveones.C．moneyisnoteverything,instead,thereisalwayssomethingelse.D．incentivesmaygowrongwhentheyclashwith“themoralsentiments”.正確答案：D解析：考查全文。本文討論的是當(dāng)“道德情操”因素被削弱，經(jīng)濟(jì)激勵(lì)有時(shí)會(huì)產(chǎn)生反效果，故D項(xiàng)為答案。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀Morethananyotherindustry,America’smulti-billion-dollarentertainmentbusinessiscaughtinthecrossfireofthecountry’sculturewar.Mediafirmshavealwayshadtowalkafinelinebetweengivingadultsrealisticshowsandshieldingchildrenfromsexandbadlanguage.Butthankstothecurrentpoliticalinfluenceofsocialconservatives,TVandradiofirmsareundermoreattackthaneverforallegedlycorruptingAmerica’syouth.Congressisthreateningtoincreasesharplyfinesforairingindecentmaterial.Over80%ofAmericanhomessubscribeeithertocableorsatelliteTV,butonlybroadcasttelevision,whichistechnicallyfree,issubjecttoindecencyregulation.Themediaindustryfearsthatnewrulescoulddamageitsbusinessmodel.TheFederalCommunicationsCommission(FCC),themediaindustry’sregulator,definesindecencyaslanguageormaterialthatdescribessexualactionsororgansandwhichisconsidered“offensivebycontemporarycommunitystandards.”Solelyforthesakeofchildren(presentinone-thirdofAmericanhomes),indecencyisforbiddenfrom6a.m.to10p.m.onbroadcastTVandradio.Incontrastto“obscenity”—illegalallthetime—indecencymostlyconsistsofswearing,partialnudityandsexuality.America’scurrentbattlesoverindecencybeganin2003whenBono,arockstar,said“thisisreally,reallyfuckingbrilliant”ataliveawardsshow.TheFCCdecidedtodonothing.ThencameaglimpseofJanetJackson’sbreastinSuperBowl,outragingsomeviewers.PressedbyCongress,theFCCreverseditsdecisiononBonoandsaiditwouldgettoughonindecency.In2004itfinedmediafirmsnearly$8m,fivetimeswhatithadleviedintheprevioustenyearscombined.Forthesefirmssuchfinesarepuny.Yetfearingwhatfuturemeasuresmightbedeployedagainstthem,theyhaveincreasinglycensoredthemselves.LastyearseveralTVstationsdeclinedtoair“SavingPrivateRyan”,awarmoviewithlotsofswearing.Themediaindustryfacesapowerfulbipartisancoalitionofpoliticianswhoseevotesincleansingtheairwaves.Republicansareleadingtheeffort,butsomeDemocratsarejoiningin—notsurprisingly,asmanyparentsdoseemworried.OnedefensivestrategyforthemediaindustryistoplaythemoralizingwingoftheRepublicanPartyoffagainstitssubstantiallibertarianwing,whichisopposedtogivingthegovernmentmorepowertocensor.NewsCorporationandGeneralElectric’sNBChavetogetherenlistedthesupportoftheAmericanConservativeUnion,AmericansforTaxReformandtheUSChamberofCommerce.Advancesintechnology,thesegroupsargue,meanthatthegovernmentnolongerneedstopolicetheairwavesforindecency.ManyparentsnowhaveV-chipsintheirTVsetstoblockoutpornographicmaterial.Set-topboxesforcableandsatelliteTValsogiveparentscontrol.11．Thephrase“walkafineline”(Line3,Paragraph1)mostprobablyindicatesA．a(chǎn)lternate.B．balance.C．transfer.D．distinguish.正確答案：B解析：考點(diǎn)在第一段第二句。其中講到傳媒公司一直以來(lái)不得不在“為成人制作貼近生活的節(jié)目”和“保護(hù)青少年不受侵害”之間探尋微妙的道路，即尋求一種平衡，故選B項(xiàng)。根據(jù)該段中的crossfire，culturewar，undermoreattack以及corrupting等關(guān)鍵詞也可推知B項(xiàng)“平衡”最合適。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀12．Whichofthefollowingistrueaccordingtothetext?A．TVandradiofirmsarecorruptingtheyoungpeopleinAmerica.B．BroadcasttelevisionotherthansatelliteTVisunderindecencyregulation.C．America’sbattlesoverindecencyhavelastedforaslongasadecade.D．Afineof8millionUSdollarsissuchahugeoneformediafirms.正確答案：B解析：該類(lèi)題型可以通過(guò)“定位追蹤、粗中辨細(xì)”快速解答。B項(xiàng)符合第二段第二句，即只有廣播電視受到禁播不雅內(nèi)容的限制。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀13．AmajordifferencebetweenindecencyandobscenityisthatA．obscenityinvolvesmoreswearing,nudityandsexuality.B．obscenityisforbiddenonallchannelsallthetime.C．indecencyinflictsmoreharmonchildrenandyoungadults.D．indecencyismoreoffensivebycontemporarystandards.正確答案：B解析：根據(jù)題干中的obscenity定位至第三段最后一句。第三段最后一句提到obscenity是“在任何時(shí)候都不能播放的，違法的”；而indecency只是“包括講臟話(huà)、部分裸露和色情”。B項(xiàng)符合原文。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀14．Therefusaltobroadcast“SavingPrivateRyan”byseveralTVstationsshowsthatA．themoviefeatureslotsofswearing.B．mediafirmshaveintensifiedcensoring.C．mediafirmswereafraidofhugefines.D．thefilmwasdefinedasindecent.正確答案：B解析：例證通常為了說(shuō)明已經(jīng)或?qū)⒁峒暗挠^點(diǎn)及事實(shí)。該事例出自第五段第三句，而其前一句就點(diǎn)出傳媒公司加強(qiáng)自我審查力度，故選B項(xiàng)。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀15．Whatstrategyhasthemediaindustryadoptedtodefenditself?A．CreatingbitterquarrelsbetweenRepublican’stwowings.B．Protestingthegovernment’spowerovercensorship.C．AllyingwithsuchgroupsastheAmericanConservativeUnion.D．Arguingthatthematerialisactuallyunderthecontrolofparents.正確答案：A解析：根據(jù)題干中的strategy和defenditself可快速定位到第六段第一句。該句中明確提到傳媒行業(yè)的抵御策略之一便是挑起共和黨內(nèi)部?jī)蓚€(gè)派系的爭(zhēng)論，A項(xiàng)符合文意，故為答案。知識(shí)模塊：閱讀Icametofeminismthewaysomepeoplecometosocialmovementsintheirearlyyears:outofself-interest.IgotontheequalitybandwagonbecauseIwasayoungwomanwithastreakofambitionamilewide,andwithoutachangeintheatmosphereIthoughtIwasgoingtowinduplivingalifethatwouldmakemecrazy.Asmyfathersaidnotlongago,“Canyouimaginewhatitwouldhavebeenlikeifyouhadbeenborn50yearsearlier?Yourlifewouldhavebeenmiserable.”Thegreatthingwasthatitwaspossibletodogoodforallwhileyouweredoingwellforyourself.Eachofusroseontheshouldersofwomenwhohadcomebeforeus.Moveup,reachdown:thatwasthemottoofthosewhowereworthknowing.Butitwasnotjustotherwomenweelevated,butentireenterprises.Morewomenonthestaffsandthemastheadsofthecountry’slargestpublicationschangedthem.Itresultedinnewspapersandmagazinesthatcoveredwomenasmorethanamixtureofrecipesandfashioncollections.Butthere’sonequestionthatalwayslurksaroundthemarginsofthebattleforequalrights:howwillweknowwhenwe’vewon?Sometimesitseemslikeaclassicdanceoftwostepsforward,oneback.IndraNooyi,anIndian-bornnumbercruncher,wasrecentlynamedCEOofPepsi.Butthatmakesheroneofonly11womennowrunningaFortune500company,whichworksouttoslightlymorethan2percent.AndForbesmagazinejustpublishedanessaytitled“Don’tMarryCareerWomen”byamalewriterwhocouldn’tseetheadvantagesofawifewhocouldpaythemortgageandsupportthechildrenevenifherhusbandlosthisjoborsufferedamassivecoronary.Thatkindofnonsensetakesyoubackintime,totheearlydayswhenwomendumpedbabiesonthedeskofthemayorofSyracusetoprotestthelackofchildcare.Maybeitwastheclassicprotestslogan“Don’tcookdinner—starvearattoday,”buttheperceptionwasthatthefightforequalitywasawaragainstmen.Butthebattlewasreallyagainstthewasteoftalent,thewastetosociety,thewasteofwomenwhohadcertaingiftsandgoalsandhadtosuppressboth.Thepointwasnottotakeovermaleterrainbuttochangeitbecauseitbadlyneededchanging.Thedepthandbreadthofthattransformationiswhatreflects