FunctionexperimentreportRegulationofUrineFormation本組承諾：本實(shí)驗(yàn)報(bào)告原創(chuàng)，絕無(wú)抄襲！組員：Influencefactorsofurineformation[PURPOSE]:Masterinfluencefactorsofurineformationandanalyzesthemechanism,furtherunderstandtherenalexcretoryfunction.[ANIMAL]:Rabbit[METHODS]:OperationTakeonerabbit,weighing.Accordingto4ml/kg,findthevineattheedgeofanearandtneninjectintothe25%urethanesolutionforanesthesia.Observetherespiratoryrate,cornealreflection,skinclipkneadingandmusclerelaxation.Operationincervix:Separatetherightvagusnerveandthreadaperiodoflineunderit.Setaside.Operationinabdomen:Firstly,ligatetheexternalorificeofurethrainordertopreventthelossofurinewhenthebladderwasstimulatedduringtheexperiment.Secondly,sheartheventralhair,andsnipanincisionabout3-5cmabovethepubicsymphysisalongthelineaalbaabdominis,moveoutthebladder.Thenchoosethebloodvesselslessplaceonthebladdertop,usingthreehemostaticforcepsclampit,cutthebladderopen.Insertthecannularintothebladderimmediatelyandthenligature.ObservationitemRecordthenormalurinevolumeforfiveminutes,asnormalcontrol.Theeffectofthesalineontheurinevolume:Inject20mlsaline(38℃)intotheveinintheearmarginoftherabbitwithin1minute.Observetheurinevolumechangesandrecord.Theeffectofthenorepinephrineontheurinevolume:Inject1:10000norepinephrine(0.3ml)intotheearmarginoftherabbit.Observetheurinevolumechangesandrecord.Theeffectofglucoseontheurinevolume:Firstly,collect2dropsofurinetotestglucoseinurineasnormalwithaqualitativetestpaper.Then20%glucose(1.5ml/kg)wasinjectedintotheveinintherabbit’sear,andobservetheurinevolumechangesandrecord.2dropsofurinewascollectedtotestglucoseinurinequalitativelyevery1or2minutes.Theeffectontheurinevolumewhentheperipheralendofthevagusnerveisstimulated:Ligatetherightvagusnerveandcutitoff.Usethecomputertostimulatetheperipheralendofthevagusnerve.Observetheurinevolumechangesandrecord.Theeffectofdiureticontheurinevolume:Injectthefurosemideintotheearmarginoftherabbit.Observetheurinevolumechangesandrecord.[RESULT]:Variousfactorsinfluencetheurinevolumechangesinfluencingfactorurinevolumeurineglucosenormal――thesaline↑noradrenaline↓glucose↑＋＋thevagusnerve↓thefurosemide↑[DISCUSSION]:Theprocessoftheurineformation：Theprocessoftheurineformationincludingglomerularfiltrationandthereabsorptionandsecretionofthetubules.Thepoweroftheurineformationistheeffectivefiltrationpressure.First,theglomerulareffectivefiltrationpressureisdependedonthethreereasons:intraglomerularcapillarypressure、colloidosmoticpressureofplasmaandrenalplasmaflow(RPF).Theintraglomerularcapillarypressureiseffectedbythesystemicarterialpressuremainly,whenthearterialpressureisbetween80~180mmHg,becauseoftheautoregulationoftheRPF,theintraglomerularcapillarypressurecanmaintainatrelativelystablelevel.Butwhenthearterialpressureishigherthan180mmHgorlowerthan80mmHg,theintraglomerularcapillarypressurewillchangeasthebloodpressure,theglomerularfiltrationrate(GFR)willchangerelevantly.Besides,whenthecolloidosmoticpressureofplasmareduce,theeffectivefiltrationpressurwillrise,andtheGFRwillrisetoo.Second,thereasonthateffectontheurinaryfunctionoftherenaltubuleandthecollectingtubuleincludingtheneuroregulation,humoralregulationandautoregulation.Whileoneofthetworeasonsiseffected,theurinevolumewillchange.1)Wheninjectinthenormalsaline20mlonce:(1)Thebloodvolumewillincrease,theglomerulusplasmaflowwillincrease,theGFRwillrise,sotheurinevolumewillincrease.(2)Thebloodvolumeincrease,itwillstimulatetheleftatriumandtheatriumvolumereceptor,thereceptorexciting.Theimpulsereachtothesupraopticnucleusandtheparaventricularnucleusinthehypothalamus,theADHwilldecrease,thereabsorptionofwaterwilldecrease.Sotheurinevolumewillincrease.(3)Thebloodvolumeincrease,thebloodisdiluted,sothecolloidosmoticpressureofplasmawilldecrease,theGFRrise,sotheurinevolume,willincrease.2)Wheninjectinnorepinephrineinvein,itwillcombinewithα-receptorinthesmoothmuscleoftheperipheryarteriole.Thearteriolewillcontract,sothebloodpressurewillrise.Theglomerulusplasmaflowwilldecrease.Thethecolloidosmoticpressureofplasmawillriseaswell.Asaresult,theGFRwillfall.Sotheurinevolumewilldecrease.3)Wheninjectglucoseintotheveinoftheear,theurinevolumewillincrease.Whentheglucoseconcentrationriseto160-180mg/100ml,therewillbeglucoseintheurine.Thebloodglucoseconcentrationiscalldrenalglucosethreshold.Whentheconcentrationpasstherenalglucosethreshold,agreatquantityoftheglucosefilteroutfromtheglomeruluscan’tbereabsorbedbyrenaltubuleepithelialcellstotally.Whentheconcentrationriseto300mg/ml,allreabsorptionoftheglomeruluswillreachtothelimit.Iftherearisedagreatquantityoftheglucoseinthebloodplasma,therenaltubuleosmoticpressurewillrise,itwillhinderrenaltubulereabsorbingwater.Sotheglucosewillexhaustwithurineandtheurinevolumewillincrease.Thenormalperson’srenaltubulecanreabsorbglucosetothebloodplasma,therewillbeinfinitesimalglucoseintheurineanditcan’tbefoundoutintheurine.Butwhentheconcentrationexceedtherenalglucosethreshold,itwillcanbedetectedbythequalitativetestpaper.Itwillfindthattheglucoseconcentrationriseobviously.4)Stimulatethevagusnervewillmakerenalsympatheticnerveexcited.Theafferentarterioleandtheefferentarteriolewillcontractatthesametime,andtheformeronewillcontractmoreobviously,theintraglomerularcapillarybloodflowwilldecrease,theGFRwillfalltoo,theurinevolumewilldecrease.Thestimulationwillreachtothejuxtaglomerularapparatusanditwillstimulatethejuxtaglomerularapparatus.Thejuxtaglomerularcellswillliberatetherennin.ItwillcausemoreangiotensinⅡ(AngⅡ)andaldosterone(ALD)liberate.TheAngⅡandALDwillincreasethereabsorptionofwaterandNaCloftherenaltubule.StimulatingthevagusnervewillincreasethereabsorptionofwaterandNaCloftheproximaltubuleandtheloopofHenle.Theseallwillincreasetheurinevolume.5)Wheninjectthefurosemideintothevein,itwillstoptheK+_Na+_2ClˉsymportofthethicksegmentofascendinglimbofloopofHenle.Hindertheosmosisgradientofrenalmedullaforming.Theosmoticpressureintherenaltubulewillrise.Asaresult,theurineinspissationswilllower.Therenaltubulereabsorbwaterwillbedepletedimmensely.Theurinevolumewillincrease.furosemideCa2+MgfurosemideCa2+Mg2+[CONCLUSION]:1.Injectingsaline,glucoseandfurosemideintotheveinwillcausetheincrementoftheurinevolume.2.Injectingnorepinephrineintotheveinorstimulatethevagusnervetodescendthebloodpressurewit