SAT備考資料

SAT真題新OG

Test01

SECTION1ReadingTest

65MINUTES,52QUESTIONS

TurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.DIRECTIONS

Eachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorpair,choosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).

Questions1-10arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThispassageisfromLydiaMinatoya,TheStrangenessofBeauty.?1999byLydiaMinatoya.ThesettingisJapanin1920.ChieandherdaughterNaomiaremembersoftheHouseofFuji,anoblefamily.

Akiracamedirectly,breakingalltradition.Wasthatit?Hadhefollowedform—hadheaskedhismothertospeaktohisfathertoapproacha

Linego-between—wouldChiehavebeenmorereceptive?

5Hecameonawinter'seve.Hepoundedonthedoorwhileacoldrainbeatontheshutteredveranda,soatfirstChiethoughthimonlythewind.Themaidknewbetter.Chieheardhersoftscuttlingfootsteps,thecreakofthedoor.Thenthemaidbroughta

10callingcardtothedrawingroom,forChie.

Chiewasreluctanttogotoherguest;perhapsshewasfeelingtoocozy.SheandNaomiwerereadingatalowtablesetatopacharcoalbrazier.Athickquiltspreadoverthesidesofthetablesotheirlegswere

15tuckedinsidewiththeheat.

"Whoisitatthishour,inthisweather?"Chiequestionedasshepickedthenamecardoffthemaid'slacquertray.

"Shinoda,Akira.KobeDentalCollege,"sheread.

20Naomirecognizedthename.Chieheardasoftintakeofair.

"Ithinkyoushouldgo,"saidNaomi.

Akirawaswaitingintheentry.Hewasinhisearlytwenties,slimandserious,wearingtheblack

25military-styleuniformofastudent.Ashebowed—hishandshangingstraightdown,a

blackcapinone,ayellowoil-paperumbrellaintheother—Chieglancedbeyondhim.Intheglisteningsurfaceofthecourtyard'srain-drenchedpaving

30stones,shesawhisreflectionlikeadarkdouble."Madame,"saidAkira,"forgivemydisruption,

butIcomewithamatterofurgency."

Hisvoicewassoft,refined.Hestraightenedandstoleadeferentialpeekatherface.

35Inthedimlighthiseyesshonewithsincerity.Chiefeltherselfstartingtolikehim.

"Comeinside,getoutofthisnastynight.Surelyyourbusinesscanwaitforamomentortwo."

"Idon'twanttotroubleyou.NormallyIwould

40approachyoumoreproperlybutI'vereceivedwordofaposition.I'veanopportunitytogotoAmerica,asdentistforSeattle'sJapanesecommunity.""Congratulations,"Chiesaidwithamusement.

"Thatisanopportunity,I'msure.ButhowamI

45involved?"

EvennotingNaomi'sbreathlessreactiontothenamecard,Chiehadnoidea.Akira'smessage,deliveredlikeaformalspeech,filledherwith

maternalamusement.Youknowhowchildrenspeak

50soearnestly,sohurriedly,soendearinglyaboutthingsthathavenoimportanceinanadult'smind?That'showsheviewedhim,asachild.

ItwashowsheviewedNaomi.Eventhough

Naomiwaseighteenandtrainingendlesslyinthearts

55neededtomakeagoodmarriage,Chiehadmadenoefforttofindherahusband.

Akirablushed.

"Dependingonyourresponse,ImaystayinJapan.I'vecometoaskforNaomi'shand."

60SuddenlyChiefeltthedampnessofthenight."DoesNaomiknowanythingofyour...

ambitions?"

"Wehaveanunderstanding.Pleasedon'tjudge

mycandidacybytheunseemlinessofthisproposal.I

65askdirectlybecausetheuseofago-betweentakesmuchtime.Eithermethodcomesdowntothesamething:amatterofparentalapproval.Ifyougiveyourconsent,IbecomeNaomi'syoshi.*We'llliveintheHouseofFuji.Withoutyourconsent,Imustgoto

70America,tosecureanewhomeformybride."Eagertomakehispoint,he'dbeenlookingherfullintheface.Abruptly,hisvoiceturnedgentle."IseeI'vestartledyou.Myhumbleapologies.I'lltakenomoreofyourevening.Myaddressisonmycard.If

75youdon'twishtocontactme,I'llreapproachyouintwoweeks'time.Untilthen,goodnight."

Hebowedandleft.Takingherease,witheffortlessgrace,likeacatmakingoffwithafish.

"Mother?"ChieheardNaomi'slowvoiceand

80turnedfromthedoor."Hehasaskedyou?"ThesightofNaomi'scleareyes,herdarkbrowsgaveChiestrength.Maybehishopeswerepreposterous.

"Wheredidyoumeetsuchafellow?Imagine!He

85thinkshecanmarrytheFujiheirandtakehertoAmericaallinthesnapofhisfingers!"

ChiewaitedforNaomi'sripelaughter.

Naomiwassilent.ShestoodafullhalfminutelookingstraightintoChie'seyes.Finally,shespoke.

90"Imethimatmyliterarymeeting."Naomiturnedtogobackintothehouse,thenstopped.

"Mother."

"Yes?"

95"Imeantohavehim."

*amanwhomarriesawomanofhigherstatusandtakesherfamily'sname

Whichchoicebestdescribeswhathappensinthepassage?

Onecharacterargueswithanothercharacterwhointrudesonherhome.

Onecharacterreceivesasurprisingrequestfromanothercharacter.

Onecharacterreminiscesaboutchoicesshehasmadeovertheyears.

Onecharactercriticizesanothercharacterforpursuinganunexpectedcourseofaction.

Whichchoicebestdescribesthedevelopmentalpatternofthepassage?

Acarefulanalysisofatraditionalpractice

Adetaileddepictionofameaningfulencounter

Adefinitiveresponsetoaseriesofquestions

Acheerfulrecountingofanamusinganecdote

Asusedinline1andline65,"directly"mostnearlymeans

frankly.

confidently.

withoutmediation.

withprecision.

WhichreactiondoesAkiramostfearfromChie?

Shewillconsiderhisproposalinappropriate.

Shewillmistakehisearnestnessforimmaturity.

Shewillconsiderhisunscheduledvisitanimposition.

Shewillunderestimatethesincerityofhisemotions.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Line33("Hisvoice...refined")

Lines49-51("You...mind")

Lines63-64("Please...proposal")

Lines71-72("Eager...face")

Inthepassage,AkiraaddressesChiewith

affectionbutnotgenuinelove.

objectivitybutnotcompleteimpartiality.

amusementbutnotmockingdisparagement.

respectbutnotutterdeference.

Themainpurposeofthefirstparagraphisto

describeaculture.

criticizeatradition.

questionasuggestion.

analyzeareaction.

Asusedinline2,"form"mostnearlymeans

appearance.

custom.

structure.

nature.

WhydoesAkirasayhismeetingwithChieis"amatterofurgency"(line32)?

HefearsthathisownparentswilldisapproveofNaomi.

HeworriesthatNaomiwillrejecthimandmarrysomeoneelse.

Hehasbeenofferedanattractivejobinanothercountry.

HeknowsthatChieisunawareofhisfeelingsforNaomi.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Line39("Idon't...you")

Lines39-42("Normally...community")

Lines58-59("Depending...Japan")

Lines72-73("Isee...you")

Questions11-21arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromFrancisJ.FlynnandGabrielle

S.Adams,"MoneyCan'tBuyLove:AsymmetricBeliefsaboutGiftPriceandFeelingsofAppreciation."?2008byElsevierInc.

Everyday,millionsofshoppershitthestoresinfullforce—bothonlineandonfoot—searchingfranticallyfortheperfectgift.Lastyear,Americans

Linespentover$30billionatretailstoresinthemonthof

5Decemberalone.Asidefrompurchasingholidaygifts,mostpeopleregularlybuypresentsforotheroccasionsthroughouttheyear,includingweddings,birthdays,anniversaries,graduations,andbabyshowers.Thisfrequentexperienceofgift-givingcan

10engenderambivalentfeelingsingift-givers.Manyrelishtheopportunitytobuypresentsbecause

gift-givingoffersapowerfulmeanstobuildstrongerbondswithone'sclosestpeers.Atthesametime,manydreadthethoughtofbuyinggifts;theyworry

15thattheirpurchaseswilldisappointratherthandelighttheintendedrecipients.

Anthropologistsdescribegift-givingasapositivesocialprocess,servingvariouspolitical,religious,andpsychologicalfunctions.Economists,however,offer

20alessfavorableview.AccordingtoWaldfogel(1993),gift-givingrepresentsanobjectivewasteofresources.

Peoplebuygiftsthatrecipientswouldnotchoosetobuyontheirown,oratleastnotspendasmuchmoneytopurchase(aphenomenonreferredtoas

25"thedeadweightlossofChristmas").Towit,giversarelikelytospend$100topurchaseagiftthatreceiverswouldspendonly$80tobuythemselves.This"deadweightloss"suggeststhatgift-giversarenotverygoodatpredictingwhatgiftsotherswill

30appreciate.Thatinitselfisnotsurprisingtosocial

psychologists.Researchhasfoundthatpeopleoftenstruggletotakeaccountofothers'perspectives—theirinsightsaresubjecttoegocentrism,socialprojection,andmultipleattributionerrors.

35Whatissurprisingisthatgift-givershaveconsiderableexperienceactingasbothgift-giversandgift-recipients,butneverthelesstendtooverspendeachtimetheysetouttopurchaseameaningfulgift.Inthepresentresearch,weproposeaunique

40psychologicalexplanationforthisoverspendingproblem—i.e.,thatgift-giversequatehowmuchtheyspendwithhowmuchrecipientswillappreciatethegift(themoreexpensivethegift,thestrongera

gift-recipient'sfeelingsofappreciation).Althougha

45linkbetweengiftpriceandfeelingsofappreciationmightseemintuitivetogift-givers,suchanassumptionmaybeunfounded.Indeed,weproposethatgift-recipientswillbelessinclinedtobasetheirfeelingsofappreciationonthemagnitudeofagift

50thangiversassume.

Whydogift-giversassumethatgiftpriceiscloselylinkedtogift-recipients'feelingsofappreciation?

Perhapsgiversbelievethatbigger(i.e.,moreexpensive)giftsconveystrongersignalsof

55thoughtfulnessandconsideration.AccordingtoCamerer(1988)andothers,gift-givingrepresentsasymbolicritual,wherebygift-giversattempttosignaltheirpositiveattitudestowardtheintendedrecipientandtheirwillingnesstoinvestresourcesinafuture

60relationship.Inthissense,gift-giversmaybemotivatedtospendmoremoneyonagiftinordertosenda"strongersignal"totheirintendedrecipient.Asforgift-recipients,theymaynotconstruesmallerandlargergiftsasrepresentingsmallerandlarger

65signalsofthoughtfulnessandconsideration.Thenotionofgift-giversandgift-recipientsbeingunabletoaccountfortheotherparty'sperspectiveseemspuzzlingbecausepeopleslipinandoutoftheseroleseveryday,and,insomecases,multiple

70timesinthecourseofthesameday.Yet,despitethe

extensiveexperiencethatpeoplehaveasbothgiversandreceivers,theyoftenstruggletotransferinformationgainedfromonerole(e.g.,asagiver)andapplyitinanother,complementaryrole(e.g.,as

75areceiver).Intheoreticalterms,peoplefailtoutilizeinformationabouttheirownpreferencesandexperiencesinordertoproducemoreefficient

outcomesintheirexchangerelations.Inpracticalterms,peoplespendhundredsofdollarseachyearon

80gifts,butsomehowneverlearntocalibratetheirgiftexpendituresaccordingtopersonalinsight.

Theauthorsmostlikelyusetheexamplesinlines1-9ofthepassage("Every...showers")tohighlightthe

regularitywithwhichpeopleshopforgifts.

recentincreaseintheamountofmoneyspentongifts.

anxietygiftshoppingcausesforconsumers.

numberofspecialoccasionsinvolvinggift-giving.

Inline10,theword"ambivalent"mostnearlymeans

unrealistic.

conflicted.

apprehensive.

supportive.

Theauthorsindicatethatpeoplevaluegift-givingbecausetheyfeelit

functionsasaformofself-expression.

isaninexpensivewaytoshowappreciation.

requiresthegift-recipienttoreciprocate.

canservetostrengthenarelationship.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines10-13("Many...peers")

Lines22-23("People...own")

Lines31-32("Research...perspectives")

Lines44-47("Although...unfounded")

The"socialpsychologists"mentionedinparagraph2(lines17-34)wouldlikelydescribethe"deadweightloss"phenomenonas

predictable.

questionable.

disturbing.

unprecedented.

Thepassageindicatesthattheassumptionmadebygift-giversinlines41-44maybe

insincere.

unreasonable.

incorrect.

substantiated.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?

Lines53-55("Perhaps...consideration")

Lines55-60("According...relationship")

Lines63-65("As...consideration")

Lines75-78("In...relations")

Asitisusedinline54,"convey"mostnearlymeans

transport.

counteract.

exchange.

communicate.

TheauthorsrefertoworkbyCamererandothers(line56)inorderto

offeranexplanation.

introduceanargument.

questionamotive.

supportaconclusion.

Thegraphfollowingthepassageoffersevidencethatgift-giversbasetheirpredictionsofhowmuchagiftwillbeappreciatedon

theappreciationlevelofthegift-recipients.

themonetaryvalueofthegift.

theirowndesiresforthegiftstheypurchase.

theirrelationshipwiththegift-recipients.

Theauthorswouldlikelyattributethedifferencesingift-giverandrecipientmeanappreciationasrepresentedinthegraphto

aninabilitytoshiftperspective.

anincreasinglymaterialisticculture.

agrowingoppositiontogift-giving.

amisunderstandingofintentions.

Questions22-31arebasedonthefollowingpassageandsupplementarymaterial.

ThispassageisadaptedfromJ.D.WatsonandF.H.C.Crick,"GeneticalImplicationsoftheStructureofDeoxyribonucleicAcid."?1953byNaturePublishingGroup.WatsonandCrickdeducedthestructureofDNAusingevidencefromRosalindFranklinandR.G.Gosling'sX-raycrystallographydiagramsofDNAandfromErwinChargaff'sdataonthebasecompositionofDNA.

Thechemicalformulaofdeoxyribonucleicacid(DNA)isnowwellestablished.Themoleculeisaverylongchain,thebackboneofwhichconsistsofa

Lineregularalternationofsugarandphosphategroups.

5Toeachsugarisattachedanitrogenousbase,whichcanbeoffourdifferenttypes.Twoofthepossiblebases—adenineandguanine—arepurines,andtheothertwo—thymineandcytosine—arepyrimidines.Sofarasisknown,thesequenceofbasesalongthe

10chainisirregular.Themonomerunit,consistingofphosphate,sugarandbase,isknownasanucleotide.

Thefirstfeatureofourstructurewhichisofbiologicalinterestisthatitconsistsnotofonechain,butoftwo.Thesetwochainsarebothcoiledaround

15acommonfiberaxis.Ithasoftenbeenassumedthatsincetherewasonlyonechaininthechemical

formulatherewouldonlybeoneinthestructuralunit.However,thedensity,takenwiththeX-rayevidence,suggestsverystronglythattherearetwo.

20Theotherbiologicallyimportantfeatureisthemannerinwhichthetwochainsareheldtogether.Thisisdonebyhydrogenbondsbetweenthebases.Thebasesarejoinedtogetherinpairs,asinglebasefromonechainbeinghydrogen-bondedtoasingle

25basefromtheother.Theimportantpointisthatonlycertainpairsofbaseswillfitintothestructure.

Onememberofapairmustbeapurineandtheotherapyrimidineinordertobridgebetweenthetwochains.Ifapairconsistedoftwopurines,for

30example,therewouldnotberoomforit.

Webelievethatthebaseswillbepresentalmostentirelyintheirmostprobableforms.Ifthisistrue,theconditionsforforminghydrogenbondsaremorerestrictive,andtheonlypairsofbasespossibleare:

35adeninewiththymine,andguaninewithcytosine.Adenine,forexample,canoccuroneitherchain;butwhenitdoes,itspartnerontheotherchainmustalwaysbethymine.

Thephosphate-sugarbackboneofourmodelis

40completelyregular,butanysequenceofthepairsofbasescanfitintothestructure.Itfollowsthatina

longmoleculemanydifferentpermutationsarepossible,anditthereforeseemslikelythattheprecisesequenceofbasesisthecodewhichcarriesthe

45geneticalinformation.Iftheactualorderofthebasesononeofthepairofchainsweregiven,onecould

writedowntheexactorderofthebasesontheotherone,becauseofthespecificpairing.Thusonechainis,asitwere,thecomplementoftheother,anditis

50thisfeaturewhichsuggestshowthedeoxyribonucleicacidmoleculemightduplicateitself.

Thetableshows,forvariousorganisms,thepercentageofeachofthefourtypesofnitrogenousbasesinthatorganism'sDNA.

BaseCompositionofDNA

PercentageofbaseinorganismsDNA

Organism

adenine(%)

guanine(%)

cytosine(%)

thymine(%)

Maize

26.8

22.8

23.2

27.2

Octopus

33.2

17.6

17.6

31.6

Chicken

28.0

22.0

21.6

28.4

Rat

28.6

21.4

20.5

28.4

Human

29.3

20.7

20.0

30.0

Grasshopper

29.3

20.5

20.7

29.3

Seaurchin

32.8

17.7

17.3

32.1

Wheat

27.3

22.7

22.8

27.1

Yeast

31.3

18.7

17.1

32.9

E.coli

24.7

26.0

25.7

23.6

AdaptedfromManjuBansal,"DNAStructure:RevisitingtheWatson-CrickDoubleHelix."?2003byCurrentScienceAssociation,Bangalore.

Theauthorsusetheword"backbone"inlines3and39toindicatethat

onlyverylongchainsofDNAcanbetakenfromanorganismwithaspinalcolumn.

themainstructureofachaininaDNAmoleculeiscomposedofrepeatingunits.

achaininaDNAmoleculeconsistsentirelyofphosphategroupsorofsugars.

nitrogenousbasesformthemainstructuralunitofDNA.

Astudentclaimsthatnitrogenousbasespairrandomlywithoneanother.Whichofthefollowingstatementsinthepassagecontradictsthestudent'sclaim?

Lines5-6("Toeach...types")

Lines9-10("Sofar...irregular")

Lines23-25("Thebases...other")

Lines27-29("Onemember...chains")

Inthesecondparagraph(lines12-19),whatdotheauthorsclaimtobeafeatureofbiologicalinterest?

ThechemicalformulaofDNA

Thecommonfiberaxis

TheX-rayevidence

DNAconsistingoftwochains

Theauthors'mainpurposeofincludingtheinformationaboutX-rayevidenceanddensityisto

establishthatDNAisthemoleculethatcarriesthegeneticinformation.

presentanalternatehypothesisaboutthecompositionofanucleotide.

providesupportfortheauthors'claimaboutthenumberofchainsinamoleculeofDNA.

confirmtherelationshipbetweenthedensityofDNAandtheknownchemicalformulaofDNA.

Basedonthepassage,theauthors'statement"Ifapairconsistedoftwopurines,forexample,therewouldnotberoomforit"(lines29-30)impliesthatapair

ofpurineswouldbelargerthanthespacebetweenasugarandaphosphategroup.

ofpurineswouldbelargerthanapairconsistingofapurineandapyrimidine.

ofpyrimidineswouldbelargerthanapairofpurines.

consistingofapurineandapyrimidinewouldbelargerthanapairofpyrimidines.

Theauthors'useofthewords"exact,""specific,"and"complement"inlines47-49inthefinalparagraphfunctionsmainlyto

confirmthatthenucleotidesequencesareknownformostmoleculesofDNA.

countertheclaimthatthesequencesofbasesalongachaincanoccurinanyorder.

supporttheclaimthatthephosphate-sugarbackboneoftheauthors'modeliscompletelyregular.

emphasizehowonechainofDNAmayserveasatemplatetobecopiedduringDNAreplication.

Basedonthetableandpassage,whichchoicegivesthecorrectpercentagesofthepurinesinyeastDNA?

A)17.1%and18.7%

B)17.1%and32.9%

C)18.7%and31.3%

D)31.3%and32.9%

Dothedatainthetablesupporttheauthors'proposedpairingofbasesinDNA?

Yes,becauseforeachgivenorganism,thepercentageofadenineisclosesttothepercentageofthymine,andthepercentageofguanineisclosesttothepercentageofcytosine.

Yes,becauseforeachgivenorganism,thepercentageofadenineisclosesttothepercentageofguanine,andthepercentageofcytosineisclosesttothepercentageofthymine.

No,becauseforeachgivenorganism,thepercentageofadenineisclosesttothepercentageofthymine,andthepercentageofguanineisclosesttothepercentageofcytosine.

No,becauseforeachgivenorganism,thepercentageofadenineisclosesttothepercentageofguanine,andthepercentageofcytosineisclosesttothepercentageofthymine.

Accordingtothetable,whichofthefollowingpairsofbasepercentagesinseaurchinDNAprovidesevidenceinsupportoftheanswertothepreviousquestion?

A)17.3%and17.7%

B)17.3%and32.1%

C)17.3%and32.8%

D)17.7%and32.8%

Basedonthetable,isthepercentageofadenineineachorganism'sDNAthesameordoesitvary,andwhichstatementmadebytheauthorsismostconsistentwiththatdata?

Thesame;"Twoof...pyrimidines"(lines6-8)

Thesame;"Theimportant...structure"(lines25-26)

Itvaries;"Adenine...thymine"(lines36-38)

Itvaries;"Itfollows...information"(lines41-45)

Questions32-41arebasedonthefollowingpassage.

ThispassageisadaptedfromVirginiaWoolf,ThreeGuineas.

?1938byHarcourt,Inc.Here,WoolfconsidersthesituationofwomeninEnglishsociety.

CloseathandisabridgeovertheRiverThames,anadmirablevantagegroundforustomakeasurvey.Theriverflowsbeneath;bargespass,laden

Linewithtimber,burstingwithcorn;thereononesideare

5thedomesandspiresofthecity;ontheother,WestminsterandtheHousesofParliament.Itisaplacetostandonbythehour,dreaming.Butnotnow.Nowwearepressedfortime.Nowweareheretoconsiderfacts;nowwemustfixoureyesuponthe

10procession—theprocessionofthesonsofeducatedmen.

Theretheygo,ourbrotherswhohavebeeneducatedatpublicschoolsanduniversities,mountingthosesteps,passinginandoutofthose

15doors,ascendingthosepulpits,preaching,teaching,administeringjustice,practisingmedicine,

transactingbusiness,makingmoney.Itisasolemnsightalways—aprocession,likeacaravanseraicrossingadesertButnow,forthepasttwenty

20yearsorso,itisnolongerasightmerely,aphotograph,orfrescoscrawleduponthewallsoftime,atwhichwecanlookwithmerelyanestheticappreciation.Forthere,trapesingalongatthetailendoftheprocession,wegoourselves.Andthat

25makesadifference.Wewhohavelookedsolongatthepageantinbooks,orfromacurtainedwindowwatchededucatedmenleavingthehouseatabout

nine-thirtytogotoanoffice,returningtothehouseataboutsix-thirtyfromanoffice,needlookpassively

30nolonger.Wetoocanleavethehouse,canmountthosesteps,passinandoutofthosedoors,...makemoney,administerjusticeWewhonowagitatethesehumblepensmayinanothercenturyortwospeakfromapulpit.Nobodywilldarecontradictus

35then;weshallbethemouthpiecesofthedivinespirit—asolemnthought,isitnot?Whocansaywhether,astimegoeson,wemaynotdressinmilitaryuniform,withgoldlaceonourbreasts,swordsatoursides,andsomethingliketheold

40familycoal-scuttleonourheads,savethatthatvenerableobjectwasneverdecoratedwithplumesofwhitehorsehair.Youlaugh—indeedtheshadowoftheprivatehousestillmakesthosedresseslookalittlequeer.Wehavewornprivateclothesso

45longButwehavenotcomeheretolaugh,ortotalkoffashions—men'sandwomen's.Wearehere,onthebridge,toaskourselvescertainquestions.

Andtheyareveryimportantquestions;andwehaveverylittletimeinwhichtoanswerthem.The

50questionsthatwehavetoaskandtoansweraboutthatprocessionduringthismomentoftransitionaresoimportantthattheymaywellchangethelivesofallmenandwomenforever.Forwehavetoaskourselves,hereandnow,dowewishtojointhat

55procession,ordon'twe?Onwhattermsshallwejointhatprocession?Aboveall,whereisitleadingus,theprocessionofeducatedmen?Themomentisshort;itmaylastfiveyears;tenyears,orperhapsonlya

matterofafewmonthslongerBut,youwill

60object,youhavenotimetothink;youhaveyourbattlestofight,yourrenttopay,yourbazaarstoorganize.Thatexcuseshallnotserveyou,Madam.Asyouknowfromyourownexperience,andtherearefactsthatproveit,thedaughtersofeducatedmen

65havealwaysdonetheirthinkingfromhandtomouth;notundergreenlampsatstudytablesinthecloistersofsecludedcolleges.Theyhavethoughtwhiletheystirredthepot,whiletheyrockedthecradle.Itwasthusthattheywonustherighttoour

70brand-newsixpence.Itfallstousnowtogoonthinking;howarewetospendthatsixpence?Thinkwemust.Letusthinkinoffices;inomnibuses;whilewearestandinginthecrowdwatchingCoronationsandLordMayor'sShows;letusthink...inthe

75galleryoftheHouseofCommons;intheLawCourts;letusthinkatbaptismsandmarriagesandfunerals.

Letusneverceasefromthinking—whatisthis"civilization"inwhichwefindourselves?Whataretheseceremoniesandwhyshouldwetakepartin

80them?Whataretheseprofessionsandwhyshouldwemakemoneyoutofthem?Whereinshortisitleadingus,theprocessionofthesonsofeducatedmen?

Themainpurposeofthepassageisto

emphasizethevalueofatradition.

stresstheurgencyofanissue.

highlighttheseverityofsocialdivisions.

questionthefeasibilityofanundertaking.

Thecentralclaimofthepassageisthat

educatedwomenfaceadecisionabouthowtoengagewithexistinginstitutions.

womencanhavepositionsofinfluenceinEnglishsocietyonlyiftheygiveupsomeoftheirtraditionalroles.

themalemonopolyonpowerinEnglishsocietyhashadgraveandcontinuingeffects.

theentryofeducatedwomenintopositionsofpowertraditionallyheldbymenwilltransformthosepositions.

Woolfusestheword"we"throughoutthepassagemainlyto

reflectthegrowingfriendlinessamongagroupofpeople.

advancetheneedforcandoramongagroupofpeople.

establishasenseofsolidarityamongagroupofpeople.

reinforcetheneedforrespectamongagroupofpeople.

Accordingtothepassage,Woolfchoosesthesettingofthebridgebecauseit

isconducivetoamoodoffancifulreflection.

providesagoodviewoftheprocessionofthesonsofeducatedmen.

iswithinsightofhistoricepisodestowhichshealludes.

issymbolicofthelegacyofpastandpresentsonsofeducatedmen.

Woolfindicatesthattheprocessionshedescribesinthepassage

hascometohavemorepracticalinfluenceinrecentyears.

hasbecomeacelebratedfeatureofEnglishpubliclife.

includesalloftherichestandmostpowerfulmeninEngland.

hasbecomelessexclusionaryinitsmembershipinre