托福閱讀之中的考點(diǎn)列舉

可能的考點(diǎn)第一大出題原則:“引號(hào)”第二大出題原則:“例證”第三大出題原則:“轉(zhuǎn)折”第四大出題原則:“定義”第五大出題原則:“列舉”第六大出題原則:“比較”第七大出題原則:“因果”第一大出題原則:“引號(hào)”引號(hào)的作用是什么?引用強(qiáng)調(diào)引號(hào)預(yù)示考題引用---修飾目的題強(qiáng)調(diào)---細(xì)節(jié)題

Otherimportantquestionsneededanswering.Whatwouldbethefutureofthefourmillionblackpeoplewhowerefreedfromslavery?OnwhatbasisweretheSouthernstatestobebroughtbackintotheUnion?

WhatoftheSouthernleaders,allofwhomwereliabletochargesoftreason?Oneoftheseleaders,JeffersonDavis,PresidentoftheSouthernConfederacy,wasthesubjectofaninsultingpopularNorthernsong,"HangJeffDavisfromaSourAppleTree."Andevenchildrensangit.Daviswastemporarilychainedinhisprisoncellduringtheearlydaysofhistwo-yearimprisonment.ButheandtheotherSouthernleaderswerefinallyreleased,partlybecauseitwasunlikelythatajuryfromVirginia,aSouthernConfederatestate,wouldconvictthem.AlltheleaderswerefinallypardonedbyPresidentJohnsonin1868inanefforttohelpreconstructioneffortsproceedwithaslittlebitternessaspossible.Whydoestheauthormentionapopularsong?Growth,reproduction,anddailymetabolismallrequireanorganismtoexpendenergy.Theexpenditureofenergyisessentiallyaprocessofbudgeting,justasfinancesarebudgeted.Ifallofone’smoneyisspentonclothes,theremaybenonelefttobuyfoodorgotothemovies.Similarly,aplantoranimalcannotsquanderallitsenergyongrowingabigbodyifnonewouldbeleftoverforreproduction,forthisisthesurestwaytoextinction.

Allorganisms,therefore,allocateenergytogrowth,reproduction,maintenance,andstorage.Nochoiceisinvolved;thisallocationcomesaspartofthegeneticpackagefromtheparents.Maintenanceforagivenbodydesignofanorganismisrelativelyconstant.Storageisimportant,butultimatelythatenergywillbeusedformaintenance,reproduction,orgrowth.Thereforetheprincipaldifferencesinenergyallocationarelikelytobebetweengrowthandreproduction.

Almostallofanorganism’senergycanbedivertedtoreproduction,withverylittleallocatedtobuildingthebody.Organismsatthisextremeare“opportunists.”Attheotherextremeare“competitors,”almostallofwhoseresourcesareinvestedinbuildingahugebody,withabareminimumallocatedtoreproduction.

Accordingtothepassage,theclassificationoforganismsas“opportunists”or“competitors”isdeterminedby第二大出題原則:“例證”文中【概述+forexample（或其他詞）+例子)】結(jié)構(gòu)；托福的閱讀文章都是學(xué)術(shù)性的文章,于是“論證結(jié)構(gòu)”,勢(shì)必成為文章之中值得一考的內(nèi)容；例證---對(duì)應(yīng)“修飾目的性題”Sculpturesmust,forexample,bestable,whichrequiresanunderstandingofthepropertiesofmass,weightdistribution,andstress.Paintingsmusthaverigidstretcherssothatthecanvaswillbetaut,andthepaintmustnotdeteriorate,crack,ordiscolor.Theseareproblemsthatmustbeebytheartistbecausetheytendtointrudeuponhisorherconceptionofthework.Forexample,intheearlyItalianRenaissance,bronzestatuesofhorseswitharaisedforelegusuallyhadacannonballunderthathoof.Thiswasdonebecausethecannonballwasneededtosupporttheweightoftheleg.Inotherwords,thedemandsofthelawsofphysics,notthesculptor'saestheticintentions,placedtheballthere.Thatthisdevicewasanecessarystructuralcompromiseisclearfromthefactthatthecannonballquicklydisappearedwhensculptorslearnedhowtostrengthentheinternalstructureofastatuewithironbraces(ironbeingmuchstrongerthanbronze).

WhydoestheauthordiscussthebronzestatuesofhorsescreatedbyartistsintheearlyItalianRenaissance?Thefirstgenerationtoexperiencethesechangesdidnotadoptthenewattitudeseasily.Thefactoryclockbecamethesymbolofthenewworkrules.Onemillworkerwhofinallyquitcomplainedrevealinglyabout"obediencetotheding-dongofthebell-justasthoughwearesomanylivingmachines."Withthelossofpersonalfreedomalsocamethelossofstandinginthecommunity.Unlikeartisanworkshopsinwhichapprenticesworkedcloselywiththemasterssupervisingthem,factoriessharplyseparatedworkersfrommanagement.Fewworkersrosethroughtherankstosupervisorypositions,andevenfewercouldachievetheartisan'sdreamofsettingupone'sownbusiness.Evenwell-paidworkerssensedtheirdeclineinstatus.

Inthispassage,theauthorincludesthequotationfromamill

workerinorderto第三大出題原則:“重要位置的轉(zhuǎn)折”凡是文章的前面部分(一般認(rèn)定為前3句)或者每段的首尾意群之中出現(xiàn)以:but,however,nevertheless,ratherthan,ontheotherhand為標(biāo)志的轉(zhuǎn)折時(shí)候:要么有考題對(duì)應(yīng)要么揭示文章的主題

Mostpeopleconsiderthelandscapetobeunchanging,butEarthisadynamicbody,anditssurfaceiscontinuallyaltering-slowlyonthehumantimescale,butrelativelyrapidlywhencomparedtothegreatageofEarth(about4,500billionyears).Therearetwoprincipalinfluencesthatshapetheterrain:constructiveprocessessuchasuplift,whichcreatenewlandscapefeatures,andforcessuchaserosion,whichgraduallywearawayexposedlandforms.關(guān)于隱藏轉(zhuǎn)折的一個(gè)簡單說明隱藏的轉(zhuǎn)折

表示"事實(shí)上"的詞:Infact,indeed,actually,practically,virtually時(shí)間點(diǎn)|地點(diǎn)|新對(duì)象新時(shí)間---隱藏的反義(1)Passageexcept:"…thenineteenthcenturybroughtwithitaburstofnewdiscoveriesandinventionsthatrevolutionizedthecandleindustryandmakelightingavailabletoall.Intheearly-to-mid-nineteenthcentury,aprocesswasdevelopedtorefinetallow(fatfromanimals)withalkaliandsulfuricacid.Theresultwasaproductcalledstearin.Stearinisharderandburnslongerthanunrefinedtallow.Thisbreakthroughmeantthatitwaspossibletomaketallowcandlesthatwouldnotproducetheusualsmokeandrancidodor.Stearinswerealsoderivedfrompalmoil,sovegetablewaxesaswellasanimalfatscouldbeusedtomakecandles.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph1aboutcandlesbeforethenineteenthcentury?

新地點(diǎn)--隱藏的反義(2)Paragraph5:TheWhigs,incontrast,viewedgovernmentpowerpositively.Theybelievedthatitshouldbeusedtoprotectindividualrightsandpublicliberty,andthatithadaspecialrolewhereindividualeffortwasineffective.Byregulatingtheeconomyandcompetition,thegovernmentcouldensureequalopportunity.Indeed,forWhigstheconceptofgovernmentpromotingthegeneralwelfarewentbeyondtheeconomy.Inparticular,WhigsinthenorthernsectionsoftheUnitedStatesalsobelievedthatgovernmentpowershouldbeusedtofosterthemoralwelfareofthecountry.Theyweremuchmorelikelytofavorsocial-reformlegislationandaidtoeducation.

Whichofthefollowingcanbeinferredfromparagraph5aboutvariationsinpoliticalbeliefswithintheWhigParty?新對(duì)象---隱藏的反義(3)Theoppositeofanopportunistisacompetitor.Theseorganismstendtohavebigbodies,arelong-lived,andspendrelativelylittleefforteachyearonreproduction.Anoaktreeisagoodexampleofacompetitor.Amassiveoakclaimsitsgroundfor200yearsormore,petingallotherwould-becanopytreesbycastingadenseshadeanddrawingupanyfreewaterinthesoil.區(qū)分“例子”和“新對(duì)象”反問自己-什么是例子？我能識(shí)別轉(zhuǎn)折詞么?ThislawprovedhelpfultosomefarmersinthelargelytreelessstatesofKansas,Nebraska,andtheDakotas.Nevertheless,fewerthan25percentofthe245,000whotookuplandundertheActobtainedfinaltitletotheproperty.ThislawprovedhelpfultosomefarmersinthelargelytreelessstatesofKansas,Nebraska,andtheDakotas.Nevertheless,fewerthan25percentofthe245,000whotookuplandundertheActobtainedfinaltitletotheproperty.Thelistexpandednoticeablyafter1870,buteventhenmuchofwhatpassedfortheapplicationofsciencewas“engineeringscience”ratherthanbasicscience.Nevertheless,bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,therapidexpansionofscientificknowledgeandofpublicawareness---ifnotunderstanding---ofithadcreatedabeliefthattheadvanceofsciencewouldinsomeunspecifiedmannerautomaticallygenerateeconomicbenefits.Thelistexpandednoticeablyafter1870,buteventhenmuchofwhatpassedfortheapplicationofsciencewas“engineeringscience”ratherthanbasicscience.Nevertheless,bythemiddleofthenineteenthcentury,therapidexpansionofscientificknowledgeandofpublicawareness---ifnotunderstanding---ofithadcreatedabeliefthattheadvanceofsciencewouldinsomeunspecifiedmannerautomaticallygenerateeconomicbenefits.ThemostimportantsingleindustrypoweringthegrowthofLosAngeles,however,wasdirectlylinkedtotheautomobile.ThemostimportantsingleindustrypoweringthegrowthofLosAngeles,however,wasdirectlylinkedtotheautomobile.Wheneachfeatherhasbeenshedandreplaced,thenthemoltcanbesaidtobecomplete.This,however,isanabstractionthatoftendoesnothappen:plete,overlapping,andarrestedmoltsarequitecommon.Wheneachfeatherhasbeenshedandreplaced,thenthemoltcanbesaidtobecomplete.This,however,isanabstractionthatoftendoesnothappen:plete,overlapping,andarrestedmoltsarequitecommon.EncouragedbytheexampleofcertainAmericansofEuropeandescentsuchasThomasEakins,RobertHenri,andGeorgeLuks,whohadincludedpersonsofAfricandescentintheirpaintingsasseriousstudiesratherthanastrivialorsentimentalstereotypes,AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.EncouragedbytheexampleofcertainAmericansofEuropeandescentsuchasThomasEakins,RobertHenri,andGeorgeLuks,whohadincludedpersonsofAfricandescentintheirpaintingsasseriousstudiesratherthanastrivialorsentimentalstereotypes,AfricanAmericanartistsofthisperiodsetaboutcreatinganewportrayalofthemselvesandtheirlivesintheUnitedStates.Thiswaslesstrueinthecolonialsouth,wherelifecenteredaroundlargefarms,knownasplantations,ratherthanaroundtowns,aswasthecaseintheareasfurthernorthalongtheAtlanticcoastline.Thiswaslesstrueinthecolonialsouth,wherelifecenteredaroundlargefarms,knownasplantations,ratherthanaroundtowns,aswasthecaseintheareasfurthernorthalongtheAtlanticcoastline.一個(gè)方法的運(yùn)用:語料庫與例句Thereislittledoubt,however,thatdesertificationinmostareasresultsprimarilyfromhumanactivitiesratherthannaturalprocesses.

Byholdinginratherthanventing"steam,"wesetthestageforfutureexplosions.

Andwhengamemovedoutofthelowlandsinearlyspring,theexpeditiondecidedtoreturneastratherthanfacepossiblestarvation.......第四大出題原則:“定義”

回顧：ETS對(duì)生詞的三種態(tài)度所謂定義是文章之中針對(duì)某一個(gè)新的,不易理解的或者容易混淆的難詞\概念進(jìn)行詮釋\解釋或定義的內(nèi)容.

特別關(guān)注:and/or結(jié)構(gòu)在

"AandB,AorB和

A,orB"各個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)之中,"and,or"所連接的兩個(gè)名詞

"A,B"必須在詞義,結(jié)構(gòu),詞性上面盡量保持一致interestsandinclinations【愛好和意愿】drugandpotion【藥物與片劑】labellum,orlip【唇瓣|唇】規(guī)則使用|真題Beingsoeducable,individualbirdshavemarkedlydifferentinterestsandinclinations,strategiesandseams.Inline19,theword“inclinations”isclosestinmeaningtoTricksOpportunitiesPreferencesExperience在“AandB”|“A,orB”如果A和B是名詞,一般為前后一致如果A和B是動(dòng)詞,有可能表示遞進(jìn)|因果關(guān)系

Moderncomputerscanquicklycompile

andanalyzethislargevolumeofweatherinformation.Theword"compile"isclosestinmeaningto

puttogether

lookup

pilehigh

workoverLargewindfarmscanbebuiltinsixmonthstoayearandtheneasilyexpandedasneeded.Withamoderatetofairlyhighnetenergyyield,thesesystemsemitnoheat-trappingcarbondioxideorotherairpollutantsandneednowaterforcooling;manufacturingthemproduceslittlewaterpollution.Thelandunderwindturbinescanbe