THEINFINITIVE(SeniorGrammar)1.不定式的形式不定式通常由不定式符號“to+動詞原形”構(gòu)成，比如動詞write的不定式就是towrite。不定式也有時態(tài)和語態(tài)。例如:時態(tài)語態(tài)一般式進行式完成式主動todotobedoingtohavedone被動tobedonetohavebeendoneeg.Ihavealotofworktodo.eg.Shehasnoneedtobeworrying.eg.HeissaidtohaveleftShanghai.eg.ThepresidentwasreportedtohavebeenflyingacrosstheAtlantic.2.不定式的時態(tài):3.不定式的語態(tài)：Themattertobediscussedatthemeetingisahardnuttocrack.Theywereallwaitingforthegatetobeopened.Heissuretohavebeentaughtbyagoodmusician.I’msorryforthearticlenottohavebeenfinished

intime.不定式常常帶有自己的賓語，賓語+賓語補足語或狀語，帶有這些成分的不定式統(tǒng)稱為“不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”。3.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)eg.HebegantostudyRussian.eg.Hewantedtosendmeagift.eg.Hebegantofeelsad.Itcontinued

torainheavily.Hedecided

toliveinthecountryside.4.不定式的否定形式不定式的否定形式通常是在不定式符號之前加not,never等否定詞。Wedecidednot

tobuythehouse.Shewished

nevertoseethemagain.Shewastold

nottobeworryinganymore.Iunderstandhim

nottohavelefthere.5.不定式結(jié)構(gòu)的句法功能不定式結(jié)構(gòu)在句中可以作主語，賓語，補語，表語，定語和狀語。⑴Asthesubject:eg.Togivegoodserviceisourduty.eg.Tocleantheroomonceaweek

isnecessary.eg.Todevelopagriculture

isveryimportant.eg.Tomeetyou

isagreatpleasure.不定式作主語通常的用法是在主語的位置上放個“it”,而把作主語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)后置。因此，以上四個句子可以分別改為：Itisourduty

togivegoodservice.Itisnecessary

tocleantheroomonceaweek.Itisveryimportant

todevelopagriculture.Itisagreatpleasure

tomeetyou.⑵Asthepredictive:不定式作表語有兩種情況:①主語和表語都是不定式eg.Toprotectforests

is

tokeepnaturalbalance.eg.

Topromisetoomuchis

topromisenothing.②主語通常是由hope,idea,job,plan,mistake,suggestion,wish,work等詞充當.eg.Thepoorgirl’swishwas

tobuyapairofwarmshoes.eg.Hissuggestionwastomakeafire.eg.Whathewouldsaywastocallameeting.⑶Astheobject:能帶不定式結(jié)構(gòu)作賓語的動詞,常見的有agree,ask,beg,begin,decide,expect,forget,hate,hope,learn,like,mean,offer,plan,prefer,refuse,promise,remember,try,want,wish等.eg.TheydecidedtomovetoShanghaiimmediately.eg.She

prefered

toliveinthecountryside.eg.Ihaveforgottentobringmyumbrella.eg.Thechildrenbeggedtocomewithus.eg.Itmeansthateveryathletesshouldtrytorunfaster.如果作賓語的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)之后帶有賓補,就得用“it”作形式賓語并把不定式結(jié)構(gòu)放到賓補的后面。eg.QuitealotofstudentsfinditdifficulttomasterEnglish.eg.Doyouthinkitpossibleforhimtocompletehisstudiesintwoyears’time?作賓語用的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)之前還可以帶有疑問詞。eg.Haveyoudecidedwhentogo?eg.Thelittlegirlforgotwhattosay.eg.Idon’tknowwhichtochoose.這種結(jié)構(gòu)還可以在句中作直接賓語。eg.Heaskedmehowtopronouncetheword.eg.Hedidn’ttellmewhattodonext.eg.Weshowedthemhowtorepairthecar.eg.Hepromisedmetogetadoctorformydaughter.⑷Astheobjectcomplement:在主+謂+賓+賓補句型中，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)可作賓語補語。eg.Shetoldmetogetupearly.eg.I’dlovethem

tocometonight.eg.Wethinkhim

tobeanoutstandingscientist.eg.Iadvisedhim

toseeadoctorimmediately.在feel,hear,see,listento,notice,watch,let,make,have等動詞之后，不定式通常不帶to。eg.Isawaboy

climboverthefence.eg.Weallfeltthehouseshake.eg.Iwon’tletyou

goalone.eg.WewillhaveTom

helpgroupA.但若這些動詞用于被動語態(tài)，其后的不定式就需要帶“to”.eg.Aboywasseen

toclimbtohismother.eg.Theclockwasheard

tostriketwelve.eg.Heworkedhard

tocatchupwithhisclassmates.⑸Astheadverbial不定式作狀語可以表示目的，結(jié)果，原因等意義。a.表示目的eg.Hewenthome

toseehisbrother.eg.TostudythepoliticalsituationinRussia,MarxbegantolearnRussianattheageoffifty.為了加強語勢，不定式結(jié)構(gòu)還可以用inorderto/soasto來引導。eg.Theoldmanputonhisglassesinorderto/soastoseetheobjectmoreclearly.eg.Inordertogetthemoneyforhighereducation,hedidalotofoddjobs.b.表示結(jié)果不定式結(jié)構(gòu)表示結(jié)果常用于下列形式：eg.Heisso

careless

astogeteverythingoutoforder.eg.Heis

such

afool

astothinkthateverybodyelseisafraidofhim.eg.It’s

too

lateforustogohome.eg.Shewas

tootiredtoworkon.此外，還可以在句尾用(only)to…表示一種出乎預(yù)料的（通常是不愉快的）結(jié)果。eg.Ihurriedtothestation

onlytofindthatthetrainhadleft.eg.Hegottotheairport

(only)tobetoldthattheflightwascancelled.c.表示原因eg.Hewassad

tohearthenews.eg.Sheseemedsurprised

tomeetus.eg.I’msorry

tohavemadethemistake.eg.I’mglad

foryoutohavefinishedtheworksosoon.ExercisesRewritethesentences,usingtheinfinitive:Model:Youareverykindtome.Youhavedonemeagreatfavour.It’sverykindofyoutohavedonemeagreatfavour.1.IwassorrywhenIheardthat.2.Hewantedtobecomeaphysicist.Thatwashiswish.3.Theyhurriedtothestation.TheywantedtocatchthefirsttrainforNanjing.4.Theboywasveryyoung.Hecouldn’tunderstandallthis.5.Thetemperatureisnothighenough.Itcan’tmeltthemetal.6.Wouldyouopenthewindow?Iwanttoletinsomefreshair.7.Hewasnervous.Hedarednotspeaktosuchalargeaudience.8.ThefirstguestwhoarrivedwasUncleTom.9.IsthereanythingurgentthatIshoulddothisafternoon?10.Allofusweredelightedwhenweheardofthegoodnews.11.Achildmusthaveaten-hoursleepaday.Itisveryimportant.12.Weweretoldthatwemusthandinourcompositionsbytheweekend.13.Wecan’tfinishtheworkinaweek’stime.Itisimpossible.TranslatethefollowingsentencesintoEnglish:1河太寬了，我們游不過去。2你必須記住給我母親打電話。3是我們準備考試的時候了。4今天你有要洗的衣服嗎？5那個賊跑得太快，沒有被捉住。6你有必要親自處理這件事嗎？7天氣太冷，孩子們不能去游泳。8他沒有料到能在比賽中得了第一名。9我不想讓你整天為孩子們的教育發(fā)愁。10他趕到電影院，不料票賣光了。11他討厭人們拿他取笑。12我希望得到另一次機會。13他們不讓參觀者拍攝展品的照片。14沒有必要由你一個人解決這個問題。15瑪麗不喜歡人們奉承她。TheAnswerstotheExercises1.Iwassorrytohearthat.2.Hiswishwastobecomeaphysicist.3.TheyhurriedtothestationtocatchthefirsttrainforNanjing.4.Theboywastooyoungtounderstandallthis.5.Thetemperatureisnothighenoughforthemetaltobemelted6.Wouldyouopenthewindowtoletinsomefreshair?7.Hewastoonervoustospeaktosuchalargeaudience.8.ThefirstguesttoarrivewasUncleTom.9.Isthereanythingurgentformetodothisafternoon?10.Allofusweredelightedtohearofthenews.11.It’sveryimportantforachildtohaveaten-hoursleepaday.12.Weweretoldtohandinourcompositionsbytheweekend.13.Itisimpossibleforustofinishtheworkinaweek’stime.1.Theriveristoowideforustoswimacross.2.Youm