SAT?PracticeTest#2(This(Thiscoverisrepresentativeofwhatyou’llseeontestRequeststocancelscoresmustbeinwritingbytheWednesdayfollowingthetestdate.SharinganyquestionswithanyoneisaoftheSecurityandFairnesspoliciesandmayresultinyourbeingcanceled.A2pencilisrequiredforthetest.Donotuseamechanicalpencilor321REMINDERS:THISTESTBOOKMUSTNOTBEFROMTHEROOM.UNAUTHORIZEDREPRODUCTIONORUSEOFANYOFTHISTESTBOOKISPROHIBITED.?2015TheCollegeBoard.CollegeBoard,SAT,andtheacornlogoareregisteredtrademarksoftheCollegeBoard.Testbeginsonthenextpage.1111CONTINUEPAGE3CONTINUEPAGE3Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.Reading65MINUTES,52QUESTIONSTurntoSection1ofyouranswersheettoanswerthequestionsinthissection.DIRECTIONSEachpassageorpairofpassagesbelowisfollowedbyanumberofquestions.Afterreadingeachpassageorchoosethebestanswertoeachquestionbasedonwhatisstatedorimpliedinthepassageorpassagesandinanyaccompanyinggraphics(suchasatableorgraph).line5

Questions1-10arebasedonthepassage.ThefollowingpassageisanexcerptfromtheautobiographyNarrativeoftheLifeofFrederickDouglass.Firstpublishedin1845,thepassagediscussesayoungDouglass’sconsiderationsonslavery.Iwasnowabouttwelveyearsold,andthethoughtofbeingaslaveforlifebegantobearheavilyuponheart.aboutthistime,Igotholdofabookentitled“TheColumbianEveryopportunityIgot,Iusedtoreadthisbook.AmongmuchofotherinterestingIfoundinitadialoguebetweenamasterandhisslave.Theslavewasrepresentedashavingrunawayfromhismasterthreetimes.Thedialoguerepresentedtheconversationwhichtookplacebetweenthem,whentheslavewasretakenthethirdtime.Inthisdialogue,thewholeargumentinbehalfofslaverywasbroughtforwardbytheallofwhichwasdisposedofbytheslave.Theslavewasmadetosaysomeverysmartaswellasimpressivethingsinreplytohismaster—thingswhichhadthedesiredthoughunexpectedeffect;fortheconversationresultedinthevoluntaryemancipationoftheslaveonthepartoftheInthesamebook,ImetwithoneofmightyspeechesonandinbehalfofCatholicemancipation.Thesewerechoicedocumentstome.Ireadthemoverandoveragainwithunabatedinterest.Theygavetonguetointerestingthoughtsofownsoul,whichhadfrequentlyflashedthroughmind,anddiedawayforwantofutterance.ThemoralwhichIgainedfromthedialoguewasthepoweroftruth

overtheconscienceofevenaWhatIgotfromSheridanwasabolddenunciationofandapowerfulvindicationofhumanrights.Thereading30ofthesedocumentsenabledmetoutterthoughtsandtomeettheargumentsbroughtforwardtosustainslavery;butwhiletheyrelievedmeofonedifficulty,theybroughtonanotherevenmorepainfulthantheoneofwhichIwasrelieved.35 ThemoreIread,themoreIwasledtoabhoranddetestenslavers.Icouldregardtheminnootherlightthanabandofsuccessfulrobbers,whohadlefttheirhomes,andgonetoAfrica,andstolenusfromourhomes,andinastrangelandreducedusto40Iloathedthemasbeingthemeanestaswellasthemostwickedofmen.AsIreadandcontemplatedthesubject,behold!thatverydiscontentmentwhichMasterHughhadpredictedwouldfollowlearningtoreadhadalreadycome,totormentandstingsoulto45unutterableanguish.AsIwrithedunderit,Iwouldattimesfeelthatlearningtoreadhadbeenacurseratherthanablessing.hadgivenmeaviewofwretchedcondition,withouttheopenedeyestothehorriblepit,buttonoladderuponwhichtogetout.In50momentsofIenviedfellow-slavesfortheirIhaveoftenwishedmyselfabeast.Ipreferredtheconditionofthemeanestreptiletoown.Anything,nomatterwhat,togetridofthinking!Itwasthiseverlastingthinkingofmycondition55thattormentedme.Therewasnogettingridofit.waspresseduponmebyeveryobjectwithinsightorhearing,animateorinanimate.Thesilvertrumpoffreedomhadrousedsoultoeternalwakefulness.Freedomnowappeared,todisappearnomore60washeardineverysound,andseenineverything.waseverpresenttotormentmewithasenseofwretchedcondition.Isawnothingwithoutseeingit,Iheardnothingwithouthearingit,andfeltnothingwithoutfeelingit.lookedfromeveryitsmiled65ineverycalm,breathedineverywind,andmovedineverystorm.

11Thepassagecanbebestsummarizedasaboytryingtoescapeafterfinallyrealizinghisidentityasaslave.aboylamentinghishopelesssituationbecausehisconditionisworsethanthatofotherslaves.aboydiscoveringtherealitiesofhisconditionaswellashisyearningforfreedom.aboysearchingforwisdomandcomfortinbooks.22Thenarratorrecollectshisreadingof“TheColumbianOrator”inthefirstparagraphprimarilyinordertodiscussthedialoguebetweenamasterandhisslave.supporthisbeliefthatslaveryisopposedtohumanrights.illustratethepersistenceinrunningexplainhowspeechesareconcernedwith33Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines5-7much…andhisLines7-11(“Theslavewas…thethirdLines19-21(“Inthesame…documentstoLines25-29(“Themoralwhich…ofhumanrights”)CONTINUEPAGE5UnauthorizedCONTINUEPAGE5Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.4 848Throughoutthecourseofthepassage,theperspectivechangesfromfiercecondemnationtopainfulself-loathing.liberatingrealizationtohelplessconfidentinteresttoincreasedsadness.suddensurprisetoheatedrepulsion.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines36-39(“Icouldregard…ustoslavery”)Lines41-45Iread…unutterableLines45-47Iwrithed…thanablessing”)Lines47-48hadgiven…withouttheremedy”)5 959Inline16“unexpected”mostnearlymeanssurprising.abrupt.unintended.abnormal.66Thenarratorreferstospeechesasdocuments”inline21primarilyinordertoshowhisdecision-makingabilitiesinchoosingarticlesthatdiscussexplainwhyhereferencedthesespeechestosupporthisargument.demonstratethespeeches’impactonhisawarenessofsuggestthatthespeecheswerespecificallychosenforthetopicathand.77Inlines33-34,themorepainfuldifficultyreferstothesecretoflearningtoreadagainsthiswill.thediscoveryofhowtheslavemasterscapturedtheslavesfromAfrica.therealizationthatthereisnotareadysolutionforendingthesenseofisolationbecausehecouldnotdiscusshispainwithotherslaves.

Inthethirdparagraph,thenarratormakesacontrastbetweenslavesandtheirenslavers.himselfandotherslaves.himselfandhisslavesandreptiles.1010Thenarrator’scircumstancesinthepassageismostanalogoustoanemployeewhodiscoversthathisemployeeshavebeenexploited,yettheyhavenowaytoseekjustice.agirlwhofindsoutthatherbestfriendhasbeenspreadingviciousrumorsaboutherwhilepretendingtobeherfriend.anendangeredanimalwhichhasbeenforcefullycapturedbyhumansandcannotescapebacktothewild.aforeignchildwhoisnotallowedtoattendschoolinanewcountryduetoracialdiscrimination.1111line510152025303540

Questions11-20arebasedonthefollowingpassage.ThepassagebelowisadaptedfromtheessayDoesForeignAidPromoteDemocracy?,originallypublishedfortheWorldBankinJuly2003byStephenKnack.foreignaiddonorsincludethepromotionofdemocraticgovernmentasamajorgoaloftheiraidprograms.TheAgencyforInternationalDevelopment(USAID)alonespendsmorethan$700millionannuallyondemocracy-relatedprograms,includingelectionssupport,thestrengtheningofparliaments,judiciariesandpoliticalparties,andfosteringthegrowthandpowerofsocietyorganizations”suchaslaborunionsandandhumanrightsgroups.Althoughtechnicalassistancespecificallytargetedatdemocracypromotionisasmallfractionofallaid,theandotherdonorsoftenconditiongrantsorloansintendedforgeneralbudgetsupportonperformanceintheareasofcivilliberties,theconductofelections,andrespectfortheruleofIn1975,section116wasaddedtotheForeignAssistanceAct,conditioningaidonrespectforhumanrightsandcivilliberties.Evenwhenawardedforotherpurposes,aidcandemocracyindirectlyby“modernizing”societies.Literacyandincreasedincomesarekeyaspectsofmodernizationoftenbelievedtoincreasethedemandfordemocraticgovernment.aidofcourseisintendedtoeconomicgrowth,andmanyaidprogramsaretargetedatimprovingliteracyandaccesstoeducation.Iftechnicalassistanceand/orconditionalityiseffectiveinpromotingdemocraticgovernance–eitherdirectlyorthroughincreasingeducationandincomelevels–thenhigherlevelsofforeignaidreceiptsshouldbeassociatedwithincreasesindemocracy.Infact,USAIDisnothesitantaboutclaimingcreditforthespreadofdemocracy,asoneofmanyexampleswhattheonehalfofonepercentofthefederalbudgetdedicatedtoeconomicandhumanitarianassistancehasachieved”:Therewere58democraticnationsin1980.1995,thishadto115nations.USAIDprovideddemocracygovernanceassistanceto36ofthe57nationssuccessfullymadethetodemocraticgovernmentduringthisperiod.

Obviouslythefactthatmanyaidrecipientshavebecomemoredemocraticdoesnotbyitselfimplycauseandeffect.Examplesofsuccessfulprogramsin45particularcountriesmayconvincinglydemonstratethatsometypesofaidcansometimesbebeneficial,buttellusnothingabouttheoveralleffectivenessofaidinpromotingdemocracy.scholarsandaidpractitionershaveevenarguedthatforeignaidcan50underminedemocraticgovernment.Friedmanhasarguedthatforeignaidisinimicaltocivillibertiesanddemocracy.Becausemostaidgoestogovernments,ittendsstrengthentheroleofthegovernmentsectoringeneraleconomicactivityrelativetotheprivate55Democracyandfreedom,Friedmanandothershaveargued,arelesslikelytoemergeandtosurvivewheremosteconomicactivityisorganizedbythepublicOtherscholarshavearguedthataidpotentially60weakensgovernmentalaccountability,byretardingdevelopmentofahealthysociety”underpinningdemocracyandtheruleofTheevolutionofdemocracyandtheruleoflawinthewascriticallyrelatedtoneedsfortaxrevenues,65particularlyforfightingwars.Eliteswhoprovidedmonarchswithmostoftheirtaxrevenuesinturndemandedaccountabilityfromgovernment.Englandistheprototypicalexample,withtheGloriousRevolutionbeingthemostprominenteventintheprocessof70increasingaccountabilityofmonarchstoelites,followedeventuallybygradualextensionofthesuffrage.Foreignaidmayshort-circuittheseprocessesindevelopingcountries,byreducingdependenceonitscitizenryfortaxrevenues.highlevelsofaid,75recipientgovernmentsareaccountableprimarilytoforeigndonorsratherthantotaxpayers:“thosewiththeloudestsinglevoiceonrevenueandexpendituredecisionsareinternationallendingHighaidlevelsmayalsoreinforceexecutive80dominanceinnewdemocracies,asdonorsoftenfundprojectsoutsideofthebudget,precludinganyreviewbyparliament.Therecentreportofthecongressionally-appointedInternationalFinancialInstitutionAdvisoryCommission(2000)noted:85 TheuseofIMFtotheofdevelopingnationsoftenunderminesthesovereigntydemocraticprocessesofmembergovernmentsreceivingassistance.IMFstaffoften(withpride)theexecutiveof1111CONTINUEPAGE7CONTINUEPAGE7Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.90borrowingnationslikestouseIMFconditionstoexactconcessionsfromtheirlegislatures.Whilethissometimesworktoachievereforms,itoften

doessobythebalanceofpowerwithincountriesinwaysdistortthe95systemofchecksandbalances.GraphdepictingAidaspercentageofGDPversusGrowthpercapitainAfrica.CourtesyofthePost.1111CONTINUEPAGE9UnauthorizedCONTINUEPAGE9Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.11 141114Whichofthefollowingbestdescribesthecentralclaimofthepassage?Foreignaidhassuccessfullymodernizedcountries,buthasnotmadethemmoredemocratic.ForeignaiddoesnotalwaysaidinthedemocratizationofrecipientCivilsocietyisoftentimesdestroyedbyforeignaid,soforeignaidshouldnotbeusedtodemocracy.Foreignaidpromotesthegrowthofdemocracybymakingrecipientgovernmentsaccountabletodonorcountriesinsteadoftaxpayers.1212The author includes the words organizations”(lines8-9)inquotesprimarilytoemphasizetheimportantrolethatcivilsocietyorganizationsplayinforeignaidprograms.advocatetherelationshipbetweenforeignaidandcivilsocietyorganizations.highlightthethatforeignaiddoesnotnecessarilystrengthencivilsocietyorganizations.demonstratethatcivilsocietyorganizationssupportthegrowthofabroadrangeofinstitutions.1313Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencetotheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines3-10(“TheAgencygroups”).Lines23-26aidofcourse…accesstoLines55-58(“Democracyandfreedom…thesector”).Lines59-62(“Otherscholarshave…theruleoflaw”).

Theauthordevelopshisargumentthroughoutthepassagebyintroducingtheproblemsofasystemandsuggestingsomesolutions.explainingauniversalideaandarguingforexaminingapoliticaltheorypresentingahypothesisandlatercastingdoubtonit.1515Asusedinline51,“inimical”mostnearlyolerant.dismissive.uncorrelated.1616Whichchoicebestdescribesthemainideaofthesixthparagraph?AgeneraloverviewofthehistoryofdemocracyinEngland.TheGloriousRevolutionwascriticaltothesuccessofdemocracy.Historicalevidencedemonstratesthataidcandampenadependenceonitscitizens.isdifficultformostcountriestoachievethesamelevelofdemocraticsuccessasthatofEngland.1717Thelastparagraphmainlyserveswhatpurpose?disproveaclaimexplainanideaalreadymentioneddemonstrateforeigninstabilitypresentevidencechallenginganargument11111818Basedontheinformationinthepassage,allofthefollowingcanbeeffectsofforeignaidEXCEPTreducingtheroleoftaxpayers.givingtoomuchpowertotheexecutivebranch.strippingawaythefreedomsofprivatebusinesses.modernizingpoorsocieties.1919Theauthor’sattitudetowardsforeignaidcanbebestdescribedasunsupportive.disinterested.ambiguous.cautious.2020Whichofthefollowingissupportedbyinformationinthegraph?Thepercentageofaidisequaltothatofpercapitagrowthin1983.capitagrowthdeclinedeachtimeforeignaidexperiencedgrowth.capitagrowthexperiencedasteadyincreasefrom1988-1999.capitagrowthandforeignaidbothincreasedfrom1988-1990.

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Questions21-31arebasedonthepassage.ThepassagebelowisadaptedfromTheNewTimes,originallypublishedasanewsarticleinMay2016byHenryFountain.ThepassagedescribestheongoingresearchturningCO2intoausablefuel.TheXaThebeabe—beCarbondioxideisusedtomakesomebasicproductslikeureafertilizerandspecialtyplastics.Buttheprocessesarenotnecessarilyenergyefficient,andalmostalluseCO2fromnaturalundergroundreservoirs.Evenifcompaniesstartedusingcarbondioxidethatwascaptured,theamountwouldbelessthan0.5percentoftheroughly32billionmetrictonsofCO2emittedannuallybyhumanWhatDr.Atwater,amaterialsscientistattheinifscaledaiseventheCO2willtheisalltheenergyto“Thebigchallengeis,howdowegofrommilligramstomegatons?”saidDickCo,aNorthwesternUniversitydowemakeadentinourenergyportfoliowhenpeopleareworkingintesttubestoday?”InaresearchbuildingattheLawrenceBerkeleyleadsateamofscientiststhatistryingtomimicwhatplantsdothroughphotosynthesis.TheywanttotakeCO2andwaterand,usingonlysunlight,turnitintofuel.FrancesA.Houle,adeputyandKarlaprojectscientist,CONTINUEPAGE10CONTINUEPAGE10Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.showedsomeofthefruitsofthatwork—achip-sizesandwichofsemiconductormaterial,catalystsandmembranesencasedinaclearcontainerwitha45basedsolution.Whenthechipwasexposedtolight,bubblesofgas—hydrogenononeside,oxygenontheother—formed,brokeoffandrosetotheBytheircalculations,thechipisabout10timesmoreefficientthanatypicalplant,whichusesabout1percentofthe50sunlightthatstrikesit.Thecenterisnowworkingonthecarbon-dioxidepartofthephotosyntheticequation.Thegoalistointegratethetwoprocessesinadevicethatmightlookalotlikeasolarpanel.Butratherthangenerating55electricity,itwouldproducefuel—perhapsmethanol,whichcouldbeburneddirectlyorconvertedtogasoline.Carbondioxideismuchmoredifficulttosplitthaninvolvingsixsteps,eachrequiringenergyandacatalyst.60 “ThebigchallengewithCO2isthatyouproduceawholebunchofsaid.

hasdevelopedveryrefinedmechanismsthatproducepreciselyoneoftheworkatthecenterinvolvesstudyingcatalysis,throughtheoreticalanalysis65andtestingpossiblecombinationsofmetaloxidestoseehowwelltheymightwork.Thegoalistomakeadevicethatcanmakejustoneproduct,asinnaturalphotosynthesis,butmoreefficiently.thesametime,thedevicehastobeabletolastforyears,assolarpanels70Thataddstotheengineeringanddesignchallenges.isrealisticaboutthechallengesofdirectlyconvertingsunlightandCO2intofuel.canrestassuredthattheenergyandcatalysisproblemsofhumanitywillnothavebeenresolvedfiveyearsfrom75hesaid.Butthereisgrowinginterestintheworkofandhisfellowresearchers,particularlyaftertherecentlysignedParisclimatetreatythatcallsforsharpemissionsreductionstocombatglobalwarming.havesomewindatourbackthatwe80haven’thaduntilrecently,”headded.Figure1GraphshowingthegrowthrateinworldwideCO2emissionsfrom1965toapproximately2012.ImageadaptedfromtheConsumerEnergyReport.1111CONTINUEPAGE11UnauthorizedCONTINUEPAGE11Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.21 242124ThepassageimpliesthatharnessingcapturedCO2greatlyreducespollutioncausedbyglobalCO2emission.isinefficientifharnessedbycompaniestoproductsisnotbesustainablebecausecostwillalwaysoutweighrevenue.isadifficulttaskthathasneverbeenaccomplishedbefore.2222Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines2-6(“TheX-prize…products”)Lines15-20(“Butthe…activity”)Lines60-63(“Thebig…product”)Lines72-75can…now”)2323ThepassageindicateswhichofthefollowingasabigchallengetocapturingCO2emissions?Lackoffundingfromgovernmentorganizations.Difficultyinunderstandinghowphotosynthesisworks.ThescalabilityofconvertingCO2intoproducts.Lowefficiencyofchip-sizeconductorsinphotosynthesisresearch.

Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines31-35(“Thebig…tubestoday”)Lines45-50(“Whenthe…strikesLines51-54(“TheLines79-80have…added”)2525Basedonthepassage,whichchoicebestdescribestherelationshipbetweenDickcommentinparagraphfourandresearch?researchcontradictsDickcomment.researchisevidencethatprovesDickcomment.Dickcommentdisregardsresearch.Dickcommentindicatesanobstacleinresearch.2626Asusedinline42,“fruits”mostnearlyduce.data.27 302730Theauthordiscussesphotosynthesisresearchmainlyinordertoillustratethecurrentdevelopmentsoftheresearch.demonstratehowphotosynthesiscanbemimickedexactly.suggestasolutiontotheproblemofincreasingCO2.contrasttheprogressmadewiththeskeptics’doubt.2828Intheseventhparagraph,theauthormakesacontrast

Asusedinline79,“wind”mostnearlymeanssupport.force.push.hope.3131Incanreasonablybeinferredfromthepassageandthegraphicthatbytheyear2020researchwillhaveprogressedtoaremarkabledegree.2therewillbeabout40billionmetrictonsofCO2betweenCO2andproductsmadethroughphotosynthesis.CO2conversiondevicesandsolarpanels.plantresearchandthatofmetaloxides.artificialandnaturalproductionmechanisms.

ernmentfundingforaddressingtheproblemwilldouble.alternativeformsofrecyclingCO2willbeavailable.2929Dr.Atwater’squoteinlines72-75bestservesvideaprojectedtimelinetowardssolvingaproblem.supplementthepassagewithanotherexpertopinion.increasetheseriousnessoftheproblem.1111CONTINUEPAGE13UnauthorizedCONTINUEPAGE13Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.line5

Questions32-41arebasedonthepassage.ThefollowingpassagecomesfromaspeechgivenbyHenryattheSecondVirginiaConventionin1775.Inhisspeech,HenrypresentshisopinionsonthegrowingconflicttheAmericancoloniesandGreatBritain,aswellasonpossibilityofHenry’sfamousspeechwassoonfollowedtheRevolutionaryinwhichAmericagainedindependencefromGreatBritain.Iask,gentlemen,whatmeansthismartialifitspurposebenottoforceustosubmission?Cangentlemenassignotherpossiblemotiveforit?GreatBritaininthisquarteroftheworld,tocallforallthisaccumulationofnaviesandarmies?shehasnone.Theyaremeantforus;theycanbemeantfornoTheyaresentovertobindandrivetuponusthosechainswhichtheBritishministryhavebeensolongforging.Andwhathavewetoopposetothem?Shallwetryargument?wehavebeentryingthatforthelasttenyears.weanythingnewtoofferuponthesubject?Nothing.haveheldthesubjectupineverylightofwhichitiscapable;butithasbeenallinvain.Shallweresorttoentreatyandhumblesupplication?Whattermsshallwefindwhichhavenotbeenalreadyexhausted?Letusnot,Ibeseechyou,deceiveourselves.wehavedoneeverythingthatcouldbedone,toavertthestormwhichisnowcomingon.havepetitioned;wehaveremonstrated;wehavesupplicated;wehaveprostratedourselvesbeforethethrone,andhaveimploreditsinterpositiontoarrestthetyrannicalhandsoftheministryandParliament.Ourpetitionshavebeenslighted;ourremonstranceshaveproducedadditionalviolenceandinsult;oursupplicationshavebeendisregarded;andwehavebeenspurned,withcontempt,fromthefootofthethrone.Invain,afterthesethings,mayweindulgethefondhopeofpeaceandreconciliation.Thereisnolongerroomforhope.Ifwewishtobefree,ifwemeantopreserveinviolatethoseinestimableprivilegesforwhichwehavebeensolongcontending,ifwemeannotbaselytoabandonthenoblestruggleinwhichwehavebeensolongengaged,andwhichwehavepledgedourselvesnevertoabandonuntilthegloriousobjectofourcontestshallbeobtained,wemustfight!Irepeatit,wemustfight!AnappealtoarmsandtotheGodofHostsisallthatisleftus!Theytellus,thatweareweak;unabletocopewithsoformidableanadversary.Butwhenshallwe

40bestronger?Willitbethenextweek,orthenextyear?Willitbewhenwearetotallydisarmed,andwhenaBritishguardshallbestationedineveryhouse?Shallwegatherstrengthbyirresolutionandinaction?Shallweacquirethemeansofeffectualresistance,by45lyingsupinelyonourbacks,andhuggingthedelusivephantomofhope,untilourenemiesshallhaveboundushandandfoot?wearenotweakifwemakeaproperuseofthosemeanswhichtheGodofnaturehathplacedinourThreemillionsofpeople,50armedintheholycauseofliberty,andinsuchacountryasthatwhichwepossess,areinvinciblebyforcewhichourenemycansendagainstus.Besides,weshallnotfightourbattlesalone.ThereisajustGodwhopresidesoverthedestiniesofnations;andwhowill55raiseupfriendstofightourbattlesforus.Thebattle,isnottothestrongalone;itistothevigilant,theactive,thebrave.Besides,wehavenoelection.Ifwewerebaseenoughtodesireit,itisnowtoolatetoretirefromthecontest.Thereisnoretreatbutinsubmissionand60slavery!Ourchainsareforged!TheirclankingmaybeheardontheplainsofBoston!Thewarisinevitableandletitcome!Irepeatit,letitcome.isinvain,toextenuatetheGentlemenmayPeace,Peacebutthereisnopeace.Thewar65isactuallybegun!Thenextgalethatsweepsfromthenorthwillbringtoourearstheclashofresoundingarms!Ourbrethrenarealreadyinthefield!standwehereidle?Whatisitthatgentlemenwish?Whatwouldtheyhave?lifesoorpeacesosweet,asto70bepurchasedatthepriceofchainsandslavery?Forbidit,AlmightyGod!Iknownotwhatcourseothersmaytake;butasforme,givemelibertyorgivemedeath!111132 363236Themainpurposeofthepassageistoconvincetheaudiencethatawarisinevitable.condemntheBritishfortheirunjusttreatmentoftheAmericans.advocateforapeacetreatybetweentheBritishandtheAmericans.stirupangerandresentmenttowardstheBritish

Lines23-25(“Ourpetitions…beendisregarded”)canbebestdescribedasreasonsfortheoverthrowoftheBritishparliament.afailedofnegotiationwithhighertheresultofsubmittingtoapoliticalthedetailsofahopelesssituation.373733Therhetoricalquestionsposedatthebeginningofthefirstparagraphmainlyservewhatpurpose?33SuggestthatBritainintendsonmakingslavesoutoftheAmericancolonists.Questionintentionsinglobaldomination.ReinforcetheintolerableconditionsofAmericans.CriticizemilitarypracticesinAmerica.3434Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines7-10(“Theyaresenttothem?”)Lines12-14haveheldthe…beenallinLines27-29(“Invain,afterthese…anyroomforLines35-37(“Irepeatit,isleftin

Asusedinline39,“formidable”mostnearlymeansEvil.Clever.Exhausting.Powerful.3838Whichchoicecanbebestinferredfromthedescriptionofa“justGod”statedinline53?HenrybelievestheAmericancolonistswouldwinagainstBritainduetotheirfaithinGod.HenrydoesnotthinkactionsarejustifiedbyGod.HenryisconfidentbecauseotherjustnationswillhelptheAmericans.Henryconsidersreligionanimportantaspectofhislife.3535Asusedinline18,“avert”mostnearlymeansshift.avoid.calm.abandon.1111CONTINUEPAGE16UnauthorizedCONTINUEPAGE16Unauthorizedcopyingorreuseofanypartofthispageisillegal.3939Henryuses“we”throughoutthepassageprimarilybecauseheisnotonlyexpressinghisownviews,buttheviewsofthemajorityofAmericans.hewantstosoundmoreknowledgeableandpersuasiveinfrontofhisindeterminateaudience.theconflictwithBritainaffectsallAmericans,andcannotbewonunlessAmericansstandtogether.hewantstheaudiencetofeelmorereassuredaboutwinningthewaragainstBritain.4040Whichchoiceprovidesthebestevidencefortheanswertothepreviousquestion?Lines19-22havepetitioned…ministryandParliament”)Lines44-47(“Shallweacquire…h(huán)andandfoot?”)Lines49-52(“Threemillionsof…sendagainstLines70-72(“Forbidit,Almighty…giveme4141useofthemetaphorinlines65-67,itcanbebestconcludedthatSouthernaudiencedonotknowofthesituationintheNorth.thespeechwasgivenbeforeanoncomingwindstorm.thewarwillprobablybeginwhenthenextgaleblowstotheSouth.thewarwillmostlikelystartintheNorthandspreaddownSouth.

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Questions42-52arebasedonthepassage.Passage1isadaptedfromNorthCarolinaStateUniversity,“Personalitychangescanaffectfishbodyshape,Copyright2016byNorthCarolinaStateUniversity.Passage2isadaptedfromRobinarticle‘HowthediminutiveZebrafishishavingabigimpactonmedicalTheGuardian,September15,2013.Thetwopassagesdiscussvariousaspectsofscientificresearchonzebrafish.Passage1InastudyperformedbyNorthCarolinaStateUniversityresearchers,zebrafishthatwerebredtobemorebold–quantifiedbytheshorteramountoftimetheyremainedmotionlesswhenplacedinnewsurroundings–displayedasleekerbodyshapeandanabilitytodartaroundthewatermorequicklywhenstartledthanthosebredtobemoreshy.BrianLangerhans,anassistantprofessorofbiologicalsciencesatNCStateandaseniorauthoronapaperdescribingthesaystheresearchcouldhelpscientistslearnabouttheconnectednessofwhatseemtobedisconnectedanimaltraits.“Complexbehaviors,likethebehaviorswecall‘personality’orcanbeassociated–geneticallycorrelated–withothertraitsthatonemightthinkareindependentofsuchbehaviors,likebodyshapeandswimminghesaid.otherwords,traitsthatseemunrelatedmaynotbeInthetheresearchersusedzebrafishlinesthathadbeenselectedtobebolderbybreedingfishthatstayedstillforamaximumof50secondsafterbeingintroducedintonewsurroundings,whileshyfish–thosethatstayedstillformorethan3minuteswhendroppedintoanewarea–werebredtocreateashyline.Afterjustafewgenerationswiththesebreedingregimens,theresearchersbegantoseeinterestingchangestothedifferentfishlines.onlydidarangeofbehaviorsassociatedwithstressfulsituationschange,30butboldfishlinesalsodisplayedamoreelongatebodywithalargertailregionandgeneratedhighervelocityandaccelerationduringfast-startstartleresponses.fishlineshadlesssleekbodiesandslowerstartleresponses.35 thinko