DDiiggiittaallTTwwiinnssiinnSSmmaarrttCCiittyy智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生A

bridge

between

the

physical

and

virtual

world現(xiàn)實(shí)世界與虛擬世界之間的橋梁數(shù)字孿生奠定了發(fā)展智能服務(wù)為現(xiàn)實(shí)世界服務(wù)的基礎(chǔ)。Digital

twins

set

thesmart

services

could

bedeveloped

to

serve

thephysical

world.Being

one

of

the

top

10

strategic

technology

trends

asrated

by

Gartner,

digital

twins

are

recognised

by

publicorganisations

as

an

effective

tool

to

city

planning

andmanagement.

This

paper

presents

our

views

on

the

benefits

of

digital

twins,

a

model

for

assessingtheapproach

for

development

of

afit-for-purpose

digital

twin,

a

development

frameworkoutlining

key

elements

of

a

digital

twin

ecosystem

and

foundation

on

whichexamples

of

how

digital

twins

have

been

used

in

othercities.Thepaperalsodiscussedcommonchallengesencountered

when

implementing

digital

twins

as

wellas

the

way

forward

and

opportunities

for

digital

twindevelopment

in

the

Greater

Bay

Area

(GBA).數(shù)字孿生是Gartner評(píng)選的十大戰(zhàn)略技術(shù)趨勢之一，被公共機(jī)構(gòu)公認(rèn)為是城市規(guī)劃和管理的有效工具。本文介紹了普華永道對(duì)數(shù)字孿生的好處的看法，展示用於構(gòu)建切合需要的數(shù)字孿生的評(píng)估模型，概述數(shù)字孿生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)關(guān)鍵要素的發(fā)展框架，以及其他城市如何應(yīng)用數(shù)字孿生的案例。本文還探討了在實(shí)施數(shù)字孿生時(shí)常見的挑戰(zhàn)，以及大灣區(qū)進(jìn)行數(shù)字孿生發(fā)展的前景和機(jī)遇。Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City1智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生What

is

a

digital

twinA

digital

twin

is

a

digital

model

or

replica

of

aphysical

asset,

be

it

a

product,

an

organisation,

apublic

infrastructure

or

even

an

entire

city.

It

has

awide

range

of

applications

–

from

conductingdiagnostics

on

organisational

health,

augmentingservice

designs

to

enabling

more

effective

citymanagement.

In

the

context

of

a

smart

city,adigital

twin

of

the

city

continuously

collectsinformation

from

the

built

environment

(viatechnologies

such

as

sensors,

drones,

or

mobiledevices).

It

is

made

possible

with

the

use

of

remote

communication

technologies

such

as

WiFi

and

Bluetooth

as

well

as

through

Internet

of

Things(IoT)

sensors

that

gather

data

from

the

physicalworld

to

reconstruct

an

identical

digital

copy

of

thecity.

Apart

from

IoT,

the

use

of

Big

Data,

ArtificialIntelligence

(AI),

cloud

computing,

machine

learning

and

advanced

analytics

also

enhance

theaccuracy

and

dynamism

of

this

replica,

allowingstatic,

historical

and

real-

time

data

to

be

processed

and

synthesised

almost

immediately

toprovide

valuable

insights

about

the

performanceof

the

city.

Therefore,

a

digital

twin

can

beconsidered

as

a

“strategy

accelerator”

thatfacilitates

public

sector

organisations

to

identifyinsights

and

connections

more

effectively,

and

todrive

to

better

solutions

with

more

confidence.數(shù)字孿生是產(chǎn)品，機(jī)構(gòu)，公共基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施甚至整

個(gè)城市的數(shù)字模型或?qū)嵨镔Y產(chǎn)的副本。它具有

廣泛的應(yīng)用—從對(duì)機(jī)構(gòu)進(jìn)行監(jiān)測，增強(qiáng)服務(wù)

設(shè)計(jì)到實(shí)現(xiàn)更有效的城市管理。在智慧城市的

背景下，城市的數(shù)字孿生不斷（通過傳感器，

無人機(jī)或流動(dòng)裝置等的技術(shù)）從建筑環(huán)境中收

集信息。通過使用遠(yuǎn)程通信技術(shù)（例如WiFi和藍(lán)牙），物聯(lián)網(wǎng)（IoT）傳感器以及從現(xiàn)實(shí)世界收集數(shù)據(jù)，能實(shí)現(xiàn)構(gòu)建與城市相同的數(shù)字副本。除物聯(lián)網(wǎng)外，運(yùn)用大數(shù)據(jù)，人工智能（AI），云計(jì)算，機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和分析的功能，亦可提高數(shù)

字副本的準(zhǔn)確性和動(dòng)態(tài)性，令數(shù)字副本可即時(shí)

處理和綜合靜態(tài)，歷史和實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)據(jù)，提供有關(guān)

城市表現(xiàn)的見解。因此，數(shù)字孿生可被視為“戰(zhàn)略加速器”，促進(jìn)公共部門機(jī)構(gòu)更有效地洞察數(shù)據(jù)與城市管理的關(guān)聯(lián)，并為公共機(jī)構(gòu)推動(dòng)更佳的解決方案注入信心。什么是數(shù)字孿生Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City2智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Harnessing

the

power

of

data

and

real-time

simulation

tbuild

insight-driven

public

sector

organisationsIn

the

face

of

intensifying

global

competition

andgrowing

complexity

in

urban

challenges,

cities

areencountering

increasing

pressure

for

more

efficientresource

allocation

and

proper

city

management.

Infact,

there

is

growing

recognition

amongst

publicsector

organisationsfrom

aroundthe

worldonthevalue

of

leveraging

real

time

digital

data

formonitoring

performance

of

existing

public

services,improving

city

planning

and

optimising

decisionmaking

of

policy

makers.By

feeding

different

sources

of

dynamic

data

toa

digital

twin,

there

is

potential

for

this

replica

to

organisations

to

demonstrate

more

responsivetestbed

ideas

or

simulate

what-if

scenarios

for

thefacilities,

processes

and

city

landscape

which

onewished

to

change

before

actually

putting

actualresources

behind

real-world

implementation.

Suchan

exercise

allows

for

identification

of

potentialissues

in

any

proposed

plans

or

initiatives

beforethey

actually

happen,

thus

allowing

organisations

tofurther

tailortheir

actionsand

mitigatetherisksearly

on.From

a

city

management

perspective,

a

digitaltwin

of

a

building

or

even

an

entire

city

can

greatlyassist

in

urban

planning

as

well

as

the

operation

and

maintenance

(O&M)

of

physical

assets.

Forinstance,

by

first

identifying

and

preventivelymaintaining

physical

assets

or

city

network,

thiscan

save

time

from

subsequent

corrective

maintenance

and

minimise

downtime

to

anyissues.

Likewise,

by

first

simulating

solar

energyexposure

or

risks

created

by

severe

weatherconditions

in

a

city,

there

is

potential

forenhancing

designs

of

built

environment

to

bemore

green

and

resilient.For

public

sector

organisations,

a

digital

twin

canalso

serve

as

an

effective

engagement

tool

tofacilitate

discussion

amongst

different

segments

ofsociety,

including

the

general

public,

the

privatesector,civilsociety

andpolicy

makersamongstothers.

The

ability

to

simulate

scenarios

andtranslate

data

into

meaningful

insights

througha

virtual

representation

of

the

real

world

bringissues

to

life

for

those

who

have

a

stake

in

the

city.A

digital

twin

will

thus

not

only

enable

betterpolicymaking

and

service

improvement,

but

alsopresent

an

opportunity

for

public

sectorand

agile

governance

that

can

ultimately

maximiseimpact

and

value

to

the

communities

and

the

public.面對(duì)日益激烈的全球競爭和城市挑戰(zhàn)的復(fù)雜

性，各城市正面臨越來越大的壓力，并要求更有效的資源分配和適當(dāng)?shù)某鞘泄芾?。?shí)際上，全球的公共機(jī)構(gòu)都越來越認(rèn)識(shí)到利用實(shí)時(shí)數(shù)字?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)來監(jiān)察現(xiàn)有公共服務(wù)的績效，改善城市規(guī)劃和優(yōu)化決策者制定決策的價(jià)值。通過將不同的動(dòng)態(tài)數(shù)據(jù)源提供予數(shù)字孿生，此數(shù)字副本將能測試想法，或在投入實(shí)際資源應(yīng)用時(shí)，模擬日後改變?cè)O(shè)施，流程和城市景觀的假設(shè)情景。這樣的模擬可以提早識(shí)別任何擬議的計(jì)劃或舉措中的潛在問題，從而使機(jī)構(gòu)可以進(jìn)一步調(diào)整其行動(dòng)并盡早減輕風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。從城市管理的角度來看，建筑物或整個(gè)城市的數(shù)字孿生可有效地協(xié)助城市規(guī)劃以及實(shí)物資產(chǎn)的運(yùn)營和維護(hù)。例如，通過首先識(shí)別和預(yù)防性維護(hù)有形資產(chǎn)或城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)，可以節(jié)省后續(xù)糾正性維護(hù)的時(shí)間，并最大程度地減少因任何問題而造成的服務(wù)中斷時(shí)間。例如，通過首先模擬日曬的情況或城市中惡劣天氣條件造成的風(fēng)

險(xiǎn)。可令建築環(huán)境的設(shè)計(jì)更環(huán)保和更具彈性。對(duì)于公共機(jī)構(gòu)而言，數(shù)字孿生可用作有效的參與工具，促進(jìn)社會(huì)各階層之間的討論，包括公營，私營部門，民間社會(huì)和決策者等。數(shù)字孿生賦予模擬場景以表達(dá)真實(shí)世界的能力并將數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換為有意義的見解，讓那些相關(guān)者可以更確切地看到問題的要點(diǎn)。因此，數(shù)字孿生不僅可以優(yōu)化政策制定和服務(wù)水平，而且還為公共機(jī)構(gòu)展示更具響應(yīng)性和彈性治理的機(jī)會(huì)，最終可以最大程度地提升對(duì)社區(qū)和公眾的影響力和價(jià)值。利用數(shù)據(jù)和實(shí)時(shí)模擬的力量來構(gòu)建受洞察力驅(qū)動(dòng)的公共部門機(jī)構(gòu)Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City3智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Technologies:Visualisation

via

AR,VR

or

a

mixture

of

both虛擬化技術(shù):現(xiàn)實(shí),虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)和混合現(xiàn)實(shí)Using

the

Digital

TwinModel

to

constructa

fit-for-purpose

repliWith

a

specific

challenge

to

be

addressed,

the

rightapproach

needs

to

be

used

when

constructing

a

fit-for-purpose

digital

twin.

To

facilitate

this

process,

wehave

developed

the

Digital

Twin

Model

for

assessingthe

approach

for

developing

digital

twins

dependingFor

data,

this

can

generally

be

classified

alongtwoaxes

–

time-space

and

dimensional

components

of

data

as

shown

in

the

2-by-2

matrix

below.

Someindicative

applications

in

the

Digital

Twin

Model

arealso

shown

in

the

diagram.為了解決特定的挑戰(zhàn)，在構(gòu)建切合需要的數(shù)字孿生系統(tǒng)時(shí)需要使用正確的方法。因此，我們構(gòu)建了數(shù)字孿生模型，根據(jù)使用目的評(píng)估構(gòu)建數(shù)字孿生的方法，其數(shù)據(jù)和技術(shù)都需要適當(dāng)考量。數(shù)據(jù)通?？梢匝貎蓚€(gè)軸進(jìn)行分類—數(shù)據(jù)的時(shí)空和維度，如以下的2×2矩陣所示。圖中還展示了數(shù)字孿生模型中的一些參考性應(yīng)用。使用數(shù)字孿生模型構(gòu)建切合需要的數(shù)字副本Dynamic動(dòng)態(tài)Time

&

Spaceon

the

purpose

of

use.Both

data

and

technologies

Dynamism

of

da

t時(shí)a間數(shù)和據(jù)空動(dòng)間態(tài)

will

need

to

be

duly

considered.Static靜態(tài)n2D

Dime維RReepprreesseennttaattiision

3D度nn

ooff

ddaattaa數(shù)數(shù)據(jù)據(jù)維維度度表表示示Navigation導(dǎo)航?Remote

facility?遠(yuǎn)程設(shè)施監(jiān)控

monitoring?Pandemicmanagement

&流行病管理和追蹤人群和交通控制tracking氣候數(shù)據(jù)圖Crowd

&

trafficcontrol城市儀表板Climate

diagramsCity

dashboardNavigation

(3D)?導(dǎo)航（3D）Buildingmanagement

?樓宇管理系統(tǒng)地下管道維修systemMaintenance

ofunderground

pipes

?微氣候和氣流分析Microclimate

andairflow

analysis

?指揮與控制中心/危Command

and機(jī)管理Control

Centre/

CrisismanagementMaps

?

地圖Building

plans

?建筑圖則Building

?建筑信息模型InformationAdministrative

? 行政邊界

modelling

(”

BIM”

)

?

地理信息系統(tǒng)boundary

?

GeographicInformation

System

?設(shè)計(jì)可視化（室內(nèi)/(“GIS”)

場地）Designo

visualisation(interior/venue)Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City4智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Development

of

a

digital

twin

will

need

to

considerthe

dynamic

and

static

aspects

of

data,

as

well

as

the

need

for

2D

and

3D

representation

of

situation

and

environment.

In

particular,

the

2D/3Ddimensional

representation

of

data

could

be

furtherdifferentiated

between

“on

the

ground”

vs

“belowground”

applications,

and

indoor

vs

outdoorapplications.

For

instance,

“on

the

ground”application

would

involve

data

captured

on

buildingfa?ade

for

buildings

management,

while

“belowground”

application

allows

the

tracking

andmaintenance

ofpipenetworksforcities.With

regard

to

virtualisation

technologies,

this

modelcould

be

further

overlaid

with

Augmented

Reality(AR),

Virtual

reality

(VR)

and

Mixed

Reality

(MR)

forillustrating

the

environment

and

its

associatedinformation.

While

VR

allows

people

to

visualise

3Dvirtual

environments,

AR

takes

computer-generatedimages

and

overlays

them

on

real

view

of

the

world,

and

MR

is

the

merging

of

real

and

virtual

worlds

toproduce

new

environments

and

visualisations,

wherephysical

and

digital

objects

co-exist

and

interact

inreal

time.數(shù)字孿生的構(gòu)建將需要考慮動(dòng)態(tài)和靜態(tài)方面的數(shù)據(jù)，以及運(yùn)用2D和3D展示情況和環(huán)境的要求。2D/3D維度的數(shù)據(jù)可進(jìn)一步分成“地面”和“地下”及“室內(nèi)”和“室外”的應(yīng)用。例如,“地面”應(yīng)用場景用例之一是將采集在建筑物立面上的數(shù)據(jù)用作建筑物管理，而"地下"用例之一是采集數(shù)據(jù)以便追蹤和維護(hù)城市的管道網(wǎng)絡(luò)。關(guān)于虛擬化技術(shù)，此模型可以進(jìn)一步與增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)（

AR

），虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)（

VR

）和混合現(xiàn)實(shí)（MR）重疊，以說明環(huán)境及其相關(guān)信息。VR

可以使人們可視化3D虛擬環(huán)境，AR可以拍攝計(jì)算機(jī)生成的圖像并將其疊加在真實(shí)世界上，而

MR是現(xiàn)實(shí)世界與虛擬世界的融合，以產(chǎn)生新的環(huán)境和可視化效果，令實(shí)物和數(shù)位物件共同存在并實(shí)時(shí)互動(dòng)。Different

applicationscan

adopt

differentDigital

Twin

Model

thatbalances

benefits

andresource

requirements(such

as

data).Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City5智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生不同的應(yīng)用程序可以采用不同的數(shù)字孿生模型，以平衡效益和資源需求（例如數(shù)據(jù)）。FixedNetworks固定網(wǎng)絡(luò)DigitalPersona數(shù)字角色(ID)CloudComputing云計(jì)算Interconnected

Urban

Data

Interchange

Platform互聯(lián)的城市數(shù)據(jù)交換平臺(tái)MobileNetworks移動(dòng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)Citizen

Engagement

Platform公民參與平臺(tái)Big

Data大數(shù)據(jù)Wireless無線Security,PrivacyandTrust安全，隱私和信任Identity

and

AccessManagement身份和權(quán)限管理RF

Mesh射頻網(wǎng)CommonSpatialDataGateway通用空間數(shù)據(jù)網(wǎng)關(guān)通道AssetManagement資產(chǎn)管理LPWAN廣域網(wǎng)PaymentGateways支付途徑M

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）與核心城市基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施Open

DataDatastandTae公開資料lgoogSvyecerunraibntlc

r&sP:rAiIv,acAyR,安R,MR技術(shù)推A

p

p

lic

a

tio

n

s應(yīng)用WaterDistribution水源分配Roads道路Active

and

Passive

RFID

tags,

multimodal

sensors

and

actuators,

biometrics,connected

objects/

intelligent

devices

(speech

recognition,

location

aware),

mobile

devices主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)RFID標(biāo)簽，多模式感應(yīng)器和執(zhí)行器，生物識(shí)別技術(shù)，連接的對(duì)象/智能設(shè)備（語音識(shí)別，位置感知），流動(dòng)裝置Device

management

platform

for

city

sensors城市傳感器的設(shè)備管理平臺(tái)SewageNetwork污水管網(wǎng)路PublicSpaces公共場所Building建筑Network運(yùn)輸網(wǎng)絡(luò)ElectricityDistribution電力分配ElectronicPayment電子支付Tele-communicationNetwork電信網(wǎng)絡(luò)appropriate

networks,

systems

and

standards.

Mostcritically,

it

has

to

be

powered

by

a

whole

suite

ofembedded

sensing

infrastructure

and

dataprocesses,數(shù)字孿生不僅僅是信息虛擬化。它透過參與者之間的協(xié)作以及建立適當(dāng)?shù)木W(wǎng)絡(luò)，制度和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，從而發(fā)揮系統(tǒng)的作用。最關(guān)鍵的是，它必須由一整套嵌入式感應(yīng)基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)和數(shù)據(jù)處理程序支撐，并負(fù)責(zé)從現(xiàn)實(shí)世界中收集數(shù)據(jù)。Digital

twins

are

more

than

just

virtualisation

of which

will

be

responsible

for

gathering

data

frominformation.

It

functions

as

a

system

with

the

need

for

the

physical

world.

This

is

supported

by

a

myriad

ofcollaboration

of

actors

as

well

as

the

establishment

ofplatforms

where

machine

learning

and

advanceddata

analytics

generate

valuable

information

feedsfor

real-life

real-time

applications.

These

activitiesare

governed

by

data

standards,

security

and

privacy

regulations.

The

diagram

below

illustrates

ahigh-level

framework

of

a

digital

twin

ecosystem:數(shù)據(jù)收集依賴眾多平臺(tái)支援，這些平臺(tái)透過機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)和數(shù)據(jù)分析為實(shí)時(shí)應(yīng)用提供具價(jià)值的信息。這些活動(dòng)受數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，安全性和私隱的法規(guī)約束。下圖說明了數(shù)字孿生生態(tài)系統(tǒng)的高概要框架。將數(shù)字孿生發(fā)展視為生態(tài)系統(tǒng)Looking

at

digital

twin

developmentas

an

ecosystemDigital

Twins

數(shù)字孿生Sha

re

d

D

ig

ita

l

In

fra

s

tru

c

tu

rep

o

w

e

r

d

ig

ita

l

tw

in

s共享數(shù)字基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施助力數(shù)字孿生Government

&Private

Ownedand

OperatedPlatform

andFunctionalComponents政府和私人擁有和運(yùn)營的平臺(tái)和功能組件Connectivity連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)P

la

tfo

rm

s臺(tái)平6Infrastructure

required

to

support

the

developmentand

adoption

of

digital

twins

include:Data

collection

&

production

through

sensors(managed

by

a

device

managementplatform),use

of

mobile

and

smart

tracking

devices;Data

transmission

through

connectivitynetworks;Data

storing,

processing

&

exchange

throughplatforms

that

allows

integration

of

data

fromvarious

datapointsandsystems;andData

usage

through

applications

that

are

able

totranslate

data

inputs

into

valuable

insights

andprovide

real-time

diagnostic

of

situation.支持?jǐn)?shù)字孿生的構(gòu)建和采用所需的基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)包括:數(shù)據(jù)收集和生產(chǎn)：通過傳感器（由設(shè)備管理平臺(tái)管理），流動(dòng)裝置和智能追蹤設(shè)備，進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)收集和生產(chǎn)；數(shù)據(jù)傳輸：通過連接網(wǎng)絡(luò)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)傳輸；數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)、處理和交換：通過平臺(tái)匯整來自各個(gè)數(shù)據(jù)點(diǎn)和系統(tǒng)的數(shù)據(jù)，進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)存儲(chǔ)，處理和交換數(shù)據(jù)使用：通過應(yīng)用程式進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)使用，這些應(yīng)用程序可以將數(shù)據(jù)整合并輸入轉(zhuǎn)換為有價(jià)值的見解以及提供實(shí)時(shí)狀況診斷。Protecting

privacy

andsecurity

are

key

toestablish

trust

in

adigital

world.Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City7智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生保護(hù)隱私和安全是在數(shù)字世界中建立信任的關(guān)鍵。The

concept

of

digital

twins

has

immense

potential

to

be

applied

across

differentindustries,sectorsand

citiesin

ordertooptimise

productivity

and

performance.

Thediagram

below

shows

the

potential

use

cases

ofdigital

twins

in

both

public

and

private

sectors,and

how

individuals

interact

with

it:數(shù)字孿生的概念具有巨大的潛力，可以在不同的行業(yè)，部門和城市中應(yīng)用，以優(yōu)化生產(chǎn)力和性能。下圖顯示了公營和私營部門中數(shù)字孿生的潛在使用案例，以及個(gè)人與數(shù)字孿生的互動(dòng)：為什么選擇數(shù)字孿生—來自世界各地的例子Why

digital

twins–

examples

from

aroundthe

worldPotential

use

cases數(shù)字孿生的潛在使用案例City

managementUrban

planning

anddesigningPublic

safety

&crisis

managementManufacturing

–prototypingHealthcare

–

drugsdesignLogistics

–

deliveryroute

planning制造—原型制作醫(yī)療保健—藥物設(shè)計(jì)物流—交貨路線計(jì)劃Individuals

to

obtain

information

for

decision

makingand

share

data

(ifapplicable)個(gè)人獲取決策信息并共享數(shù)據(jù)（如果適用）Public

sector公共部門Private

sector私營部門As

we

putmore

and

moresensors

into

service,

acentralised

devicemanagement

platform

could

help

channel

datacollected

from

sensors

tosupport

smart

cityimplementation.Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City8智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生隨著我們將使用越來越多的傳感器，集中管理設(shè)備的平臺(tái)可以幫助引導(dǎo)從感應(yīng)器收集數(shù)據(jù)，支持智慧城市的實(shí)施。城市管理城市規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)公共安全與危機(jī)管理Virtual

Singapore

is

a

digital

platform

that

willenable

the

public,

businesses,

government

andresearch

agencies

to

derive

insights,

developsolutions

and

run

simulations

using

a

large

scalecity

model

of

Singapore

as

part

of

a

Smart

Nationinitiatives.With

a

rich

data

environment,

Virtual

Singaporeprovides

a

collaborative

platform

to

help

makelong-term

decisions

on

areas

such

asinfrastructure

and

resource

management,

urbanplanning.

Its

capabilities

include:–

Virtual

experimentation,

e.g.

examine

coverageareas

of

3G/4G

networks

to

provide

realisticvisualisation

of

poor

coverage

areas;–

Virtual

test-bedding

to

validate

provision

ofservices,

e.g.

3D

modelling

of

the

new

Sport

Hubwith

semantic

information

to

simulate

crowddispersion

to

establish

evacuation

proceduresduring

an

emergency;

Planning

and

decision

making,

Virtual

Singaporeis

a

holistic

and

integrated

platform

to

developanalytical

applications,

e.g.

apps

to

analysetransport

flows

and

pedestrian

movement

patterns;

and

R&D,

data

to

be

made

available

to

researchcommunity

to

innovate

and

develop

newtechnologies

or

capabilities.VirtualSingapore是一個(gè)數(shù)字平臺(tái)，作為智慧國家計(jì)劃的一部分，它讓公眾，企業(yè)，政府和研究機(jī)構(gòu)能夠使用大型的新加坡城市模型來獲取靈感，建立解決方案并運(yùn)行模擬測試。憑借豐富的數(shù)據(jù)環(huán)境，VirtualSingapore提供了一個(gè)協(xié)作平臺(tái)，協(xié)助在基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施和資源管理，城市規(guī)劃等領(lǐng)域做出長期決策。其功能包括：–虛擬實(shí)驗(yàn)，例如檢查3G/4G網(wǎng)絡(luò)的覆蓋區(qū)域，以顯示網(wǎng)絡(luò)覆蓋較差的區(qū)域;–以虛擬測試進(jìn)行服務(wù)驗(yàn)證，例如SportHub的3D建模，可模擬人群分散情況，?建立在緊急情況下疏散程序;–規(guī)劃和決策；Virtual

Singapore是分析應(yīng)用程序的平臺(tái)，例如分析交通流量和行人運(yùn)動(dòng)方式的應(yīng)用程序；和–研發(fā)，將數(shù)據(jù)提供給研究團(tuán)體，以革新建立新技術(shù)的能力。Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City9智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生NewSouthWales

Governmentof

Australiahaslaunched

a

virtual

4D

model

of

Western

Sydneyarea’s

built

and

natural

environment,

with

datasuch

as

buildings,

strata

plans,

terrain,

propertyboundaries,

and

utilities

(e.g.

power,

water

andsewer

pipes).

The

4D

model

is

a

3D

depictionwith

the

addition

of

time

so

that

users

can

createmodels

based

on

historical

or

future

scenarios.The

model

has

brought

great

benefits

as

itenables:澳大利亞新南威爾士州政府已啟動(dòng)了悉尼西部地區(qū)建筑和自然環(huán)境的虛擬4D模型，其中包含建筑物，地層平面圖，地形，物業(yè)邊界和公用事業(yè)（例如電力，自來水和下水道）等數(shù)據(jù)。4D模型是帶有時(shí)間的3D描繪，因此用戶可以根據(jù)歷史或未來場景創(chuàng)建模型。該模型具有以下重大優(yōu)點(diǎn)：–

Urban

planners,

developers

and

policymakers

tomake

more

informed

decisions

and

to

enableintegrated

city

planning;–

Data

from

public

agencies

and

private

sectortobe

brought

together,

hence

enabling

thegovernment

to

better

communicate

plans

forinfrastructure

development;

and–

Better

prediction

and

management

of

trafficcongestion,

monitoring

of

land

cover

andstructural

changes,

bushfire

prediction.–城市規(guī)劃師，地產(chǎn)商和政策制定者做出更明智的決策，并實(shí)現(xiàn)整合的城市規(guī)劃；–將公營機(jī)構(gòu)和私營部門的數(shù)據(jù)匯整，使政府能夠更好地傳達(dá)基礎(chǔ)建設(shè)的發(fā)展計(jì)劃；和–更好地預(yù)測和管理交通擁堵，監(jiān)測土地覆蓋和結(jié)構(gòu)變化，以及預(yù)測山火。Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City10智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Amaravati,

Indiais

thefirst

greenfieldcityborneout

of

digital

twin.

It

enables

planners,

architects,and

financial

goals.

Scenarios

are

developed

inadvance

to

optimize

outcomes,

also

adjusted

onthe

fly

to

keep

pace

with

change.

New

digitalservices

andfunctions

plannedto

beincludedaspart

of

the

digital

twin

include:–

Real-time

construction

progressmonitoring,environmental

and

wellness

monitoring,

et

al.

viaubiquitous,

multi-nodal

IoT

sensors;–

Advanced

mobility

and

traffic

monitoring

andsimulations;–

Advanced

microclimate

and

climate

changemonitoring

and

simulations;–

Digital

“drag

and

drop”

building

permitsubmissions;engineers,

and

policy

makers

to

work

in

unisontowards

achieving

collective

design,

policy,

social,

–

Digital

zoning,

setback,

environmental,

traffic,and

other

statutory

compliance-relatedpreliminary

analysis;

and–

Digital

twin

user

ID

scheme

for

every

Amaravati

citizen

that

will

serve

as

a

singlecitizen

portal

for

all

government

information,notifications,

forms,

and

applications.印度阿馬拉瓦蒂（Amaravati）是第一個(gè)由數(shù)字孿生衍生的發(fā)展中城市。它使規(guī)劃人員，建筑師，工程師和政策制定者能夠齊心協(xié)力實(shí)現(xiàn)集體設(shè)計(jì)，政策，社會(huì)和財(cái)務(wù)目標(biāo)。預(yù)先建立場景以優(yōu)化結(jié)果，并配合變化進(jìn)行實(shí)時(shí)的調(diào)整。計(jì)劃納入數(shù)字孿生的新數(shù)字化服務(wù)和功能包括：–實(shí)時(shí)施工進(jìn)度監(jiān)控，環(huán)境和健康監(jiān)控等。通過無處不在的多節(jié)點(diǎn)物聯(lián)網(wǎng)傳感器;–流動(dòng)性和交通監(jiān)控及模擬;–先進(jìn)的微氣候和氣候變化監(jiān)測與模擬;數(shù)字“拖放”建筑許可證提交;數(shù)字分區(qū)，危機(jī)，環(huán)境，交通和其他遵規(guī)相關(guān)的初步分析；和Amaravati公民的數(shù)字孿生用戶ID方案，將成爲(wèi)單一便民窗口，用作處理所有政府信息，通知，表格和應(yīng)用程序。Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City11智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Whiletheapplicationofdigitaltwinsispromising,itcomes

with

a

whole

set

of

challenges

that

bothpublic

and

private

organisations

may

encounterwhen

developing

and

executing

the

strategy.

Somecommon

challenges

include:VisionEstablishing

a

clear

vision

and

KPIs

–Implementation

of

digital

twins

can

be

aresource-intensive

exercise

involving

awide

range

of

stakeholders.

Establishingcommon

understanding

of

the

vision

ofsuch

implementation

and

developing

a

setof

performance

indicators

are

key

to

asuccessful

digital

twin

implementation.Implementation

coordination

–

Vision

is

justthe

start,

delivery

is

the

hard

part.

At

present,Governments

are

facing

challenges

like

toomuch

choice

and

too

many

cooks.

Cities

need

to

have

an

effective

mechanismtocoordinate

and

govern

the

approach

to

andcontents

of

digital

twin

implementation.盡管數(shù)字孿生的應(yīng)用前景廣闊，但是公共和私人機(jī)構(gòu)在制定和執(zhí)行該策略時(shí)亦可能遇到一系列挑戰(zhàn)。一些常見的挑戰(zhàn)包括：愿景建立清晰的愿景和關(guān)鍵績效指標(biāo)—數(shù)字孿生的實(shí)施可能會(huì)動(dòng)用大量資源，?牽涉不同

領(lǐng)域的持份者。建立對(duì)此類實(shí)施愿景的共識(shí)，并制定一套績效指標(biāo)，對(duì)于成功實(shí)施數(shù)字孿生至關(guān)重要。實(shí)施協(xié)調(diào)—愿景只是起點(diǎn)，而交付才是困難的部分。目前，各國政府面臨的挑戰(zhàn)包括過多的選擇和過多的聲音。因此，城市需要有一個(gè)有效的機(jī)制來協(xié)調(diào)和管理數(shù)字孿生實(shí)施的方法和內(nèi)容。數(shù)字孿生是智慧城市發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，但亦不可避免地Digital

twins

underpinSmart

City

development,but

inevitably

come

withchallenges面臨挑戰(zhàn)Digital

Twins

in

Smart

City12智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生DataDigital

Twins

in

Smart

City13智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Quality

and

sufficiency

of

data

–

Historic

datamay

be

duplicative

or

lack

the

level

of

detail

andaccuracy

needed

for

use

with

the

desired

Digital

Twin

Model

and

technological

solutions

such

asAI.Willingness

to

share

data

–

Stakeholdersmay

be

reluctant

to

share

data

with

otherparties,

especially

sensitive

or

personaldata.

A

robust

accountability

framework(discussed

below)

would

be

required

toencourage

sharing

of

data

while

offering

asufficient

degree

of

protection

to

thoseparties

sharing

data.Data

standards

–

Lack

of

consistent

data

standards

and

rules

for

collecting

data,

creatingdifficulty

fordifferent

unitsto

sharedata,createsynergies

through

collaboration

and

maximisethe

value

of

data.Updated

information

–

The

need

forsystematic

updating

mechanism

to

constantlyupdate

static

object

and

scanning

of

newobjects

to

ensure

accuracy

of

digital

twins

inreal

world

representations

for

accurate

decisionmaking.TalentCompetition

for

talent

–

While

technologysuch

as

AI

can

do

more

with

less

manpower,

mores

specialised

professional

such

as

datascientists/

engineers

and

architects

will

beneeded

to

make

sense

of

the

abundance

ofinformation.數(shù)據(jù)數(shù)據(jù)的質(zhì)量和充分性—?dú)v史數(shù)據(jù)可能有所重復(fù)，或缺少與數(shù)字孿生模型和AI之類的技術(shù)

解決方案匹配的的細(xì)節(jié)和準(zhǔn)確程度。共享數(shù)據(jù)的意愿—持份者未必愿意與其他各方共享數(shù)據(jù)，尤其是較爲(wèi)敏感的數(shù)據(jù)或個(gè)人

數(shù)據(jù)。因此，需要有一個(gè)強(qiáng)而有力的問責(zé)框

架（如下所述）來鼓勵(lì)數(shù)據(jù)共享，同時(shí)為共

享數(shù)據(jù)的各方提供足夠程度的保護(hù)。數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)—缺乏一致的數(shù)據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和規(guī)則來收集數(shù)據(jù)，導(dǎo)致不同部門難以共享數(shù)據(jù)，無法

通過協(xié)作創(chuàng)造協(xié)同效益，及最大化數(shù)據(jù)價(jià)值。更新信息—需要一套系統(tǒng)更新機(jī)制來不斷更新靜態(tài)物件并掃描新出現(xiàn)的物件，以確保與

現(xiàn)實(shí)世界對(duì)應(yīng)的數(shù)字孿生的準(zhǔn)確性，從而做

出準(zhǔn)確的決策。人才人才競爭—盡管AI等技術(shù)可以用更少的人力資源來做更多的事情，事實(shí)上仍需要大量的專業(yè)人員（例如數(shù)據(jù)科學(xué)家/工程師和建筑

師）來梳理海量的信息。Accountable,

Security

andPrivacyDigital

Twins

in

Smart

City14智慧城市中的數(shù)字孿生Information

security

and

privacy

–

From

capture,enrichment,

maintenance,

usage,

archiving

and

purging,

the

entire

data

lifecycle

must

be

securedagainst

malicious

actors

and

violation

of

privacyrights.Accountability

–

Lack

of

an

accountabilityframework

such

as

open

data

licence

of

dataissue,

evolving

regulations

pertaining

to

privacyand

cybersecurity,

conditions

of

use

and

liabilityof

parties

as

well

as

IP

rights

will

haveimplications

on

the

design

and

execution

of

digitaltwin

applications.TechnologyTechnology

platforms

–

Different

units

may

adopta

diversity

of

legacy

systems

or

software

with

limited

functionality

for

exchanging

and/or

sharingdata,

resulting

in

challenges

in

rapidly

identifyinguseful

information

from

the

data,

integration

ofdifferent

data

sets

such

as

geo-information

systemand

building

information

management.Sensor

deployment

–

Brown

field

deployment

byretrofitting

on

existing

infrastructure

and

networkmight

present

more

challenges

than

green

fielddeployment

of

sensors,

to

ensure

integration

ofsensor

devices

andnetwork.Device

Management

–

With

the

number

ofinternet-connected

devices

reaching

30

billionby

2020

(source:

IDC),

challenges

lie

in

theprovisioning

and

authentication,

configurationand

control,

constant

monitoring

anddiagnostics,

and

timely

software

updates

andmaintenance.問責(zé)，安全和私隱信息安全和私隱—從獲取，充實(shí)，維護(hù)，