目錄2010年北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院812綜合考試（英2）真題及詳解2009年北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院812綜合考試（英2）真題及詳解2008年北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院812綜合考試（英2）真題及詳解2007年北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院812綜合考試（英2）真題及詳解2010年北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院812綜合考試（英2）真題及詳解PartOne英美社會(huì)文化(50分)I.Fillintheblankswithproperwords:(每題2分)1.In1215,somefeudalbaronsandtheChurchforcedKing_________tosignthe_________toplacesomelimitsontheKing’spower.2.TheBritishConstitutionconsistsofstatutelaw,_________and_________.3.TherearethreemajorpartiesintheUK:_________,theLabourpartyand_________.4.ThetwooldestuniversitiesinBritainare_________and_________.5.TheUSfederalgovernmentconsistsofthefollowingthreebranches:theexecutive,_________and_________.6．“WASP”standsfor_________.7.AccordingtoJohnLocke,therighttogoverncomesfromanagreementor_________voluntarilyenteredintobyfreepeople.8.TheThreeFaithsintheUSrefertoProtestant,_________and_________.9.ThefirstCatholicpresidentintheUSwas_________.10.Someoftheprogramstoequalizeeducationalopportunitiesforallgroupsbygivingspecialpreferencetomembersofminoritygroupsarecalled_________.答案：1.John,MagnaCarta2.commonlaw,conventions3.theConservativeparty,theLiberalDemocraticparty4.Oxford,Cambridge5.thelegislative,thejudicial6.WhiteAnglo-SaxonProtestant7.Socialcontract8.Catholic,Jewish9.J.F.Kennedy10.affirmativeactionprogramsII.Tellwhatyouknowaboutthefollowinginyourownwords:1.TheBillofRightsof1689答案：TheBillofRightsof1689In1688,KingJamesII’sdaughterMaryandherhusbandWilliamwereinvitedbythepoliticiansandchurchauthoritiestotakethethrone,onconditionthattheywouldrespectthefightsofParliament.TheBillofRightswaspassedin1689toensurethattheKingwouldneverbeabletoignoreParliament.

2.TheCommonwealth答案：TheCommonwealthIntheauthor’sopinion,theCommonwealthisavoluntaryassociationofstateswhichismadeupmostlyofformerBritishcolonies.Thereare50membersoftheCommonwealth:manyofthesearedevelopingcountrieslikeIndiaandCyprus;othersaredevelopednationslikeAustralia,CanadaandNewZealand.TheCommonwealthwassetupasaforumforcontinuedcooperationandasasortofsupportnetwork.3.TheTimes答案：TheTimesTheTimesbeganpublishingin1785anditistheUnitedKingdom’soldestdailynewspaper.4.ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritain答案：ThethreetraditionsofChristmasinBritainThreearethreeChristmastraditionswhichareparticularlyBritish:oneistheChristmasPantomime,acomicalmusicalplay.ThemainmalecharacterisplayedbyayoungwomanwhileThemainfemalecharacter,

oftenanuglywomancalled“theDame,”isplayedbyaman.AnotherBritishChristmastraditionistoheartheQueengiveherChristmasmessagetoherrealmoverthetelevisionandradio.AthirdBritishtraditionisBoxingDay,whichfallsonthedayafterChristmas.Traditionally,itwasonBoxingDaythatpeoplegaveChristmasgiftsormoneytotheirstafforservants.NowthatmostBritishpeopledonothaveservants,thiscustomisnolongerobserved.However,anewBoxingDaycustomhasemerged,inthecities:shopping.ShopsopenuptoselloffalltheirChristmasstockdecorations,food,cards,andgiftitemsatlowprices.5.Puritanism答案：PuritanismPuritanswerethosewhofollowedthedoctrineofJohnCalvinandwantedtopurifytheChurchofEngland.TheybelievethathumanbeingswerepredestinedbyGodbeforetheywereborn.SomewereGod’schosenpeoplewhileothersweredamnedtohell.Nochurchnorgoodworkscouldsavepeople.ThesignofbeingGod’selectwasthesuccessinhisworkortheprosperityinhiscalling.TheyalsoarguedthateveryonemustreadtheBibleinordertofindGod’swillandestablishadirectcontactwithGod.ThesebeliefshadgreatimpactonAmericanculture.6.TheBillofRights答案：

TheBillofRightsTheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.TheBillofRightswaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofspeech,therighttoassembleinpublicplaces,therighttoownweaponsandsoon.PartTwo翻譯(50分)I.英譯漢(25分)Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Thetimeforthissectionis30minutes.1.High-speedgroundtransportation(HSGT)representsanewmodeoftransportationfortheUnitedStates,onethatispotentiallysuperiortobothairplanesandautomobilesfortripsbetween100and600miles.答：對(duì)于美國(guó)來(lái)說(shuō)，高速地面運(yùn)輸是一種新的運(yùn)輸方式。路程在160-960公里之內(nèi)，這種運(yùn)輸方式比飛機(jī)、汽車(chē)更有潛在的優(yōu)勢(shì)。2.PrincipalherebyappointsagentasitsexclusiveagenttosellProductsinTerritory,withinandtotheextentoftherightgrantedhereunder,onbehalfofPrincipalandAgentacceptsandassumessuchappointment.答：委托人茲委托代理人為其獨(dú)家代理，代表委托人，在本條款所給予的權(quán)利限度內(nèi)，在所定“地區(qū)”銷(xiāo)售所定的“產(chǎn)品”，代理人接受并承擔(dān)該項(xiàng)委托。3.Theresearchfindsthatyoungwomenareheadingforanearlygrave

throughsmokingandlackofexercise.答：這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，由于抽煙和缺少運(yùn)動(dòng)，一些青年女性正踏上一條減壽之途。4.Eagertotrustbutdeterminedtoverify,manysinglewomeninanageofriskyromancearehiringprivatedetectivestocheckthebackgroundoftheirsuitors.答：在這個(gè)愛(ài)情有風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的年代，許多單身女子對(duì)求婚的人欲信猶疑，于是就紛紛雇傭私家偵探去查清對(duì)方的身世。5.Careercomebacksfromdisasterarebothdifficultand,oddly,easy.Difficultbecauseyourrecordhasbeenblighted;easybecauseifyouhaveachievedtriumphsbefore,youknowhowit’sdone.Whilewearesuspiciousofsomeonewhohassufferedaserioussetback,wealsorespecthard-wonexperience.Moreover,thedoctrineofredemptionisacentralpartofourculture.Theideathatsomeoneisanirredeemablelossseemsincrediblybrutal.Suchajudgmentfeelsasifitshouldbereservedforthosewhohavebeencriminal,repeatedlynegligent,orcreateddamageonagrandscale.答：職場(chǎng)失敗后東山再起既困難又容易(后面一點(diǎn)有些奇怪)。困難是因?yàn)槟愕穆臍v上有了污點(diǎn)；容易是因?yàn)槿绻阋郧俺晒^(guò)，你就知道如何才能成功。盡管我們對(duì)遭受?chē)?yán)重挫折的人持懷疑態(tài)度，但我們也對(duì)來(lái)之不易的經(jīng)驗(yàn)表示尊敬。此外，救贖這個(gè)信念是我們文化的核心部分。說(shuō)某人無(wú)可救藥似乎相當(dāng)殘忍。這種評(píng)價(jià)給人的感覺(jué)是，它應(yīng)該僅適用于那些犯下罪行、屢教不改或是造成嚴(yán)重破壞的人。

II.漢譯英(25分)Directions：TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish．Thetimeforthissectionis30minutes．1．我公司經(jīng)營(yíng)各類(lèi)城市綠化專(zhuān)用樹(shù)苗幾十個(gè)品種50萬(wàn)株，完全能達(dá)到隨來(lái)隨購(gòu)、顧客滿(mǎn)意的程度。答：Thecompany’sstocksofdozensofspecies(atotalof500,000-oddsaplings)aresufficienttomeetthedemandofurbantreeplanting.2．本合同自簽字之日起生效，直至雙方間所有的遺留問(wèn)題，包括財(cái)務(wù)問(wèn)題，處理完畢之日止。答：ThisContractshallbecomeeffectiveuponandfromthedatewhenitissignedandshallremainvaliduntilalloutstandingissuesincludingthefinancialmattersbetweenthePartiesheretohavebeenresolved.3．15至55歲的中國(guó)女性共約有3.8億。只要經(jīng)濟(jì)條件允許，幾乎人人都想把自己打扮得卓約靚麗，這種情況在城市尤為明顯。答：Alltold,Chinahasroughly380millionwomenbetweentheagesof15and55,andfewofthem—particularlyinthecities—wanttolookanylessthanthebesttheirbudgetsallow.4．當(dāng)時(shí)，這位年輕的參議員為他亞裔秘書(shū)的出眾長(zhǎng)相所傾倒：她烏發(fā)披肩，亮澤飄逸；一雙黑眸，顧盼生輝。答：ThethenyoungsenatorwasstruckbythepowerfulprofileofhissecretaryofAsiandescent,herrichblackhairfallingfreelyontoher

shoulders,theintensityofherdarkeyes.5．作為人生發(fā)跡的手段之一，幽默和魅力是一對(duì)效力驚人的組合。我遇見(jiàn)過(guò)許多憑借風(fēng)趣機(jī)智和好人緣白手起家的企業(yè)家。他們謙和自斂，讓我們生不起氣來(lái)；我們與他們相處愉快——所以我們?yōu)槭裁床慌c他們做生意呢?當(dāng)然，這里面必須講求技巧。一味溜須拍馬，開(kāi)一些干巴巴的玩笑，不會(huì)產(chǎn)生同樣的魔力。英國(guó)人認(rèn)為，人生在世，就得苦中作樂(lè)。這似乎是我們心理學(xué)和文化的一條基本原則。在倫敦，說(shuō)一個(gè)人缺乏幽默感，等于是說(shuō)他一無(wú)是處。我出席的許多重要會(huì)議，都以一些善意的玩笑開(kāi)場(chǎng)，以此打破沉默。這種慣例提醒我們，我們都是凡人，而不完全是商業(yè)機(jī)器。答：Humourandcharmareasurprisinglypowerfulcombinationasameansofascentinlife.Ihavemetanumberofentrepreneurswhohavebuiltfortunesonthebackoftheirwitandgeneralpopularity—andnotmuchelse.Theydisarmuswithself-deprecation;weenjoytheircompany—sowhywouldn’twewanttodobusinesswiththem?Ofcourse,itallhastobedonewell;sycophancyandflatjokesdonotweavethesamespell.TheBritishfeelthatsomelightreliefamidthedrudgeryisessentialforexistencetobetolerable.Itseemstobeacornerstoneofourpsychologyandculture.InLondon,tosaysomeonehasnosenseofhumouristocondemnthemutterly.ManyimportantmeetingsIattendstartwithalittlefriendlybantertobreaktheice,aritualtoremindusthatweareallhuman—ratherthansimplyrobotsofcommerce.

PartThree寫(xiě)作(50points)Readthefollowingarticlethenfulfillthetasks.TheCultoftheFacelessBossToomanychiefexecutivesareinstantlyforgettable.It’stheflamboyant,visionarybosseswhochangetheworld.（指出現(xiàn)象）THEEuropeanUnionisnottheonlyinstitutionthatprefersfacelesstechnocratstopeoplewithstarpower.Thecorporateworldisincreasinglyrejectingimperialchiefexecutivesinfavourofanonymousmanagers—blandandboringmenandwomenwhocanhardlygetthemselvesnoticedatcocktailparties,letalonestopthetrafficinMoscowandBeijing.（舉例說(shuō)明）Someoftheworld’smostpowerfulbossesarestrikingmainlyfortheirblandness:SamPalmisanoatIBM,TonyHaywardatBP,TerryLeahyatTesco,VittorioColaoatVodafone.Thesemenareattheheadofavastarmyofevenmoreforgettablebosses.WatchtheparadeofchiefexecutiveswhoappearonCNBCeveryday,ordropintoahigh-poweredconference,andyoubegintowonderwhethercloningismoreadvancedthanscientistsarelettingon.Itistruethatthereareafewmorewomenandmembersofethnicminoritiesatthetopofcompaniesthanthereusedtobe.Butphysicaldiversityhasnottranslatedintoculturaldiversityorintellectualvitality.Almostwithoutexception,today’sbossesspout（滔滔不絕地講）thesametiredoldmanagementclichés—aboutthemeritsofdoingwellbydoingright（為善者，諸事順）,theimportanceofvaluingyourworkers,thevirtuesofsustainabilityandsoforth.ThewomenwhowereprofiledinarecentarticleintheFinancialTimesaboutthe“top50womeninworldbusiness”wereeverybitasadeptwiththeclichéastheirmalecolleagues.IndraNooyi,thebossofPepsiCo,proclaimedthatshespendsherweekends“doingeverythingthatnormalpeopledo”.AndreaJung,thebossofAvon,saidherbiggestinspirationcamefrom“Avon’ssixmillionsalesrepresentativesworldwide”.（解釋原因）Thefashionforfacelesschiefexecutivesispartofanunderstandablereactionagainstyesterday’simperialbosses,manyofwhomwerevividcharacters,capableofholdingtheirowninacocktailpartywithTonyBlair,butwhocollectivelybroughtopprobrium（恥辱；責(zé)罵）onthesystemthatletthemshine.Some,suchasJeffSkillingofEnronandTyco’sDennisKozlowski,brokethelawandhelpedinspireadramatictighteningofgovernmentregulation,intheformoftheSarbanes-Oxleylegislation.Others,suchasHomeDepot’sBobNardelliandHewlett-Packard’sCarlyFiorina,paidthemselveslikesuperstarsbutdelivereddismal（凄涼的，慘淡的）results.Theturbulentbusinessclimateisanotherfactorthatencouragestoday’schiefexecutivestokeeptheirheadsdown.Theiraveragetenure（任期）hasdeclinedfromtenyearsinthe1970stosixyearstoday,andboardsarebecomingevermorelikelytosack（開(kāi)除）bossesiftheygetoutofline,particularlyinEurope.Thefinancialcrisishasalsoproducedawaveofpopularfury（狂怒）aboutover-paidexecutivesandtheirunaccountableways.Inthissortofclimateitisnotjusttheparanoid,butthefaceless,whosurvive.Facelessness—oratleasthumility—isalsotheheightoffashionamongmanagementconsultantsandbusinessgurus（領(lǐng)袖）.Corporateheadhuntersarehelpingfirmsfind“humble”bosses.JimCollins,oneofAmerica’smostpopulargurus,arguesthatthebestchiefexecutivesarenotflamboyant（燦爛的；浮夸的）visionariesbut“humble,self-effacing（抹去。使自己不被注意）,diligentandresolutesouls”.Businessjournalistshavetakentoproducingglowingprofilesofself-effacingandself-denyingbossessuchasHarukaNishimatsu,thebossofJapanAirlines,whotravelstoworkonthebusandpayshimselflessthanhispilots,andMikeEskew,theformerbossofUPS,whoflewcoach（坐經(jīng)濟(jì)艙）andsharesanadministrativeassistantwiththreeotherpeople.Itcanonlybeamatteroftimebeforesomebodywrites“TheManagementSecretsofUriahHeep”:be’umble,beeverso’umble.（提出質(zhì)疑）Yetthereissurelyadangeroftakingallthistoofar.Alowprofileisnoguaranteeagainstcorporatefailure,astheformerbossesoftwocompanieslaudedbyMrCollins,FannieMaeandCircuitCity,cantellyou.Ingeneral,thecorporateworldneedsitsflamboyantvisionariesandragingegomaniacs（極端自我主義者）rathermorethanitshumbleleadersandcorporatecivilservants.Thinkofthepeoplewhohaveshapedthemodembusinesslandscape,and“faceless”and“humble”arenotthefirstwordsthatcometomind.Bebold,notblandThepreviousoutbreakofthecultoffacelessnesswasinthe1950s,whenbookssuchas“TheOrganisationMan”and“TheManintheGrayFlannelSuit”toppedthebestsellerlist,andwhentwoofAmerica’sbiggestfirms,GeneralMotorsandGeneralElectric,werebothrunbymennamedCharlesWilson.Today’sworldisasdifferentaspossiblefromtheonethatproducedorganisationman:anunusualdegreeofturbulencerequiresunusualbosses,ratherthansteady-as-she-goesfunctionaries.Thebestdefenceofthesefacelessbossesliesintherealmof（在……領(lǐng)域里）publicrelations,ratherthanmanagement—theyarehelpingtodefuse（平息）publicangeratcorporateexcesses.Butevenherethecaseisweak.Fewpeoplepayanyattentiontotheidentikit（老一套的）bosseswhokeeppoppingupto（提示）hum（低哼，嗡嗡聲）theircorporatemuzakaboutdoingwellbydoingright.Thebestambassadorsforbusinessaretheoutsizedfigureswhohavechangedtheworldandwhofeelnoneedtoapologiseforthemselvesortheircalling.Thereisnolong-termcomparativeadvantageinbeingforgettable.Task1:Explaintheunderlinedwords.(10points)(1)Almostwithoutexception,today’sbossesspoutthesametiredoldmanagementclichés—aboutthemeritsofdoingwellbydoingright,...答：●spout:pourout,repeatthesamething(2)ThewomenwhowereprofiledinarecentarticleintheFinancialTimesaboutthe“top50womeninworldbusiness”wereeverybitasadeptwiththeclichéastheirmalecolleagues.答：●adept:highlyskilled,befamiliarwith(3)Thefashionforfacelesschiefexecutivesispartofanunderstandablereactionagainstyesterday’simperialbosses,manyofwhomwerevividcharacters,...答：●imperial:toocommanding,demandingobediencefromothers(4)Theiraveragetenurehasdeclinedfromtenyearsinthe1970stosixyearstoday,andboardsarebecomingevermorelikelytosackbossesiftheygetoutofline,particularlyinEurope.答：●tenure:periodofholdingaposition,term●getoutofline:doorsaysomethinginappropriately(5)JimCollins,oneofAmerica’smostpopulargurus,arguesthatthebestchiefexecutivesarenotflamboyantvisionariesbut“humble,self-effacing,diligentandresolutesouls”.答：●flamboyantvisionaries:peoplewithstrikingpersonality,visionandinsight●self-effacing:withoutindividualityandstrikingpersonality(6)Alowprofileisnoguaranteeagainstcorporatefailure,astheformerbossesoftwocompanieslaudedbyMr.Collins,FannieMacandCircuitCity,cantellyou.答：●alowprofile:beinghumble,unnoticedbyotherpeople,notaggressive(7)Butevenherethecaseisweak.Fewpeoplepayanyattentiontotheidentikitbosseswhokeeppoppinguptohumtheircorporatemuzakaboutdoingwellbydoingright.答：●humtheircorporatemuzak:repeatingthethingsthattheythinkarebestpracticed(8)Thebestambassadorsforbusinessaretheoutsizedfigureswhohavechangedtheworldandwhofeelnoneedtoapologiseforthemselvesortheircalling.答：●outsized:ofgreatimportance,powerfulandinfluentialTask2:Giveyourcommentsonthearticle.(20points)答案：Thisarticleisgenerallyacritiqueofthetrendprevailingintherealmofmanagementthatfacelessnessandblandnessarebecomingthekeyelementsofaboss,whileflamboyantandboldpeoplearenolongerconsideredasthebestmenforthefirstchair.Theauthorisopposedtothisphenomenonandbelievesthatitistheoutsizedfiguresratherthanthefogettableprofilesthathavecomparativeadvantagesinthelongrun.Thefirstparagraphisastatementaboutthisphenomenon,andtheauthorshowshisattitudeattheverybeginningbydescribingthefacelessbossasboring.Inthenextthereparagraphs,hemakesafurtherdiscriptionofthecultofthehumblebossbygivingseveralfacts:avastnumberofleadersstrikefortheirblandnessandmanyleadersareadepttoshowtheirblandeness.Andhistaunttothemcanbefoundeverywhereinthesarcasticsentences.Theninparagraph5to7,heanalyzesthereasonshidingbehindthefashion,concludingthatit’sanunderstandblereactionagainstyestoday’simperialbosses,andtheturbulentbusinessclimatealsoaccountforthepopularityoffaceessleaders.Andfinally,theauthorpresenthisopinionsstraightlyinparagraph8to10,advocatingthattherightfieldforthefacelessbossesshouldbepublicrelations,notmanagement,whichactualyneedsflamboyantvisionariesevenragingegomaniacs.AsfarasI’mconcernd,theauthormaygotoextremewhenemphasizingtheroleofimperialpersonsinmanagement.Astheoldsayinggoes,badtimesmakeagoodman.Everypersonalitytypecanstandoutaslongasthesocialbackgroundisappropriatetoit.Justasheadmittedinthepassagethattoday’sworldisasdifferentaspossiblefromtheonethatproducedorganisationman,blandmanmayindeedfitthiserabetterthantheegomaniacs.However,thearticleisfairlycommendableintermsofliteraryskills.Asacritique,itinevitablyhasasarcastictonewhichpermeatethroughthepassage,buttheauthoriswitttyenoughtoputitinahumrousway.Forexample,thesentenceinparagraph2“youbegintowonderwhethercloningismoreadvancedthanscientistsarelettingon”drollyconveyshistaunttotheboringpeople;andwecanevenimaginethechuckoftheauthorwhenreadinganotherespressioninparagraph3“Butphysicaldiversityhasnottranslatedintoculturaldiversityorintellectualvitality”.Task3:Whatcanemployeesdotocontributetoagreatworkingplace?(20points)答案：略

2009年北京第二外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院812綜合考試（英2）真題及詳解PartOne英美社會(huì)文化(50分)I.Tellwhatyouknowaboutthefollowingexpressions.(30points/3pointseach)(1)Blues答案：BluesisthenamegiventobothamusicalformandamusicgenrecreatedwithintheAfrican-AmericancommunitiesintheDeepSouthoftheUnitedStatesattheendofthe19thcenturyfromspirituals,worksongs,fieldhollers,shoutsandchants,andrhymedsimplenarrativeballads.Thebluesformwhichisubiquitousinjazz,rhythmandbluesandrockandrollischaracterizedbytheuseofspecificchordprogressions—thetwelve-barblueschordprogressionsbeingthemostfrequentlyencountered—andthebluenotethatforexpressivepurposesaresungorplayedflattenedorgraduallybentinrelationtothepitchofthemajorscale.(2)SuperBowl答案：TheSuperBowlhasbeenthechampionshipgameoftheNationalFootballLeague(NFL),thepremierassociationofprofessionalAmericanfootball,since1967.Inmostyears,theSuperBowlisthemost-watchedAmericantelevisionbroadcast.Manypopularsingersandmusicianshaveperformedduringtheevent’spre-gameandhalftimeceremonies.ThedayonwhichtheSuperBowlisplayedisnowconsideredadefactoAmericannationalholiday,calledSuperBowlSunday.SuperBowlSundayisthesecond-largestdayforU.S.foodconsumption,afterThanksgivingDay.(3)YellowstoneNationalPark答案：YellowstoneNationalPark,establishedbytheU.S.CongressandsignedintolawbyPresidentUlyssesS.GrantonMarch1,1872,isanationalparklocatedprimarilyintheU.S.stateofWyoming,thoughitalsoextendsintoMontanaandIdaho.TheYellowstonewasthefirstnationalparkintheworld,andisknownforitswildlifeanditsmanygeothermalfeatures,especiallyOldFaithfulGeyser,oneofthemostpopularfeaturesinthepark.Ithasmanytypesofecosystems,butthesubalpineforestisdominant.(4)Montgomerybusboycott答案：TheMontgomeryBusBoycottwasapoliticalandsocialprotestcampaignstartedin1955inMontgomery,Alabama,USA,intendedtoopposethecity’spolicyofracialsegregationonitspublictransitsystem,lastedfromDecember1,1955,whenRosaParks,anAfricanAmericanwoman,wasarrestedforrefusingtosurrenderherseattoawhiteperson,toDecember20,1956whenafederalrulingtookeffect,andledtoaUnitedStatesSupremeCourtdecisionthatdeclaredtheAlabamaandMontgomery

lawsrequiringsegregatedbusestobeunconstitutional.TheboycottresultedinacripplingfinancialdeficitfortheMontgomerypublictransitsystem,becausethecity’sblackpopulationwhowerethedriversoftheboycottwerealsothebulkofthesystem’sridership.Thisboycottisbelievedtobethetruebeginningofthecivilrightsmovementin1960s.(5)Counterculture答案：Counterculture:InthewakeoftheFreeSpeechMovementandtheNewLeftappearedaphenomenonthathistorianscalledthe“counterculture”.TheCounterCulturerejectedcapitalismandotherAmericanprinciples.Theyhadmoralsdifferentfromthosetaughtbytheirparents.Somegroupsofyouthtriedtoconstructdifferentwaysoflife.AmongthemostfamousweretheHippies.Itwasrockmusicinparticular,thatbecamethechiefvehicleforthecounterculturalassaultontraditionalAmericansociety.Thecountercultureexertedagreatinfluenceuponpeople’sattitudestowardsocialmoral,marriage,career,andsuccess.(6)AffirmativeActionPrograms答案：Anaffirmativeactionprogramisamanagementtooldesignedtoensureequalemploymentopportunity,andincludesthosepolicies,practices,andproceduresthattheLaboratoryimplementstoensurethatallqualifiedapplicantsandemployeesarereceivinganequalopportunityforrecruitment,selection,advancement,training,development,andeveryotherterm,

condition,andprivilegeofemployment.Acentralpremiseunderlyingaffirmativeactionisthatabsentdiscrimination,overtimeanemployer’sworkforce,generally,willreflectthegender,racial,andethnicprofileofthelaborpoolsfromwhichtheemployerrecruitsandselects.(7)ThreeFaithsintheUS答案：ThreeFaithsintheUS:Bythe1950’s,thethreefaithsmodelofAmericanreligionhaddeveloped.Americanswereconsideredtocomeinthreebasicvarieties:Protestants,CatholicandJewish.Intermsofnumbers,theProtestantsarethestrongest,theCatholicsarenexttotheProtestantsandtheJewisharethesmallestamongthethreegroups.(8)TheBillofRights答案：TheBillofRightsconsistsofthefirst10amendmentswhichwereaddedtotheConstitutionin1791.Itwaspassedtoguaranteefreedomandindividualrightssuchasfreedomofreligion,freedomofspeech,freedomofthepress,freedomofassembleandpetition,freedomfromunreasonablesearches,therighttoownweapons,andsoon.(9)Puritanism答案：Puritanism:Ittendsbeidentifiestosomeextentwiththeidealof

“Establishment”.TheolderandlargerProtestantgroupstendtoattractpeoplewhohavesecurepersonalprosperity.MainProtestantdenominationsareBaptists,Methodists,Presbyterians,Unitarians,SocietyofFriendsandSalvationArmy.(10)BenjaminFranklin答案：BenjaminFranklin(1706–1790)wasoneoftheFoundingFathersoftheUnitedStatesofAmerica.Anotedpolymath,Franklinwasaleadingauthorandprinter,satirist,politicaltheorist,politician,scientist,inventor,civicactivist,statesman,soldier,anddiplomat.Asascientist,hewasamajorfigureintheEnlightenmentandthehistoryofphysicsforhisdiscoveriesandtheoriesregardingelectricity.HeformedboththefirstpubliclendinglibraryinAmericaandthefirstfiredepartmentinPennsylvania.Hewasanearlyproponentofcolonialunity.AsadiplomatduringtheAmericanRevolution,hesecuredtheFrenchalliancethathelpedtomakeindependenceoftheUnitedStatespossible.II.Writeashortessayofabout150wordsofthe2008USpresidentialelectionandcommentonthiselection.(20points)答案：The56thquadrennialUnitedStatespresidentialelectionwasheldonNovember4,2008.TheAmericanpublic’sdesireforchangewaskeyissuesthroughoutthecampaign,andduringthegeneralelectioncampaign,bothmajorpartycandidatesranonaplatformofchangeandreformin

Washington.Domesticpolicyandtheeconomyeventuallyemergedasthemainthemes.DemocratBarackObama,thenjuniorUnitedStatesSenatorfromIllinois,defeatedRepublicanJohnMcCain,theseniorUnitedStatesSenatorfromArizona.Therewereseveraluniqueaspectsofthe2008election.TheelectionwasthefirstinwhichanAfricanAmericanwaselectedPresident,andthefirsttimeaRomanCatholicwaselectedVicePresident(JoeBiden).Itwasalsothefirsttimetwosittingsenatorsranagainsteachother.The2008electionwasthefirstin56yearsinwhichneitheranincumbentpresidentnoravicepresidentran.ItwasalsothefirsttimetheRepublicanPartynominatedawomanforVicePresident(SarahPalin).Voterturnoutforthe2008electionwasthehighestinatleast40years.PartTwo翻譯(50分)I.英譯漢(25分)Directions:TranslatethefollowingpassageintoChinese.Thetimeforthissectionis30minutes.1.Theschoolofscienceputsstressonthestudyofdescriptionoftheprocessoftranslation,andthestructuresandformsoflanguagesoastorevealtheobjectivelawsinherentintranslating.答：科學(xué)院強(qiáng)調(diào)研究翻譯過(guò)程的描述，語(yǔ)言的結(jié)構(gòu)和形式，以此揭示翻譯的客觀固有規(guī)律。2.Weacknowledgereceiptofyourletterofthe5thinst.Andregretto

learnthatyouareunabletoextendthesubjectL/C.答：本月5日來(lái)函敬悉。遺憾得知貴方無(wú)法展證。3.Anadmixtureofwealth,rivalryandinstabilityhasmadetheMiddleEastabrimmingcauldronofthetrade,accountingforathirdoftheworld’sarmsdeals.答：財(cái)力雄厚，競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈和社會(huì)動(dòng)蕩等因素混雜在一起，使中東成為主要貿(mào)易對(duì)象，占全球軍火交易的三分之一。4.TheyoungestoftheRockyMountains,theTetonRangeisaspectacularsight.Enhancedbyglaciers,deepcanyons,snowfields,andlakes,therangeshootsupsuddenly,withnofoothillsaroundit.答：特頓山脈是落基山最年輕的山脈，景色蔚為壯觀。布滿(mǎn)了冰川，幽深峽谷，雪原和湖泊的特頓山脈高聳入云，周?chē)鷽](méi)有低矮山丘。5.Thisyear’sCoolBrandssurveyofyoungUKurbanitiesaged18-35showscricketisthenewcool.Andrew(Freddie)FlintoffwasvotedasthecoolestcelebrityknockingDavidBeckhamintosecondplace,EnglandwinningtheAshescametopasthecoolestmomentof2005by30%andcricketcamefifthinthecoolestpastimes.Winningasportingeventhashadabigimpact,ashastheextensivemediacoverage,givingtheEnglishanewsenseofprideandrenewedinterestinthesport.Ifyouwantedtobethecoolest,accordingtothissurveyyouwouldbedoingextremesportsorbeaDJ/Musicianinyoursparetime.答：今年的最酷品牌調(diào)查顯示，板球成為18到35歲英國(guó)年輕都市人

的新寵。安德魯（弗雷迪）弗林托夫當(dāng)選為最酷名流，而大衛(wèi)貝克漢姆只能屈居第二。百分之三十的人認(rèn)為英格蘭在灰燼杯國(guó)際板球賽中奪冠是2005年最酷的時(shí)刻，板球在最酷的休閑活動(dòng)中名列第五。這次體育比賽獲勝意義深遠(yuǎn)，引起媒體競(jìng)相報(bào)道，讓英國(guó)人有一種新的自豪感，并對(duì)體育重燃興趣。根據(jù)這項(xiàng)調(diào)查，如果你想成最酷的人，要么做極限運(yùn)動(dòng)，要么做業(yè)余音樂(lè)人。II.漢譯英(25分)Directions:TranslatethefollowingintoEnglish.Thetimeforthissectionis30minutes.1．林語(yǔ)堂在《論翻譯》一文中說(shuō)：“翻譯是一種藝術(shù)。凡翻譯的成功，必賴(lài)個(gè)人相當(dāng)之藝術(shù)，及其對(duì)于該藝術(shù)相當(dāng)之訓(xùn)練。此外別無(wú)成功捷徑可言，因?yàn)樗囆g(shù)素來(lái)是沒(méi)有成功捷徑的。”答：LinYutangwroteinOnTranslation:“Translationisanart.Thesucce