Net

Zero

RoadmapA

Global

Pathway

to

Keep

the

1.5

°C

Goal

in

Reach2023

UpdateINTERNATIONAL

ENERGY

AGENCYThe

IEA

examines

thefull

spectrumof

energy

issues

including

oil,

gas

and

coal

supply

and

demand,

renewableenergy

technologies,

electricity

markets,

energy

efficiency,

access

to

energy,

demand

side

management

and

much

more.

Through

its

work,

the

IEA

advocates

policies

that

will

enhance

the

reliability,

affordability

and

sustainability

of

energy

in

its31

member

countries,13

association

countries

and

beyond.Please

note

that

this

publication

is

subject

to

specific

restrictions

that

limit

its

use

and

distribution.

The

terms

and

conditions

are

available

online

at

www.iea.org/t&c/This

publication

and

any

map

included

herein

are

without

prejudice

to

the

status

of

or

sovereignty

over

any

territory,

to

the

delimitation

of

internationalfrontiers

and

boundaries

and

to

the

name

of

any

territory,

city

or

area.Source:

IEA.International

Energy

Agency

Website:

IEA

member

countries:Australia

Austria

Belgium

CanadaCzech

Republic

Denmark

EstoniaFinland

France

Germany

Greece

Hungary

Ireland

Italy

Japan

Korea

LithuaniaLuxembourg

Mexico

Netherlands

New

Zealand

Norway

Poland

PortugalSlovak

Republic

SpainSweden

Switzerland

Republic

of

Türkiye

United

Kingdom

United

StatesThe

European

Commission

also

participates

in

the

work

of

the

IEAIEA

association

countries:Argentina

Brazil

China

Egypt

India

Indonesia

Kenya

Morocco

Senegal

SingaporeSouth

Africa

Thailand

UkraineForewordThe

publication

of

the

first

Net

Zero

Roadmap

by

the

International

Energy

Agency

(IEA)

in

May

2021

was

a

landmark

moment

for

the

energy

and

climate

world,

setting

out

what

would

need

to

happen

in

the

global

energy

sector

in

the

years

and

decades

ahead

to

limit

global

warming

to

1.5

°C.

The

interest

in

the

report

was

huge.

The

world

finally

had

an

authoritative

benchmark

for

what

a

clear

pathway

to

net

zero

energy

sector

CO2

emissions

by

2050

would

look

like

–

something

against

which

the

proliferation

of

net

zero

pledges

could

be

compared.The

significance

of

the

report

was

reflected

by

the

massive

number

of

readers

it

attracted

online.

It

quickly

became

our

most

viewed

and

downloaded

publication

ever,

a

sign

of

the

strong

demand

for

clear

and

unbiased

analysis,

translating

the

temperature

goals

of

the

Paris

Agreement

into

practical

milestones

for

the

global

energy

sector.

Our

Roadmap

became

a

reference

point

for

governments,

companies,

investors

and

civil

society,

helping

inform

discussions

and

decision-making

on

pursuing

secure,

inclusive

and

affordable

transitions

to

clean

energy.Much

has

happened

since

its

launch

two

and

half

years

ago:

first,

the

strong

and

carbon-

intensive

economic

recovery

from

the

Covid

crisis;

then,

the

global

energy

crisis

triggered

by

Russia’s

invasion

of

Ukraine.

The

negative

consequences

of

these

major

events

include

the

rise

of

global

energy-related

carbon

dioxide

emissions

to

a

new

record

in

2022

and

increased

investment

in

new

fossil

fuel

projects.However,

we

have

also

seen

some

extremely

positive

developments,

most

notably

the

rapid

progress

of

key

clean

energy

technologies,

such

as

solar

PV

and

electric

vehicles,

backed

by

significant

policy

efforts

to

advance

them

further.

Recognising

the

importance

of

these

industries

of

the

future

for

energy

security

and

economic

competitiveness,

countries

around

the

world

are

seeking

to

boost

their

clean

technology

manufacturing

capacities,

driving

a

resurgence

in

industrial

policy.

Innovation

is

also

accelerating,

strengthening

the

pipeline

of

technologies

that

will

be

needed

to

complete

the

world’s

journey

to

net

zero.At

the

same

time,

the

case

for

climate

action

is

stronger

than

ever.

July

2023

was

the

hottest

month

on

record

–

and

2023

as

a

whole

appears

likely

to

become

the

hottest

year.

Severe

wildfires,

droughts,

floods

and

storms

further

underlined

that

the

climate

crisis

is

with

us

and

that

the

costs

are

mounting.

Politically,

this

year

is

an

important

test

for

the

Paris

Agreement,

with

the

first

Global

Stocktake

at

the

COP28

Climate

Conference

providing

a

comprehensive

assessment

of

where

things

stand

five

years

on.

To

succeed,

it

needs

to

set

a

course

for

all

countries

to

step

up

to

meet

the

challenge.With

this

in

mind,

the

IEA

is

therefore

providing

a

2023

update

to

our

Net

Zero

Roadmap,

drawing

on

the

latest

data

and

analysis

to

map

out

what

the

global

energy

sector

would

need

to

do,

especially

in

the

crucial

period

between

now

and

2030,

to

play

its

part

in

keeping

the1.5

°C

goal

in

reach.

The

findings

are

clear:

while

the

global

pathway

to

net

zero

by

2050

we

mapped

out

previously

has

narrowed,

it

is

still

achievable.

It

is

too

soon

to

give

up

on

1.5

°C.

And

I

would

like

to

underscore

that

net

zero

by

2050

globally

doesn’t

mean

net

zero

by

2050

for

every

country.

In

our

pathway,

advanced

economies

reach

net

zero

sooner

to

allow

emerging

and

developing

economies

more

time.Foreword 3IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Among

the

wealth

of

insights

contained

in

this

report,

I

would

like

to

highlight

one

message

in

particular:

in

an

era

of

international

tensions,

governments

need

to

separate

climate

from

geopolitics.

Meeting

the

shared

goal

of

preventing

global

warming

from

going

beyond

critical

thresholds

requires

stronger

cooperation

not

fragmentation.

Climate

change

is

indifferent

to

geopolitical

rivalries

and

national

boundaries

–

in

its

causes

and

its

effects.

What

matters

is

emissions,

regardless

of

which

country

produces

them,

calling

for

leadership

on

collaborative

efforts

to

tackle

them.

As

this

Roadmap

makes

clear,

we

have

the

proven

technologies

and

policies

to

reduce

those

emissions

quickly

enough

this

decade

to

keep

1.5

°C

in

reach.

All

countries

need

to

work

together

to

make

that

happen

or

we

all

lose

in

the

end.I

hope

the

insights

this

report

offers

will

inform

international

discussions

going

into

COP28

and

beyond.

For

the

rigorous

and

incisive

analysis

it

contains,

I’d

like

to

thank

my

colleagues

who

led

the

work,

Laura

Cozzi

and

Timur

Gül,

and

their

excellent

teams.Dr

Fatih

BirolExecutive

DirectorInternational

Energy

Agency4 International

Energy

Agency

|

Net

Zero

RoadmapIEA.

CC

BY

4.0.AcknowledgementsThis

International

Energy

Agency

report

was

designed

and

directed

by

Laura

Cozzi,

Director

for

Sustainability,

Technology

and

Outlooks,

and

Timur

Gül,

Chief

Energy

Technology

Officer.The

lead

authors

and

co‐ordinators

of

the

analysis

were

Araceli

Fernández

and

Thomas

Spencer. Analytical teams were led by Stéphanie

Bouckaert (demand),Christophe

McGlade

(fossil

fuels

supply),

Uwe

Remme

(hydrogen

and

alternative

fuels

supply)

and

Brent

Wanner

(power).

Davide

D’Ambrosio

was

also

part

of

the

core

team.The

other

main

authors

and

modellers

were:Caleigh

Andrews

(employment),

Oskaras

Al?auskas

(transport),

Yasmine

Arsalane

(lead

on

economic

outlook,

power),

Heymi

Bahar

(renewables),

Praveen

Bains

(bioenergy),

Simon

Bennett

(hydrogen,

innovation),

Jose

Bermúdez

Menéndez

(lead

on

hydrogen),

Sara

Budinis

(carbon

capture,

utilisation

and

storage),

Eric

Buisson

(critical

minerals),

Olivia

Chen

(co‐lead

on

buildings,

equity),

Leonardo

Collina

(industry),

Elizabeth

Connelly

(co‐lead

on

transport,

electrification),

Daniel

Crow

(lead

on

climate

modelling,

behaviour),

Amrita

Dasgupta

(critical

minerals),

Tomás

de

Oliverira

Bredariol

(fossil

fuels,

methane),

Chiara

Delmastro (co‐lead on buildings), Stavroula

Evangelopoulou (hydrogen),Mathilde

Fajardy

(carbon

capture,

utilisation

and

storage),

Víctor

García

Tapia

(buildings),

Alexandre

Gouy (industry, critical minerals), Will

Hall (low‐emissions standards),Paul

Hugues (co‐lead on industry), Jér?me

Hilaire (lead fossil fuel modelling),Mathilde

Huismans (transport), Bruno

Idini (employment), Hyeji

Kim (transport),Tae?Yoon

Kim

(critical

minerals,

energy

security),

Martin

Kueppers

(industry,

decomposition

analysis),

Jean-Baptiste

Le

Marois

(innovation),

Peter

Levi

(co‐lead

on

industry,

clean

energy

technology), Luca Lo Re (Nationally Determined Contributions and pledges),Shane

McDonagh

(transport),

Rafael

Martinez

Gordon

(buildings),

Yannick

Monschauer

(energy

efficiency,

affordability),

Faidon

Papadimoulis

(decomposition

analysis),

Francesco

Pavan

(hydrogen),

Diana

Perez

Sanchez

(industry),

Apostolos

Petropoulos

(co‐lead

on

transport),

Amalia

Pizarro

(hydrogen),

Ryszard

Pospiech

(fossil

fuel

modelling,

data

management),

Arthur

Rogé

(data

science),

Gabriel

Saive

(Nationally

Determined

Contributions

and

pledges),

Richard

Simon

(clean

energy

technology,

industry),

Leonie

Staas

(buildings,

behaviour),

Cecilia

Tam

(finance),

Jacob

Teter

(transport),

Tiffany

Vass

(clean

energy

technology,

industry),

Anthony

Vautrin

(buildings),

Daniel

Wetzel

(lead

on

employment)

and

Wonjik

Yang

(data

visualisation).Marina

Dos

Santos

and

Eleni

Tsoukala

provided

essential

support.Edmund

Hosker

carried

editorial

responsibility.

Trevor

Morgan

provided

writing

support.

Debra

Justus

was

the

copy‐editor.Other

key

contributors

from

across

the

IEA

were:

France

d’Agrain,

Tanguy

de

Bienassis,

Clara

Camarasa,

Laurence

Cret,

Carl

Greenfield,

Alexandra

Hegarty,

Teo

Lombardo,

Jeremy

Moorhouse,

Alana

Rawlins

Bilbao,

Melanie

Slade

and

Fabian

Voswinkel.Acknowledgements 5IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Valuable

comments

and

feedback

were

provided

by

Tim

Gould

(Chief

Energy

Economist),

other

IEA

senior

management

and

numerous

other

colleagues,

in

particular

Mary

Warlick,

Keisuke

Sadamori,

Dan

Dorner,

Nick

Johnstone,

Toril

Bosoni,

Paolo

Frankl,

Dennis

Hesseling,

Brian

Motherway,

Alessandro

Blasi,

Hiro

Sakaguchi

and

Pablo

Hevia‐Koch.Thanks

go

to

the

IEA

Communications

and

Digital

Office

for

their

help

to

produce

the

report

and

website

materials,

particularly

Jethro

Mullen,

Poeli

Bojorquez,

Curtis

Brainard,

Hortense

De

Roffignac,

Astrid

Dumond,

Merve

Erdil,

Grace

Gordon,

Julia

Horowitz,

Oliver

Joy,

Robert

Stone,

Julie

Puech,

Clara

Vallois,

Lucile

Wall

and

Therese

Walsh.

The

IEA

Office

of

the

Legal

Counsel,

Office

of

Management

and

Administration

and

Energy

Data

Centre

provided

assistance

throughout

the

preparation

of

the

report.Valuable

input

to

the

analysis

was

provided

by:

David

Wilkinson

(independent

consultant).

Support

for

the

modelling

of

air

pollution

and

associated

health

impacts

was

provided

by

Peter

Rafaj,

Gregor

Kiesewetter,

Laura

Warnecke,

Katrin

Kaltenegger,

Jessica

Slater,

Chris

Heyes,

Wolfgang

Sch?pp,

Fabian

Wagner

and

Zbigniew

Klimont

(International

Institute

for

Applied

Systems

Analysis).

Valuable

input

to

the

modelling

and

analysis

of

greenhouse

gas

emissions

from

land

use,

agriculture

and

bioenergy

production

was

provided

by

Nicklas

Forsell,

Zuelclady

Araujo

Gutierrez,

Andrey

Lessa‐Derci‐Augustynczik,

Stefan

Frank,

Pekka

Lauri,

Mykola

Gusti

and

Petr

Havlík

(International

Institute

for

Applied

Systems

Analysis).

Advice

related

to

the

modelling

of

global

climate

impacts

was

provided

by

Jared

Lewis,

Zebedee

Nicholls

(Climate

Resource)

and

Malte

Meinshausen

(Climate

Resource

and

University

of

Melbourne).This

work

was

supported

by

the

Clean

Energy

Transitions

Programme,

the

IEA’s

flagship

initiative

to

transform

the

world’s

energy

system

to

achieve

a

secure

and

sustainable

future

for

all.6 International

Energy

Agency

|

Net

Zero

RoadmapIEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Peer

reviewersMany

senior

government

officials

and

international

experts

provided

input

and

reviewed

preliminary

drafts

of

the

report.

Their

comments

and

suggestions

were

of

great

value.

They

include:Doug

Arent National

Renewable

Energy

Laboratory,

United

StatesFlorian

Ausfelder DechemaAdam

Baylin‐Stern Carbon

EngineeringChristoph

Beuttler ClimeworksSama

Bilbao

Y

Leon World

Nuclear

AssociationDiane

Cameron Nuclear

Energy

AgencyRebecca

Collyer European

Climate

FoundationDelphine

Eyraud Permanent

Representation

of

France

to

the

OECDNicklas

Forsell International

Institute

for

Applied

Systems

AnalysisHiroyuki

Fukui ToyotaOliver

Geden German

Institute

for

International

and

Security

AffairsBernd

Hackmann United

Nations

Climate

ChangeRyo

Hamaguchi United

Nations

Climate

ChangeYuya

Hasegawa Ministry

of

Economy,

Trade

and

Industry,

JapanHarald

Hirschhofer TCX

FundRonan

Hodge Glasgow

Financial

Alliance

for

Net

ZeroChristina

Hood Compass

ClimateDave

Jones EMBERVijayalaxmi

Jumnoodoo United

Nations

Climate

ChangeKen

Koyama Institute

of

Energy

Economics,

JapanFrancisco

Laveron IberdrolaEmilio

Lèbre

La

Rovere Universidade

Federal

do

Rio

de

JaneiroJoyce

Lee Global

Wind

Energy

CouncilRitu

Mathur NITI

Aayog,

Government

of

IndiaMalte

Meinhausen University

of

Melbourne,

AustraliaVincent

Minier Schneider

ElectricSteve

NadelAmerican

Council

for

an

Energy‐Efficient

Economy,

United

StatesYasuko

Nishimura Ministry

of

Foreign

Affairs

of

JapanThomas

Nowak European

Heat

Pump

AssociationHenri

Paillere International

Atomic

Energy

AgencyGlen

Peters CICEROStephanie

Pfeifer Institutional

Investors

Group

on

Climate

ChangeAcknowledgements 7IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Cédric

PhilibertFrench

Institute

of

International

Relations,

Centre

for

Energy

&ClimateVicky

Pollard Directorate‐General

for

Climate

Action,

European

CommissionAndrew

Purvis World

Steel

AssociationAnshari

Rahman GenZeroJulia

Reinaud Breakthrough

EnergyToshiyuki

Sakamoto Institute

of

Energy

Economics,

JapanVivian

Scott UK

Climate

Change

CommitteeStephan

Singer Climate

Action

Network

InternationalJim

SkeaImperial

College

London,

Chair,

Intergovernmental

Panel

on

Climate

ChangeSandro

Starita European

Aluminium

AssociationWim

Thomas Independent

consultantFridtjof

Fossum

Unander Aker

HorizonsNoé

Van

HulstInternational

Partnership

for

Hydrogen

and

Fuel

Cells

in

the

EconomyMarkus

Wr?ke Swedish

Energy

Research

CentreThe

work

reflects

the

views

of

the

International

Energy

Agency

Secretariat,

but

does

not

necessarily

reflect

those

of

individual

IEA

member

countries

or

of

any

particular

funder,

supporter

or

collaborator.

None

of

the

IEA

or

any

funder,

supporter

or

collaborator

that

contributed

to

this

work

makes

any

representation

or

warranty,

express

or

implied,

in

respect

of

the

work’s

contents

(including

its

completeness

or

accuracy)

and

shall

not

be

responsible

for

any

use

of,

or

reliance

on,

the

work.This

document

and

any

map

included

herein

are

without

prejudice

to

the

status

of

or

sovereignty

over

any

territory,

to

the

delimitation

of

international

frontiers

and

boundaries

and

to

the

name

of

any

territory,

city

or

area.Comments

and

questions

are

welcome

and

should

be

addressed

to:Laura

Cozzi

and

Timur

GülDirectorate

of

Sustainability,

Technology

and

Outlooks

International

Energy

Agency9,

rue

de

la

Fédération

75739

Paris

Cedex

15

FranceE‐mail:

ieanze2050@

ww8 International

Energy

Agency

|

Net

Zero

RoadmapIEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Table

of

ContentsForeword

3

Acknowledgements

5

Executive

summary

131 Progress

in

the

clean

energy

transition 191.1 The

context

201.2 Bending

the

emissions

curve

231.3 Nationally

Determined

Contributions

and

Net

Zero

Emissions

Pledges

311.3.1 Nationally

Determined

Contributions

311.3.2 Net

zero

emissions

pledges

321.4 Clean

energy

technologies

351.4.1 Deployment

351.4.2 Supply

chains

411.4.3 Costs

and

performance

481.4.4 Innovation

502 A

renewed

pathway

to

net

zero

emissions 552.1 Overview

of

the

NZE

Scenario

562.1.1 Scenario

design

562.1.2 Emissions

and

temperature

trends

622.1.3 Key

mitigation

levers

662.2 Energy

trends

722.2.1 Total

energy

supply

722.2.2 Fuel

supply

752.2.3 Electricity

generation

792.2.4 Final

energy

consumption

842.3 Net

zero

emissions

guide

90Low-emissions

sources

of

electricity

91

Unabated

fossil

fuels

in

electricity

generation

92

Road

transport

93

Shipping

and

aviation

94

Steel

and

aluminium

95

Cement

96

Primary

chemicals

97Table

of

Contents 9IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Space

heating

98

Space

cooling

99

Energy

efficiency

and

behavioural

change

100

Hydrogen

101

Carbon

capture,

utilisation

and

storage

102

Bioenergy

103

Energy

access

and

air

pollution

104

Fossil

fuel

supply

1053 Making

the

NZE

Scenario

a

reality 1073.1 Achieving

deep

emissions

reductions

by

2030

1083.1.1 Triple

renewables

capacity

1083.1.2 Double

the

rate

of

energy

intensity

improvements

1163.1.3 Accelerate

electrification

1243.1.4 Reduce

methane

emissions

1293.2 Accelerate

long

lead

time

options

1323.2.1 Carbon

capture,

utilisation

and

storage

1323.2.2 Hydrogen

and

hydrogen-based

fuels

1363.2.3 Bioenergy

1413.2.4 Infrastructure

1463.3 Consequences

of

further

delays

for

the

clean

energy

transition

1493.3.1 The

world

has

already

delayed

too

long

to

avoid

hard

choices

1503.3.2 Implications

of

not

raising

climate

ambitions

to

2030

1513.3.3 What

would

it

take

to

bring

temperatures

back

below

1.5

°C?

1523.3.4 Implications

for

the

oil

and

natural

gas

industry

1564 Secure,

equitable

and

co-operative

transitions 1574.1 Introduction

1584.2 Energy

security

1584.2.1 Bridging

the

gap

between

critical

mineral

supply

and

demand

1584.2.2 Scaling

up

clean

energy

technologies

and

scaling

back

fossil

fuelsneed

to

be

well

synchronised

1624.2.3 Fossil

fuel

markets

shrink,

but

vigilance

is

still

needed

16310 International

Energy

Agency

|

Net

Zero

RoadmapIEA.

CC

BY

4.0.4.3 Equity

1654.3.1 Accelerating

clean

energy

deployment

in

emerging

market

anddeveloping

economies

1654.3.2 Enhancing

clean

energy

affordability

1694.3.3 Managing

the

employment

transition

1724.4 International

co-operation

1734.4.1 Addressing

financing

barriers

in

emerging

economies

1734.4.2 Enhancing

ambitions

through

the

United

Nations

FrameworkConvention

on

Climate

Change

and

Global

Stocktake

1794.4.3 Accelerating

clean

energy

technology

deployment

181AnnexesAnnex

A.

Tables

for

scenario

projections

191

Annex

B.

Definitions

201

Annex

C.

References

217Table

of

Contents 11IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Executive

SummaryIn

2021,

the

IEA

published

its

landmark

report,

Net

Zero

by

2050:

A

Roadmap

for

the

Global

Energy

Sector.

Since

then,

the

energy

sector

has

seen

major

shifts.

Based

on

the

latest

data

on

technologies,

markets

and

policies,

this

report

presents

an

updated

version

of

the

Net

Zero

Emissions

by

2050

(NZE)

Scenario;

a

pathway,

but

not

the

only

one,

for

the

energy

sector

to

achieve

net

zero

CO2

emissions

by

2050

and

play

its

part,

as

the

largest

source

of

greenhouse

gas

emissions,

in

achieving

the

1.5

°C

goal.The

path

to

1.5

°C

has

narrowed,

but

clean

energy

growth

is

keeping

it

openThe

case

for

transforming

the

global

energy

system

in

line

with

the

1.5

°C

goal

has

never

been

stronger.

August

2023

was

the

hottest

on

record

by

a

large

margin,

and

the

hottest

month

ever

after

July

2023.

The

impacts

of

climate

change

are

increasingly

frequent

and

severe,

and

scientific

warnings

about

the

dangers

of

the

current

pathway

have

become

stronger

than

ever.Global

carbon

dioxide

(CO2)

emissions

from

the

energy

sector

reached

a

new

record

high

of

37

billion

tonnes

(Gt)

in

2022,

1%

above

their

pre-pandemic

level,

but

are

set

to

peak

this

decade.

The

speed

of

the

roll-out

of

key

clean

energy

technologies

means

that

the

IEA

now

projects

that

demand

for

coal,

oil

and

natural

gas

will

all

peak

this

decade

even

without

any

new

climate

policies.

This

is

encouraging,

but

not

nearly

enough

for

the

1.5

°C

goal.Positive

developments

over

the

past

two

years

include

solar

PV

installations

and

electric

car

sales

tracking

in

line

with

the

milestones

set

out

for

them

in

our

2021

Net

Zero

by

2050

report.

In

response

to

the

pandemic

and

the

global

energy

crisis

triggered

by

Russia’s

invasion

of

Ukraine,

governments

around

the

world

announced

a

raft

of

measures

designed

to

promote

the

uptake

of

a

range

of

clean

energy

technologies.

Industry

is

ramping

up

quickly

to

supply

many

of

them.

If

fully

implemented,

currently

announced

manufacturing

capacity

expansions

for

solar

PV

and

batteries

would

be

sufficient

to

meet

demand

by

2030

in

this

update

of

the

NZE

Scenario.We

have

the

tools

needed

to

go

much

fasterRamping

up

renewables,

improving

energy

efficiency,

cutting

methane

emissions

and

increasing

electrification

with

technologies

available

today

deliver

more

than

80%

of

the

emissions

reductions

needed

by

2030.

The

key

actions

required

to

bend

the

emissions

curve

sharply

downwards

by

2030

are

well

understood,

most

often

cost

effective

and

are

taking

place

at

an

accelerating

rate.

The

scaling

up

of

clean

energy

is

the

main

factor

behind

a

decline

of

fossil

fuel

demand

of

over

25%

this

decade

in

the

NZE

Scenario.

But

well-designed

policies,

such

as

the

early

retirement

or

repurposing

of

coal-fired

power

plants,

are

key

to

facilitate

declines

in

fossil

fuel

demand

and

create

additional

room

for

clean

energy

to

expand.

In

the

NZE

Scenario,

strong

growth

in

clean

energy

and

other

policy

measures

together

lead

to

energy

sector

CO2

emissions

falling

by

35%

by

2030

compared

to

2022.Executive

Summary 13IEA.

CC

BY

4.0.Renewables

and

efficiency

are

key

to

drive

fossil

fuel

demand

downTripling

global

installed

renewables

capacity

to

11

000

gigawatts

by

2030

provides

the

largest

emissions