三、產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估（LCA)ISO的定義是：對某產(chǎn)品系統(tǒng)全生命周期的輸入、輸出和潛在環(huán)境、能源、經(jīng)濟(jì)影響進(jìn)行評估的過程。

Anevaluationprocessofinput/outputandenvironment,energyandeconomyimpactwithintotalproductlifecycle.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)

1、生命周期評估內(nèi)容與標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

生命周期評價(jià)起源于企業(yè)內(nèi)部

LCA的最初應(yīng)用可追溯到1969年美國可口可樂公司對不同飲料容器的資源消耗和環(huán)境釋放所作的特征分析。

一些國際著名的跨國企業(yè)，如HP、IBM、AT&T、德國西門子公司等，一方面開展生命周期評價(jià)方法的研究，另一方面積極對其產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行生命周期評價(jià)。產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)1990年由“國際環(huán)境毒理學(xué)與化學(xué)學(xué)會(huì)(SETAC)”首次主持召開了有關(guān)生命周期評價(jià)的國際研討會(huì)。在該會(huì)議上首次提出了“生命周期評價(jià)”的概念。生命周期概念的正式提出產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)LCA的工作內(nèi)容與程序定義目標(biāo)與邊界條件建立系統(tǒng)模型編制清單作系統(tǒng)總量計(jì)算三方面（3E)進(jìn)行影響評估環(huán)境（Environmental)能源（Energy)經(jīng)濟(jì)（Economic)分析與決策敏感度分析3E綜合分析決策產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)ISO14000－管理性標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

ISO14000是ISO推出的第二個(gè)管理性系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)－環(huán)境管理系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，目前有成員國80個(gè)。中國也是成員國之一。

產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)

ISO14000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)主要組成

TheMainComponentsofISO14000SeriesISO14000系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的基本組成ISO14000是一個(gè)環(huán)境管理系列標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，共有100個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號，其主要組成如下：

ISO1400,themailcomponentofISO1400series,istheseriesstandardofenvironmentalmanagement,including100standards,andthemainonesare:

ISO14001－ISO14009環(huán)境管理體系EMS(EnvironmentalManagementSystem)

SO14010－ISO14019環(huán)境審核EA(EnvironmentalAuditing)

ISO14020－ISO14029環(huán)境標(biāo)志EL(EnvironmentalLabel)

ISO14030－ISO14039環(huán)境行為評價(jià)EPE(EnvironmentalPracticeEvaluation)

ISO14040－ISO14049生命周期評估LCA(LifeCycleAssessment)

ISO14050－ISO14059術(shù)語和定義T&D(Term&Definition)

ISO14060產(chǎn)品標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中的環(huán)境因素EAPS(EnvironmentalfactorofProductStandard)

ISO14061－ISO14100預(yù)留號(ForReserving)

產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)ISO14000在中國的推行

TheDevelopmentofISO14000InChina1996初成立國家環(huán)保局環(huán)境管理體系審核中心Early1996EstablishedtheAuditingCenterofEnvironmentalManagementSysteminStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration1997.5.27國務(wù)院批準(zhǔn)成立“中國環(huán)境管理體系認(rèn)證指導(dǎo)委員會(huì)”。由國家環(huán)保局任主任May27th1997theStateDepartmentauthorized“Chineseenvironmentalmanagementsystemauthenticationinstructioncommittee”,whichisinthechangeoftheStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration.1997.8.28中國環(huán)境管理體系認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)認(rèn)可委員會(huì)（認(rèn)可委）28/08/1997

Chineseenvironmentalmanagementsystemauthenticationinstructioncommittee(AC)1997.8.29中國認(rèn)證人員國家注冊委員會(huì)環(huán)境管理專業(yè)委員會(huì)（注冊委）29/08/1997Chinesenationalregistrationcommitteespecialfortheenvironmentalmanagement(RC)國家環(huán)保局環(huán)境管理體系審核中心（認(rèn)證機(jī)構(gòu)）theAuditingCenterofEnvironmentalManagementSysteminStateEnvironmentalProtectionAdministration(AC)北京環(huán)環(huán)境管理與工程咨詢中心（咨詢機(jī)構(gòu)）Beijingenvironmentalmanagementandengineeringconsultingcenter(CC)產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)號Standard中文名稱ChineseName(Environmentalmanagementsystem-EMS)采用的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)AdoptedInternationalStandardGB/T24001-1996環(huán)境管理體系規(guī)范及使用指南GuidetotheusingofEMSISO14001:1996GB/T24004-1996環(huán)境管理體系原則、體系和支持技術(shù)通用指南Currentguidetotheprinciple,techniquesupportingofEMSISO14004:1996GB/T24020-2000環(huán)境管理環(huán)境標(biāo)注和聲明通用原則CurrentprincipleofEMS,EnvironmentalLabelandtechniquesupportingISO14020:1998(第1版)GB/T24021-2001環(huán)境管理環(huán)境標(biāo)注和聲明自我環(huán)境聲明（II型環(huán)境標(biāo)志）Self-declarationofenvironment,EMSandEnvironmentalLabelIIISO14021:1999GB/T24024-2001環(huán)境管理環(huán)境標(biāo)注和聲明I型環(huán)境標(biāo)志原則和程序PrincipleandprocedureofEMS,EnvironmentalLabelIandDeclarationGB/T24031-2001環(huán)境管理環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評價(jià)指南GuidetotheevaluationofEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14031:1999GB/T24040-1999環(huán)境管理環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評價(jià)原則與框架PrincipleandframeofevaluationtoEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14040:1997GB/T24041-2000環(huán)境管理環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評價(jià)目的與范圍的確定和清單分析Objective,rangeandlistanalysistoEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14041:1998(第1版)GB/T24042-2002環(huán)境管理環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評價(jià)生命周期影響評價(jià)LifeCycleEstimationofEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14042:2000GB/T24043-2002環(huán)境管理環(huán)境表現(xiàn)評價(jià)生命周期解釋LifeCycleExplanationofEMSandEnvironmentBehaviorISO14043:2000GB/T24050-2000環(huán)境管理術(shù)語TermsofEMSISO14050:1998(第1版)中國發(fā)布的環(huán)境管理國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及對應(yīng)的國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)TheChineseNationalEnvironmentalManagementStandardandtheCorrespondingInternationalStandard

產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)中國全生命周期的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

ChineseStandardofLifeCycle

國際標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組織頒布的ISO14040標(biāo)準(zhǔn)系列對LCA方法的原則、框架和實(shí)施方法作出了規(guī)定。

TheInternationalStandardOrganizationissuedISO14040toregulatetheprinciple,frameandimplementmethodofLCAGB/T24040-1999ISO14040環(huán)境管理-生命周期評估-原則與框架;ISO14040EnvironmentalManagement-LCA-PrincipleandframeISO14040:1997GB/T24041-2000ISO14041環(huán)境管理-生命周期評估-目標(biāo)和范圍界定;ISO14041EnvironmentalManagement-LCA-ObjectiveandrangedefinitionISO14041:1998(第1版)GB/T24042-2002ISO14042環(huán)境管理-生命周期評估-影響評價(jià)；ISO14042Environmental-Management-LCA-EvaluationoftheinfluenceISO14042:2000GB/T24043-2002ISO14043環(huán)境管理-生命周期評估-解釋;ISO1404EnvironmentalManagement-LCA-ExplanationISO14043:2000產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)2、中國生命周期評估應(yīng)用現(xiàn)狀

thepresentapplicationstatusofLCAinChina

目前中國在以下幾個(gè)領(lǐng)域開展全生命周期的研究：theLCAresearchismainlyconductedinthefollowingareas1、鋼鐵領(lǐng)域theSteelIndustry2、汽車領(lǐng)域theAutomobileIndustry3、化工領(lǐng)域theChemicalIndustry4、機(jī)電設(shè)備領(lǐng)域theElectromechanicalIndustry

評估內(nèi)容包括環(huán)境影響、能源和資源消耗。

thecontentofassessmentincludestheenvironmentalfactor,consumptionofenergyandresource.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)

廣西木薯乙醇車用燃料發(fā)展計(jì)劃

全生命周期評估案例

thecaseofLCAtoaresearchplaninGuangxi,whichisaimedtogetethanolfromdistillingthecassavaandthendevelopafuelforautomobilesubstituteforgasoline

上海交通大學(xué)與廣西壯族自治區(qū)政府合作為廣西地方政府所作的產(chǎn)業(yè)計(jì)劃決策分析

Decision-makingAnalysisoftheIndustrialPlanviathecooperationofSJTUandtheGovernmentofGuangxiChuangAutonomy案例一Projectone產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)生物質(zhì)乙醇車用燃料發(fā)展的背景

Thedevelopmentbackgroundofethanolasvehiclefuel化石能源枯竭ExhaustionofFossilEnergy

全球石油儲(chǔ)量僅夠人類繼續(xù)使用40年,急需發(fā)展可再生能源Theglobaloilreservationwillbeexhaustedin40years,soitisaurgentmissiontodeveloptherenewableenergyMTBE將禁止使用，乙醇是最好的替代品SinceMTBEwillbeforbidden,ethanolbecomesthebestrenewableenergyE10將是下一步標(biāo)準(zhǔn)車用汽油E10willbetomorrow’sstandardautomobilefuel

國家開始了E10的區(qū)域性試點(diǎn)thestategovernmenthasputthenewfuelintopracticeinsomeregions:

最初是河南、黑龍江;現(xiàn)已推廣到黑龍江、吉林、遼寧、河南、安徽5省以及湖北、山東、江蘇、河北四個(gè)省的部分城市

firstlyinHenanandHeilongjiangprovince,nowthepracticeregionhasdevelopedintoagreatareaincluding:Jilin,Liaoning,Henan,HeilongjiangandAnhuiprovinceandothercitiesinHubei,Shandong,Jiangsuprovince.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)GuangXIlocatesinsouthChina全區(qū)屬喀斯特地形BeautifulsceneryPoorsoil廣西壯族自治區(qū)GuangxiZhuangAutonomousRegionNear1/5landiskarstlandforminGuangxi廣西位于中國南方Casestudy1：LifeCycleAssessmentofCassavaEthanolFuelAutomobile案例1：木薯乙醇燃料汽車生命周期評估土地貧瘠風(fēng)景優(yōu)美產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)大部分土地不宜種糧食，

但適宜種木薯

Mostofthesoilisnotsuitableforriceplant,howeveritiswonderfulforthegrowingofcassava廣西木薯種植區(qū)域ThecassavaareasinGuangxiterritory木薯：一種生長在淺表土壤層的塊莖植物Cassava:onekindoftuberplantwhichgrowsinthesurfacesoil產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)木薯：過去苦難的象征；

今后致富的財(cái)源。木薯富含淀粉，是制造乙醇的好原料；cassavaisrichinstarch,whichisgoodmaterialtoproduceethanol過去制造酒精為了醫(yī)用，市場很小，農(nóng)民無法以此為生；ethanolisonlyformedicaluseinthepast,themarketisverylimited,thefarmerarenotablemakelivingfromcassava.酒精進(jìn)入車用燃料市場，提供了巨大的市場空間；Sinceethanolwastreatedasafuel,ahugemarkethadappeared.

木薯不與人、畜爭奪糧食和飼料，與小麥、玉米為原料的酒精相比，具有強(qiáng)大的競爭力。Sincecassavahasnocommonneedswithhumanordomesticanimalforliving,itisabetterchoicetoproduceethanolthanwheatandmaize.Cassava:thesymbolizationofpoorinthepast;thecashtreeinthefuture.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)發(fā)展木薯乙醇車用燃料，使廣西農(nóng)民脫貧致富

Makingmoneyfromdevelopingthecassavaethanolindustry

廣西政府的戰(zhàn)略項(xiàng)目

Guangxigovernmentstratagemprogram估計(jì)：Estimation使400萬畝土地得到應(yīng)用，促進(jìn)GDP的增長，增加地方政府的財(cái)政收入；Makeuseof26.666millionhectarepoorsoil,promotetheGDP,andincreasethelocalgovernmentrevenue;使約150萬農(nóng)民有物可種，脫貧致富

Makesure150millionfarmershavesuitablecroptoplant,andhelpthemeliminatepoverty.解決約5000人的就業(yè)問題

Providingjobsto5000unemployedcitizens.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)木薯的種植與收獲growingandharvestofcassava木薯的運(yùn)輸transportationofcassava木薯酒精生產(chǎn)producingofcassavaethanol

酒精的運(yùn)輸transportationofethanol酒精與汽油或柴油的混合mixtureofethanol,gasolineanddiesel酒精燃料的分配allocationofethanolfuel木薯—酒精燃料全生命周期評估LCAofcassava-ethanolfuel資源需求Resourcedemanding能源消耗energyconsumption環(huán)境污染environmentpollution3E產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)LCA的第一步定義、建模

thefirststepofLCA:Definition,modeling

1）定義目標(biāo)SetObjective

以廣西生產(chǎn)的木薯為原料，生產(chǎn)車用燃料乙醇（99.5％），混配成E10汽油，供中國汽車使用。

Producetheethanolfuel(99.5%)forvehiclefromthecassava,thenmixitwithtraditionalfueltoprovideenergyforautomobile.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)2）建立模型modelingmethod肥料、除草劑、殺蟲劑的生產(chǎn)produceoffertilizer,herbicide,insecticide肥料、除草劑、殺蟲劑的運(yùn)輸transportationoffertilizer,herbicide.insecticide木薯的種植Cassavagrow木薯的運(yùn)輸cassavatransport酒精的生產(chǎn)ethanolproduce酒精的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存transportandstorageofethanol酒精和汽油的混合mixtureofethanolandgasoline酒精和汽油的燃燒burningofethanolandgasoline石油的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存transportandstorageofoil石油的開采oilexploit石油的精煉distillofoil汽油的運(yùn)輸、儲(chǔ)存transportandstorageofgasoline燃料準(zhǔn)備Fuelpreparationmanufactureofcar

汽車制造汽車行駛cardriving汽車維修carrepair汽車報(bào)廢cardiscard產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)環(huán)境模型的主要假設(shè)Themailassumptionsofenvironmentmodel忽略混合過程的排放ignorethedischargeduringthemixingprocess只計(jì)算木薯皮中的氫氰酸和丹寧酸onlycountthehydrocyanicandtannin乙醇生產(chǎn)中的固體廢物完全處理為DDGS和肥料thesolidwastesarecompletelyturnedintoDDGSandfertilizer火車機(jī)車和卡車的燃料為柴油thefueloflocomotivesandtrucksisdiesel產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)能量模型的主要假設(shè)Themailassumptionsofenergymodel包含從種植地到車輛使用燃料周期的能量消耗includingthewholecyclefromlandplanttothevehiclefuel忽略原料階段的能量消耗ignoringtheenergywasteduringtherawmaterialperiod包含后處理階段產(chǎn)生的沼氣includingthemarshgasinthepost-processingstage產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)成本模型的主要假設(shè)Themailassumptionsofcostmodel包含發(fā)酵階段產(chǎn)生的CO2

和后處理階段產(chǎn)生的DDGS飼料和肥料。IncludingtheCO2,theDDGSandfertilizerwhichisproducedinthepost-processingperiod和雜醇油及后處理階段產(chǎn)生的沼氣，盡管它們有利潤收益。Althoughwecanmakeprofitfromthefuseloilandmarshgas,wemixthemtogether產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)3）定義邊界條件definitionofboundarycondition以年產(chǎn)10萬噸燃料乙醇廠為評估單元；setthefactorywhoseoutputismorethan100thousandtonsasanevaluationunit從木薯種植起，到E10燃料在車輛發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)中燃燒后從尾氣中排出為該產(chǎn)品全生命周期；theproductlifecycleisfromlandplanttoE10vehiclefueltotheafterburningdischarge所有輸入均考慮附帶的環(huán)境、能源與經(jīng)濟(jì)因素，即間接排放污染與間接能耗；allinputsaretakenintoaccountwithenvironmental,energyandfinancialfactors,whichareindirectpollutionandconsumption車輛工況：100,000公里，達(dá)到歐I標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。Workingconditionofvehicle:1000,000Km,reachEuropeanIstandard以合理的技術(shù)環(huán)境為依據(jù)。reasonablebasisofthetechnicalenvironment產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)LCA的第二步清單設(shè)計(jì)與總量計(jì)算

thesecondstepofLCA:Listdesigningandgrosscalculation生物質(zhì)E10燃料的LCA-3E清單設(shè)計(jì)TheLCA-3E

listdesigningofE10“Fishbone”Sketch產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)1）建立環(huán)境影響計(jì)算清單Designthecalculatinglistofenvironmentalimpacts產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)2）建立能源影響計(jì)算清單

Designthecalculatinglistofenergyinfluence產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)3）建立成本計(jì)算清單

Designthecalculationlistofcost產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)4）進(jìn)行總量計(jì)算

totalcalculation本項(xiàng)目數(shù)據(jù)來源：thesourceofthisproject直接采集：實(shí)地調(diào)查的單位包括黑龍江華潤金玉公司、黑龍江省發(fā)改委；河南天冠集團(tuán)、河南省農(nóng)業(yè)廳；廣西天昌投資公司、廣西桂孚科技投資公司、廣西三西農(nóng)場、廣西農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究院、廣西熱帶植物研究所。

Directlycollection:theinvestigationobjectsincluding:HuarunGoldJadecompany,Heilongjiangdevelopmentandinnovationcommittee,HenanTianguangGroup,Henanagricultureoffice,GuangxiTianchangInvestCompany,GuangxiGuifuTechnicalInvestCompany,GuangxiSanxifarm,GuangxiAgriculturalInstituteofTechnologyandGuangxiTropicPlantResearchCenter.

相關(guān)數(shù)據(jù)庫：如美國阿崗實(shí)驗(yàn)室GREET模型，歐盟Biofit模型等；

Relateddatabase:e.g.theU.S.GREETmodelinAGANLaboratory,EUBiofitmodel公開發(fā)表的研究成果：如論文、會(huì)議報(bào)告等；

PublishedResearchAchievement:papers,conferencereportsetc.公開出版物：如年鑒、專業(yè)書刊等

Publishedbooks:suchasannualsandprofessionalbooks產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)LCA的第三步3E評估

thethirdstepofLCA:3Eevaluation1）環(huán)境影響評估

evaluationenvironmentimpacts結(jié)論：多數(shù)指標(biāo)與汽油的排放持平，CO,SOx,與GHGs排放優(yōu)于汽油。Result:mostofthedischargingindexaresimilartogasoline,whileCO,SOxandGHGsarelessthanthoseofgasoline產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)燃料乙醇生命周期排放

Lifecycledischargeofethanolfuel

與同能量汽油相比，燃料乙醇的NOx與SOx兩項(xiàng)排放明顯高于汽油。從清單中發(fā)現(xiàn)，它們來自種植過程化肥生產(chǎn)與發(fā)酵過程煤的燃燒。

Whengettingtheequivalentenergy,ethanolwilldischargemoreNOxandSOxthangasoline.Fromthelistwegettoknowthatthosewastegascomefromthefertilizerproducingandcassavafermentwhichneedplentyofcoaltosustainahightemperature.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)2）能源影響評估

evaluationofenergyimpact燃料乙醇的能量輸入/輸出比：生產(chǎn)出具有1千焦耳能量的乙醇，需要X千焦耳的能量Energyinput/outputofethanol:demandingofenergy(XJ)for1,000Jethanolenergy

木薯乙醇（廣西）Cassavaethanol(Guangxi)小麥乙醇（河南）Wheatethanol(Henan)玉米乙醇（美國）Maizeethanol(US)蔗糖乙醇（巴西）CanesugarEthanol(Brazil)汽油GasolineX＝0.630.80.60.40.2結(jié)論：Result從木薯乙醇中得到1千焦耳的能量必須消耗0.63千焦耳的能量。

0.63KJenergyshouldbeconsumedtoproduce1KJenergyfromcassavaethanol木薯乙醇是燃料但不是能源。

thecassavaethanolisjustfuelnotenergysource產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)每噸乙醇的凈能量YThenetoutputenergyfor1tonethanolYY=噸乙醇所含能量－生產(chǎn)一噸乙醇所消耗能量Y=theenergyof1tonethanol-theenergycost乙醇在我國不是能與汽油相比的能源InChina,thereisnopossibleforethanoltosharethefuelmarketwithgasoline.木薯乙醇Cassavaethanol小麥乙醇Wheatethanol玉米乙醇Maizeethanol汽油gasolineY=（MJ/噸乙醇）13,11210,29912,54328,324產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)3）經(jīng)濟(jì)影響評估

evaluationofeconomyinfluence

一個(gè)10萬噸乙醇生產(chǎn)項(xiàng)目：a100,000tonsethanolproductionproject

可以將30萬畝土地得到使用；Makeuseof1.999millionhectarepoorsoil農(nóng)民可收入9473萬元，取代原扶貧款8578萬元；farmersget94,730,000RMBincome,replacetheformer85,780,000RMBwhichisfundforpovertyalleviationbythegovernment可安置300個(gè)工業(yè)就業(yè)崗位；bringabout300industrialworkingposition

乙醇廠，運(yùn)輸分配系統(tǒng)均具明顯的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益；ethanolfactoryandtransportationdistributionsystemgainobviousfinancialbenefit

政府在全過程可得稅收8,362萬元；increasegovernmentrevenueby8,362,000RMB廣西地方GDP增長19,023萬元;enhancetheregionalGDPby19,023,000RMB

但是，由于乙醇價(jià)格高于汽油，熱能低于汽油，車主又不愿支付E10與汽油間的差價(jià)，政府必須補(bǔ)貼16,667萬元，抵去稅收，政府地方財(cái)政實(shí)際補(bǔ)貼8,035萬元。However,thepriceofethanolishigherthangasoline,energyreleaseislessthangasoline,andvehicleholderarenotwillingtopayforthepricedifference,sothegovernmenthastogive16,667,000RMBsubsidies,subtract8,362,000thegovernmentactuallygiveout8,035,000RMB結(jié)論：Result木薯乙醇項(xiàng)目可以推動(dòng)廣西GDP的增長。CassavacouldstimulatetheGDPprogressofGuangxi.但是政府必須給予補(bǔ)貼。However,thegovernmentshouldgivesubsidies.產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)LCA的第四步分析、決策

theforthstepofLCA:analysisanddecision-making

1）敏感度分析sensitivityanalysis

研究可變因素對結(jié)論的影響程度，為綜合分析準(zhǔn)備依據(jù)analyzethevariablefactor’sinfluencedegreetotheresult,asthebasisforcomprehensiveanalysis將一些不敏感的可變因素從思維中剔除eliminatetheinsensitivevariablefactorsfrommind

對評估結(jié)果造成重要影響的因素不一定是敏感因素insensitivefactormaycausedeepinfluence找出重要、又敏感的因素findouttheimportant(deepinfluence)andsensitivefactor產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)環(huán)境敏感因素分析analysisofenvironmentsensitivityfactor煤是影響VOC,CO,NOX,PM10和SOX排放的關(guān)鍵因素CoalisthemainsourceofVOC,CO,NOX,PM10andSOX木薯種植是影響溫室氣體排放的關(guān)鍵因素cassavagrowisthemaininfluencefactorofgreen-housegasemission

化學(xué)品是影響所有排放的另一個(gè)主要因素

chemicalisanothermainfactorofallemissions結(jié)論：result主要排放來自于煤的燃燒和木薯的種植。Themaingasemissioncomesfromthecoalcombustionandcassavagrow產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)X:石油價(jià)格（美元/桶）X:priceofoil(buck/bucket)

P(x):汽油價(jià)格（元/升）

gasolineprice(RMB/L)C1,2,3(x):小麥、玉米、木薯乙醇價(jià)格（元/升）

priceofwheat,maizeandcassavaethanol(RMB/L)結(jié)論：補(bǔ)償?shù)闹饕蚴鞘蛢r(jià)格的影響Result:themainreasonofsubsidiesistheimpactcurrentpriceofgasoline木薯原料成本過高thepriceofcassavaistoohigh乙醇價(jià)格高于同熱能汽油Ethanolismoreexpensivethangasolineprovidingthesameenergy經(jīng)濟(jì)敏感因素分析analysisofeconomicsensitivityfactor產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)木薯種植過程theprocessofcassavagrow1.383×1014J木薯處理過程theprocessofcassavatreatment6.784×1011J生產(chǎn)乙醇過程theprocessofethanolproducing1.399×1015J乙醇變性過程thepropertieschangingprocessofethanol8.245×1012J加油過程refuelprocess9.425×1011J運(yùn)輸過程transportprocess4.239×1013J

總計(jì)total1.590×1015J能量消耗總計(jì)表totalenergyconsumptionTable能量敏感因素分析analysisoftheenergysensitivityfactor

結(jié)論：主要能量消耗是生產(chǎn)乙醇過程。Result:theethanolproducingprocessconsumesthemostenergy產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)2）結(jié)論RESULT乙醇是燃料，不是能源；ethanolisfuel,notenergysource;按現(xiàn)有技術(shù)水平廣西的木薯資源如果全部用來發(fā)展燃料乙醇，最大潛力每年約為500萬噸；thegreatestpotentialcassavaethanolproductionisabout5,000,000tons,accordingtotoday'stechnologicallevel乙醇燃料帶有很大的地域性，其最大范圍取決于原料運(yùn)輸成本的極限半徑；theethanolisaregionalfuel,whichdependsonthemaximumradiusofmaterialtransportcostE10燃料的使用，可降低汽車對城市環(huán)境污染，但對整個(gè)人類環(huán)境帶來NOx及SO2的嚴(yán)重污染；E10willreducevehiclefrompollutingthecityarea,whilecausedrasticpollutionofNOxSO2totheglobalenvironment廣西發(fā)展乙醇燃料工業(yè)，能為地區(qū)的社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展帶來明顯的效益；Guangxiprovincecouldgalvanizethecassavaethanoltoenhancethecitizens’livingconditionandstimulatetheregionaleconomy為推行乙醇燃料的應(yīng)用，政府必須在E10燃料與汽油差價(jià)上，給予補(bǔ)貼；toencouragetheapplicationofethanolfuel,governmentshouldgivesubsidiestomeatthepricedifferencesbetweenethanolandgasoline和玉米、陳化糧相比，木薯乙醇具有最好的綜合效益。Cassavahasthebestoverallefficiencycomparingtomaizeandoldrice結(jié)論：發(fā)展乙醇燃料對廣西政府來說是可行的。Result:DevelopthecassavaethanolisfeasibletoGuangxigovernment

產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)3）決策decisionmaking建議走農(nóng)工一體化道路，降低木薯原料的成本，從而減少政府計(jì)劃的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)性；encouragefarmerstofollowtheagro-industrialroad,cutthecostofcassavamaterial,thusreducingtheriskofthegovernment’splan

建議充分發(fā)揮廣西水電資源豐富的優(yōu)勢，采用電熱鍋爐生產(chǎn)蒸汽用于發(fā)酵；同時(shí)增加復(fù)合肥、減少氮肥的使用，從而減少全生命周期的排放污染；Guangxihasrichhydropowerresources,usingelectricboilersforsteamproductionfermentationatthesametimeincreasingcompositefertilizerandreducetheuseofnitrogenfertilizer,thusreducingthetotallifecycleemissionspollution

世界石油價(jià)格在相當(dāng)長的時(shí)間里，將保持上漲的態(tài)勢，因此，是發(fā)展乙醇燃料的良好時(shí)機(jī)；inalongfuture,theworldoilpriceswillmaintainarisingtrend,therefore,isagoodtimetodevelopfuelethanol制定新的木薯收購、乙醇生產(chǎn)、E10燃料稅收政策，大力扶持木薯乙醇燃料的生產(chǎn)；enactanewcassavapurchase,theproductionofethanol,E10fueltaxpolicy,andvigorouslysupportcassavaethanolfuelproduction;加大科技投入，開發(fā)木薯高產(chǎn)良種與低溫發(fā)酵技術(shù)。Putmoretechnologicalskillintocassavaethanolproduction,researchanewhighyieldingvarietyofcassavaandlowtemperaturefermentationtechnology產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)研究目標(biāo)：objective

對電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行環(huán)境影響分析，并和燃油助動(dòng)車系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行比較。

Conductanenvironmentalimpactanalysisoftheelectricbicyclesystem,compareitwiththemotorcyclepowersystem燃油助動(dòng)車motorcycle電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車electricbicycle案例二project2福特中國電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車計(jì)劃全生命周期評估LCAofFordelectricbicycleplaninchina

產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)隨著人民生活水平的提高，自行車已不能滿足人們出行的要求，但轎車一時(shí)還不能進(jìn)入家庭，因此助動(dòng)車是人們最好的選擇。Withtheimprovementoflivingstandards,abikehasbeenunabletomeettherequirementsofthepeople,butit’stooearlyforcarenteringthefamily,electricbicycleisthebestchoiceforpeople.

上海市有600,000輛燃油摩托車，造成城市大量的空氣污染，上海市政府計(jì)劃用電動(dòng)自行車替代燃油摩托車。Thereare600,000motorcyclesinShanghaiwhichcausealotofurbanairpollution,tochangethiscondition,themetropolisgovernmentdecidetoreplacemotorcyclewithelectricbicyclewhichisclean.兩輪動(dòng)力車輛是發(fā)展中國家重要的私人交通工具，福特有意進(jìn)入這一市場。Twowheeltransporttoolsplaythemainroleinpersonaltravelindevelopingcountries,Fordintendstoenterthemarket.背景background產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)產(chǎn)品生命周期分析(LCA)方法

ThemethodofLCA產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)LCA分析模型與邊界條件

AnalysismodelandboundaryconditionofLCA燃油助動(dòng)車油耗3.3升/100公里；

consuming3.3L/Kmformotorcycle電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車35公里，每次充電耗電量1.24瓦時(shí)；consuming1.24watthourfor35Km每個(gè)電池可充電300次；thebatterycouldrechargefor300times兩種車使用壽命10萬公里；life-longrunningdistanceis100,000Kmfortwoofthem上海為100％火電，1千瓦時(shí)需消耗409克無煙煤。Shanghaipowerplantsare100%thermalpower,whichconsumes409gblindcoalforonewatthour.自然資源naturalresource自然資源獲取obtainofnaturalresource自行車制造bikemaking自行車使用bikeusing回收/處理recycle金屬回收metalrecycle汽油電力或氣態(tài)排放gasdischarge液體排放liquiddischarge固態(tài)排放soliddischarge系統(tǒng)邊界systemboundary模型model邊界條件boundarycondition產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)總量分析結(jié)果analysisoftotalresult

1）總的能源消耗energyconsumption

兩種車的能量消耗（kJ）

energyconsumption(kJ)oftwokindsoftool電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車：electricbike電池制造50x106kJBatterymanufacture發(fā)電41x106kJElectricitygenerate燃油助動(dòng)車：motorcycle汽油生產(chǎn)23.5x106kJGasolineproduction燃燒115x106kJfuel產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)2）排放emissions統(tǒng)計(jì)19種氣體排放、27種水排放與固體排放Statisticsshowthereare19gasemissions,27liquidsandsolids氣體排放gasemission

溫室氣體（GWP）碳化物（AP）

電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車：總排放3964.9kgthetotalforelectricbikeis3964.9kg

燃油助動(dòng)車：總排放10707.8kgthetotalformotorcycleis10707.8kg產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)液態(tài)排放(磅)liquidemission(pound)成分component原料生產(chǎn)Materialproduce自行車制造bicycleproduction自行車使用bicycleusing報(bào)廢處置discardtreatment整個(gè)生命周期lifecycle電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車electricalbikeBOD0.0100.000078.8E-031.3E-040.02COD0.0620.00020.0140.00040.08SS0.0910.00010.0540.00020.15DS0.3020.0761.0490.0291.46HM0.1110.0580.6530.0090.83HC0.0220.000050.0080.00010.03合計(jì)1.2550.202.5050.0484.01燃油助動(dòng)車motorcycleBOD0.026.62252E-050.092.20264E-050.10COD0.130.0001986750.426.60793E-050.54SS0.180.00010.072.20264E-050.25DS0.290.07118.010.0044118.38HM0.110.050.280.00140.44HC0.044.41501E-051.472.20264E-051.51合計(jì)1.550.19120.130.01121.87對于大多數(shù)排放因素，燃油助動(dòng)車的排放大于電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車。Formostfactors,themotorcycleemissionmorepollutionthanelectricbicycle對于重金屬，電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車的排放大于燃油助動(dòng)車。Forheavymetal,theelectricbicycleisoverthemotorcycle產(chǎn)品的全生命周期評估(LCA)固態(tài)排放(磅)solidemission電動(dòng)助動(dòng)車的固態(tài)排放大于燃油助動(dòng)車