人教版（2019）選擇性必修三Unit3EnvironmentalProtectionLearningAboutLanguageBuildupyourvocabularyLearningobjectivesBytheendofthissection,youwillbeableto:1.learnsomewordsandexaminehowtheyareusedincontext;2.knowtwomainsourcesofcarbondioxideemission;3.understandwordmeaningsandtheirdifferencesandusethemtocreatesentences.Completethesentenceswiththecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.broadcastcomprehensiveecologystarveseize1.TheAmazonbasin,knownasthe“l(fā)ungsoftheworld”,notonlyprovidessome________balancefortheplanet,butalsofoodandresourcesforthelocalnatives.2.Thousandsofbabypenguins___________todeathbecausethechangingclimateforcedtheirparentstoleavethemandtravellongdistancesinsearchoffood.3.ManyexpertslinkChina’seconomicsuccesstothe_____________reformthatChinahasundergonesince1978.4.Thespeakersaidthemediashouldmakemore__________thatspreadawarenessoftheclimatecrisisandpossiblesolutions.5.Todealwithclimatechange,wemust_________theinitiativetodowhateverisnecessarytoprotectourenvironment.ecologicalseizestarvedbroadcastsCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.fuelpolicyreleaserestrictsustaintrendfuel:asubstancesuchascoal,oil,orpetrolthatisburnedtoprovideheatorpowerpolicy:asetofideasorplansthatisusedasabasisformakingdecisions,especiallyinpolitics,economics,orbusinessrelease:toletasubstanceflowoutrestrict:tolimitorcontrolthesize,amount,orrangeofsomethingsustain:tocauseorallowsomethingtocontinueforaperiodoftime

trend:ageneraltendencyinthewayasituationischangingordevelopingCompletethepassagewiththecorrectformsofthewordsinthebox.fuelpolicyreleaserestrictsustaintrendCarbondioxideis__________throughhumanactivitiessuchasdestroyingforestsandburningfossil______,aswellasnaturalprocessessuchasvolcaniceruptions.Themeasurementsbyclimateexpertsshowarising__________ofcarbondioxideemissions.Ifthiscontinues,ourplanetwillfacefurtherenvironmentaldisasters.Inresponsetothisenvironmentalissue,Chinaisimplementingsignificant_________andmeasurestoaddressclimatechange,aimingto_________coalconsumption,promoteaharmoniousrelationshipbetweenmanandnature,builda__________energysystem,andadvocateamoderate,green,andlow-carbonlifestyle.releasedfuelstrendpoliciesrestrictsustainableThefollowingwordsandphrasescanallmean“tomakesomethinghappen”.Lookthemupinthedictionaryanddiscusstheirdifferences.Thencreatesentencesofyourownusingeachofthem.causeberesponsibleforbringaboutleadtoresultincausetomakesomethinghappen,especiallysomethingbade.g.Heavytrafficiscausingdelaysonthefreeway.beresponsiblefor

tobethepersonwhocausedsomethingtohappen,especiallysomethingbade.g.Whoisresponsiblefor

thisterriblemess?bringabout

tocauseittohappene.g.

Theonlywaytheycan

bringabout

politicalchangeisbyputtingpressureonthecountry.leadto

toresultin(something)e.g.Thereisnodoubtthatstresscanleadto

physicalillness.resultintocause(something)tohappene.g.Thedisease

resultedin

hisdeath.Thefollowingwordsandphrasescanallmean“tomakesomethinghappen”.Lookthemupinthedictionaryanddiscusstheirdifferences.Thencreatesentencesofyourownusingeachofthem.causeberesponsibleforbringaboutleadtoresultinMostscientistsbelieveclimate

changeiscausedbyburningfossil

fuels.Everypersonshouldberesponsible

fortheirownwastewhentheyareout

andabout.Itmayseemhardtobringaboutreal

change,

butwemustnotgiveup

hope.Smokingcanleadtoseriousdiseases

suchascancer.Chargingcustomersforplasticbags

hasresultedina70%dropintheir

usage.SampleAnswerDiscoverusefulstructuresLearningobjectivesBytheendofthissection,youwillbeableto:1.discussdifferencesbetweendirectandindirectspeech;2.practisechangingdirectspeechformintoindirectspeechform;3.conductasurveyaboutenvironmentalactiontopractisereportingusingindirectspeech.1.Theexpertsaid,“Fromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.”2.Thereporterasked,“Willpolarbearsdieoutbecauseofclimatechange?”3.Thereporterasked,“Howcanwesavepolarbearsfromextinction?”4.“Let’sworktogethertostopclimatechange,”theexpertsaid.1.Theexpertsaidthatfromthepositionofitsdeadbody,thebearappearedtohavestarvedanddied.2.Thereporteraskedwhetherpolarbearswoulddieoutbecauseofclimatechange.3.Thereporteraskedhowwecouldsavepolarbearsfromextinction.4.Theexpertadvisedustoworktogethertostopclimatechange.DirectSpeechIndirectSpeechWorkingroups.Lookatthesentencesinbothcolumnsanddiscussthedifferencesbetweeneachpair.Summarisetherulesforchangingdirectspeechintoindirectspeech.直接引語(yǔ)

&

間接引語(yǔ)英語(yǔ)中常用兩種方式引用別人說(shuō)的話。一種是直接引述別人的原話，把它放在引號(hào)內(nèi)，叫直接引語(yǔ)；另一種是用自己的話轉(zhuǎn)述別人說(shuō)的話，叫間接引語(yǔ)。Shesaid,“I’manEnglishteacher.”她說(shuō)：“我是一名英語(yǔ)老師。”（直接引語(yǔ)）→Shesaid

thatshewasanEnglishteacher.

她說(shuō)她是一名英語(yǔ)老師。（間接引語(yǔ)）如果把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)，從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等一般均要做相應(yīng)的改變。其變動(dòng)的一般規(guī)則如下：一、人稱變化的三原則2.“第二人稱隨賓”原則如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第二人稱或被第二人稱修飾，在間接引語(yǔ)中，從句中的人稱要跟引號(hào)外的主句的賓語(yǔ)一致。Hercolleaguesaidtoher,“Whodidyouaskforaleave?”她的同事問(wèn)她：“你向誰(shuí)請(qǐng)假了？”（直接引語(yǔ)中為第二人稱）→Hercolleagueaskedherwhoshehadaskedforaleave.她的同事問(wèn)她向誰(shuí)請(qǐng)假了。（間接引語(yǔ)中隨賓語(yǔ)改為第三人稱）如果把直接引語(yǔ)變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)，從句中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)和地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)等一般均要做相應(yīng)的改變。其變動(dòng)的一般規(guī)則如下：一、人稱變化的三原則3.“第三人稱不更新”原則直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果直接引語(yǔ)中的主語(yǔ)及賓語(yǔ)是第三人稱或被第三人稱修飾，在間接引語(yǔ)中，從句中的人稱一般不需要變化。MrLisaid,“Jackisagoodworker.”李先生說(shuō)：“杰克是一位好工人。”（直接引語(yǔ)為第三人稱）→MrLisaidJackwasagoodworker.李先生說(shuō)杰克是一位好工人。（間接引語(yǔ)中人稱不變）二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，則間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)向前（向過(guò)去）推一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。如下表所示：

直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)句子時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)一般過(guò)去時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)過(guò)去完成時(shí)不變一般將來(lái)時(shí)過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)二、時(shí)態(tài)的變化直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，如果主句為過(guò)去時(shí)態(tài)，則間接引語(yǔ)的時(shí)態(tài)相應(yīng)向前（向過(guò)去）推一個(gè)時(shí)態(tài)。【注意】當(dāng)直接引語(yǔ)是客觀真理、諺語(yǔ)或格言的情況下，直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，時(shí)態(tài)無(wú)變化。Myteachersaidtousyesterday,“Earlybirdscatchworms.”昨天老師對(duì)我們說(shuō)：“早起的鳥(niǎo)兒有蟲(chóng)吃。”（直接引語(yǔ)是諺語(yǔ)）→Myteachertoldusyesterdaythatearlybirdscatchworms.昨天老師告訴我們?cè)缙鸬镍B(niǎo)兒有蟲(chóng)吃。（變成間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)態(tài)不變）Hisfriendsaidtohim,“Weareplanningtohaveapicnic.”他的朋友對(duì)他說(shuō)：“我們計(jì)劃去野餐。”（直接引語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）→Hisfriendtoldhimthattheywereplanningtohaveapicnic.他的朋友告訴他說(shuō)，他們計(jì)劃去野餐。（間接引語(yǔ)為過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)）Theorganizersaid,“Wehavebegunourplan.”組織者說(shuō)：“我們已開(kāi)始了我們的計(jì)劃。”（直接引語(yǔ)為現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）→Theorganizersaidthattheyhadbeguntheirplan.組織者說(shuō)，他們已開(kāi)始了他們的計(jì)劃。（間接引語(yǔ)為過(guò)去完成時(shí)）Example三、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及方向性動(dòng)詞的變化引語(yǔ)

用詞直接引語(yǔ)間接引語(yǔ)指示代詞this這個(gè)that那個(gè)these這些those那些時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)now現(xiàn)在then那時(shí)today今天thatday那天thismorning今天上午thatmorning那天上午tonight今天晚上thatnight那天晚上tomorrow明天thenext/followingday第二天三、指示代詞、時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)、地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)及方向性動(dòng)詞的變化時(shí)間狀語(yǔ)yesterday昨天thedaybefore前一天lastnight昨天晚上thenightbefore前一天晚上thedaybeforeyesterday前天twodaysbefore兩天前threedaysago三天前threedaysbefore三天前nextweek下一周thenext/followingweek第二周ago（至今）以前before（那時(shí)）以前地點(diǎn)狀語(yǔ)here這兒there那兒方向性動(dòng)詞bring帶來(lái)take帶走come來(lái)go去（接上表）Sheasked,“Isthisbookhis?”她問(wèn)：“這本書(shū)是他的嗎？”（直接引語(yǔ)中用this）→Sheaskedwhetherthat

bookwashis.她問(wèn)那本書(shū)是不是他的。（間接引語(yǔ)中改為that）“I’llbeverybusytoday,”saidtheman.那個(gè)人說(shuō)：“我今天會(huì)很忙?！保ㄖ苯右Z(yǔ)中用today）→Themansaidhewouldbeverybusythatday.那個(gè)人說(shuō)，那天他會(huì)很忙。（間接引語(yǔ)中改為thatday）Example四、連接詞的選擇1.直接引語(yǔ)是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，常變成由that引導(dǎo)的賓語(yǔ)從句。在口語(yǔ)中，that可以省略。Hesaid,“Iamveryhappytohelpyou.”→Hesaid(that)hewasveryhappytohelpme.2.直接引語(yǔ)是一般疑問(wèn)句、選擇疑問(wèn)句或反意疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)中用whether(...or...或...ornot)或if引導(dǎo)。Hesaid,“AreyouinterestedinEnglish?”→Heasked(me)if/whetherIwasinterestedinEnglish.【注意】如果主句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞是said，則將其改為asked。四、連接詞的選擇3.直接引語(yǔ)為特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí)，間接引語(yǔ)仍用原句中的特殊疑問(wèn)詞來(lái)引導(dǎo)，其余的變化遵照直接引語(yǔ)和間接引語(yǔ)之間的轉(zhuǎn)換規(guī)則來(lái)進(jìn)行?！癢hat’syourname?”heaskedme.→Heaskedmewhatmynamewas.“Whereisyourtextbook?”theteacheraskedme.→Theteacheraskedmewheremytextbookwas.【注意】疑問(wèn)句的直接引語(yǔ)變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要把疑問(wèn)語(yǔ)序變成陳述語(yǔ)序。五、直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句時(shí)的變化直接引語(yǔ)為祈使句變間接引語(yǔ)時(shí)，要根據(jù)說(shuō)話人的情感和語(yǔ)氣使用ask、invite、advise、warn、tell、order等詞，再把祈使句的動(dòng)詞原形變?yōu)閹o的不定式。如果祈使句為否定式，在不定式前加not。Hesaidtome,“Don’tbelatetomorrow.”→Hetoldmenottobelatethenextday.Theofficialsaid,“Getreadybeforelunch.”→Theofficialorderedustogetreadybeforelunch.Herearesomestatementsandquestionsbychildrenwhoattendedscientificlectures.Guesswhotheyweretalkingtoandthenchangethesentencesintoindirectspeech.NameStatements/QuestionsDiane“WhatmadeHurricaneKatrinaunusual?”

“WasittheworstnaturaldisasterinAmericanhistory?”Martha“Iwanttobecomeascientistandhelptheworld.”“I’mdoingaprojectonbehalfofmyschoolaboutglobalwarming.”Bob“Whyisnuclearpowerasensitivetopic?”“Couldyouexplainhowthenucleardisasterhappened?”Laura“Howmanyanimalshavedisappearedbecauseofhumanhunting?”“Whatcanwedotohelpwildanimals?”Vincent“I’veneverbeentotheAmazonJungle.”“Willscientistsdiscovernewspeciesthere?”Herearesomestatementsandquestionsbychildrenwhoattendedscientificlectures.Guesswhotheyweretalkingtoandthenchangethesentencesintoindirectspeech.NameStatements/QuestionsDianeDianeaskedwhathadmadeHurricaneKatrinaunusual.Dianeasked

if/whetherithadbeentheworstnaturaldisasterinAmericanhistory.MarthaMarthasaidshewantedtobecomeascientistandhelptheworld.Marthasaidshewasdoingaprojectonbehalfofherschoolaboutglobalwarming.BobBobaskedwhynuclearpowerwasasensitivetopic.Bobaskedif/whetherhe/shecouldexplainhowthenucleardisasterhappened.

(第三方轉(zhuǎn)述)LauraLauraaskedhowmanyanimalshaddisappearedbecauseofhumanhunting.Lauraaskedwhattheycoulddotohelpwildanimals.(第三方轉(zhuǎn)述)VincentVincentsaidhehadneverbeentotheAmazonJungle.Vincentasked

if/whetherscientistswoulddiscovernewspeciesthere.LastmonthyoumetyourformerclassmateSarah,anexchangestudentfromCanada.Herearesomeofthethingsshesaidtoyou.Nowyouaretellinganotherfriendwhatshesaid.Useindirectspeech.Workbook1.Sarahsaidthat________________________________________________________.2.Shesaidthat_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________.3._____________________________________________________________________.4._____________________________________________________________________.5._____________________________________________________________________.6._____________________________________________________________________.

Workbook

shehadseenHelenata

partytheweekbeforeandHelenhad

givenher

anewcellphonenumberShesaidthatshedidn’ttakecooking

classesanymore,

butshestillenjoyed

cookingShesaidthatshehadn’tseenPaulfor

alongtimeshewaslivingin

BeijingatthattimeLastmonthyoumetyourformerclassmateSarah,anexchangestudentfromCanada.Herearesomeofthethingsshesaidtoyou.Nowyouaretellinganotherfriendwhatshesaid.Useindirectspeech.Workbook1.Billwasdrivingtoofast,soItoldhimtoslowdown.2.Motherwasansweringthephone,soshe____________________________________.3.Suewasalittlenervousabouttheexam,soI_________________________________.4.Sarahwascarryingalargeboxinherhandsandwantedtogoout,sosheasked__________________________________________________________________________.5.IwantedtoinviteMaryoutfordinner,soI__________________________________.6.Jackjustcamebackfromhisholiday.I_____________________________________.7.Williamdidn’tshowupatmyparty,soI____________________________________.8.Thephotographerwastakingpicturesofanoldercouple.He_________________________________________________________________________________________.9.Itwasquitelatewhenhersongothome,soshe______________________________.Workbooktoldhernottoworrytoomuch

aboutitaskedhimif