ThetitleofMillbrooke’schapter“TheInventionofAviation”isincorrectinassertingthataviationbeganinFrancein1783.TheChineseinventedaviation(heavier-than-air)withkites.TheFrenchinventedlighter-than-airflight.Theycoulddosobecauseofmodernscience.LTA飛行之一氣球ThebeginningsofLTAflightwerebasedontechnologicalapplicationsofscientificprinciples.*Science=Know-what*Technology=Know-howEvangelistaTorricelli–aprotégéofGalileo,discoveredairpressureinearth’satmosphere–thehigheryougotheloweritgets大氣壓的變化Bytrappingair,agaseouscompound,inaJ-shapedtubeandcompressingitwithaquantityofmercuryBoylediscoveredthatthevolumeofagasvariesinverselywiththepressureappliedtoit.ThisisknowasBoyle’sLawandisthebasisofstudyingthedensityofagas.波義耳定律HenryCavendishdiscoveredhydrogen,thelightestelementinexistenceandlearnedhowtoproduceitbypouringsulfuricacid硫磺酸

overironfilings鐵屑.氫的發(fā)現(xiàn)JosephPriestleyandAntoineLavoisiersharethecreditfordiscoveringoxygen,oneofthetwomainconstituentsofair,theotherbeingnitrogen氮.Airisacompoundofroughly78%nitrogenand22%oxygen,withtraceelementsmixedin.氧的發(fā)現(xiàn)FundamentalPrinciples:Airgetslighterasitisheated.Enclosinghotairinarelativelylightcontainercreatesan

imbalanceinthedensityofairwithinthecontainer

lighter)andtheairoutsidethecontainer(heavier)giving

thecontainerliftandtherebycausingittoascend上升.Hydrogenislighterthanhotair;thereforeacontainer

filledwithhydrogendoesnothavetobeasbigasone

filledwithhotairtoprovideequalliftingpower.基本原理JosephandEtienneMontgolfier,scientificallyinformed見多識廣

papermakersatAnnonay,Francerealizedthatapaperbagfilledwithhotairwillascendprovidingthemwiththeconceptofthehotairballoon.EtiennewasthefirsthumanbeingtoachievetetheredLTAflight.熱氣球飛行Thefirstballoonflight–theascentoftheMontgolfierunmanned無人

hot-airballoonatAnnonay(4June1783)無人熱氣球飛行Paris:Montgolfiersconductflightwithsheep(lightbonestructure),duckandrooster(19September1783)動物熱氣球飛行EtienneMontgolfiermakesfirsttetheredLTAflight,October1783.Montgolfiers’balloontugsonitsmooringlinesmomentsbeforebeingreleaseduntetheredfromtheBoisdeBoulogne,nearParis,withhumanpassengerson21November1783.(contemporarycoloredetching)盛況Theballoonaloft.PilatredeRozier(left)andMarquisd’Arlandes–firsthumanstomakefreeLTAflight.Pilatreisshownconductinganexperiment,byigniting點燃

exhaledhydrogengas,whichcouldhavekilledhim.Hydrogenandairformaverydangerouscombination!載人熱氣球飛行Basically,thehotairballoonhasnotchangedallthatmuchsincetheMontgolfiersinventedit.ThetriumphantascentofProfessorCharles’hydrogenballoonon1December1783,equippedtoconductscientificexperiments,itflewabout17miles.Altitudecontrollablebyusingvalve閥,atechnologicalfirst.Beginningofvalveandballast壓艙物

system.Byreleasinggasthroughavalveaballooncanbemadetodescend.Bythrowingballastoverthesideaballooncanbemadetoascend.ThoughMillbrookedoesnotsayso,Charles,aphysicist,musthaveknownthesecondprinciple.升降控制TicketlessspectatorsswarmoverthewalloftheTuileriesGardenstowatchJ.A.C.CharlesandM.N.Roberttakeoff.AfterlandingatNesle,Charlestakesoffaloneforhissecondflight,watchedbydeRozierandcompanions,whohadriddenfromParistofollowtheballoon’sprogress.TheflightwassuchamiserableexperiencethatCharlesneverflewagain.Anelaborateapparatususedforproducinghydrogenisshowninthis1790drawing.Thesmallpails提桶

atthetopofthecasks木桶

servedasfunnels漏斗

forpouringtheironfilingsanddilute稀釋

sulfuricacidintothecasks.Thesmallballoonattachedtoacaskatthefarend,wheninflated膨脹,indicatedthepresenceofhydrogen.Thecrosssectionatcentershowsthegas-releasevalve,locatedatthetopofthemainballoon.控制裝置JacquesCharles,FatheroftheHydrogenBalloonAgoldmedallion,orderedbyKingLouisXVI,commemoratestheremarkableaeronauticfeatsof1783–thefirstascensionsofbothhot-air(left)andhydrogen-filledballoons.Note:thatthehydrogenballoonissmallerbecauseofhydrogen’sgreaterliftingpower.皇家榮耀MadameElizabethThible,firstfemaleballoonist,4June1784Jean-PierreBlanchard,world’sfirstprofessionalballoonist氣球駕駛,makesmoneythroughexhibitions.Dr.JohnJeffries,exiledAmericanTory?；庶h,financialbackerandcopilotforBlanchard’scross-Channelflight,7January1785.BlanchardandJeffriesleavethecliffsofDoverbehindenroutetoFranceinthisoilpainting.Theboat-shapedgondola小船

wasequippedwithoarsforsteering,buttheyproveduseless.Thesternsail船尾

wastheproductoftheartist’simagination.Note:thisisahydrogenballoon.TheFrenchdreamofaballooninvasion入侵

ofEngland,aidedinthispicturebywindswhichblowfromoppositedirectionsatthestartandendofthejourney.J.P.Blanchard,9January1793,firstuntethered無拴

balloonascentinU.S.witnessedbyGeorgeWashingtonFloatingunscathed未傷的

overthebattlefieldatFleurusin1794,observingthemovementsoftheAustrianarmy.Commanderispreparingareport,whichhisaidewillslidedownthetetheringlinestoFrenchofficerswaitingbelow.Note:hydrogenballoonhadalreadybeenusedamonthbeforeagainstAustrians.Combiningscienceandspectacle,FrenchaeronautPierreTéstu-Brissyascendsonhorsebackin1798.Bothhorseandmansurvivedthetest,thoughTéstu-Brissydiscoveredthatthehorsebegantobleed出血

fromthenoseatrelativelylowaltitudes.Madeleine-SophieBlanchard,widowofJean-PierreBlanchard,carriedonherhusband’sactivitiesasaprofessionalballoonist,specializinginnightflightsilluminatedbyfireworks.MadeleineBlanchardishurledtoherdeathonaParisstreet7July1819afterherballooncaughtfireinsuchashow.Shewasthefirstwomankilledinaballooningaccident.失事CharlesGreenhadalonglistofsuccessfulflights.Usingcoalgas,makingover500flights,hesetarecordof480milesbetweenEnglandandGermany.Hisuseofcoalgas,whichwasalsocheaperthanhydrogen,helpedpromotesaferballooning.煤氣飛行OneofGreen’sBalloonsinaflightatVauxhall,England.AsMillbrookestates,Greeninventedthedragline,aropeattachedtothebasketatlowaltitude,usedtoslowthespeedofascendingordescending.控制速度FirstuntetheredballoonflightbyanAmerican,CharlesFersonDurant9September1830.AsMillbrookestates,DurantstudiedballooninginFrance.PremierAmericanaeronaut氣球駕駛

JohnWisehadunshakablefaithinballoonsasthesuperiorformoftransport.In1847hewrote:“Ourchildrenwilltraveltoanypartoftheglobewithouttheinconvenienceofsmoke,sparksandseasickness,andattherateof100milesperhour.”HecreatedtheTrans-AtlanticBalloonCorporationandtookoffatSt.LouisinanattempttoflytoEurope,buthadtolandontheshoreofLakeOntarioafterflyingarecordsetting809miles.Hetriedtoflyair-mailfromRichmondIndiana,butwentonlyafewmiles.美國駕駛員SupportedbyPresidentLincoln,ThaddeusLoweusedportablefieldgeneratorstoinflateobservationballoonswithhydrogen(whenavailableheusedcoalgas)whenevertheywereneeded,insteadofhavingtokeeptheminflatedforweeksonend.便攜充氣裝置SketchfromLowe’sBalloon;

8December1861LowepreparingforballoonascentwithUnionForcesin1862.軍事氣球TheconvertedcoalbargeGeorgeWashingtonParkeCustis,sometimescalledtheworld’sfirstaircraftcarrier,wasusedasanobservationballooncarrieronthePotomacfortheNorthernArmyduringtheCivilWar.氣球傳訊AlthoughtheearlypromiseofLowe’seffortswaswasted,theUSArmylaterbecameconvincedofthevalueofobservationballoons,likethisoneatSanJuanHillintheSpanish-AmericanWarof1898.BalloonistsbelongedtotheSignalCorpsuntilaftertheUnitedStatesenteredWorldWarI.FélixTournachon,aFrenchmanwhowasknownprofessionalasNadar,combinedhisvocation才能,photography攝影術,withhispassion,ballooning,tobecomethefirstaerialphotographerintheworld.Heisshown“raisingphotographytotheheightofart”inthis1862caricature.NadarhadaprofoundinfluenceonJulesVerne,pioneeringsciencefictionwriter,whobasedhisfantasy,FiveWeeksInABalloononNadar.空中攝影Prussiantroopsbesieging圍困

Parisin1871,duringtheFranco-PrussianWar,trytobringdownadispatch-carryingballoonfromthebeleagueredcapital.ThehopesofembattledParisridewithInteriorMinisterLéonGambetta(infurhat,besidegondolaatleft)ashepreparestotakeoffbyballoonfromMontmartreon7October1870.GambettaarrivedinTourssafetyandtookovertheFrenchnationaldefenseeffort.ImaginaryballoonexpeditiontoArctic,late19thCentury.BesuretostudywhatMillbrookesaysaboutarealattemptedexhibitiontotheNorthPolebySwedishaeronautSalmonAugusteAndrèein1897.氣球探險隊TheJamesGordonBennetttrophy,whichwaspresentedtothe1929winnersofballooning’smostimportantrace,wasthethirdonecreatedforthecontest.Twoofitspredecessorshadbeenretired,byBelgiumin1924andbytheUnitedStatesin1928,afterballoonsfromthosenationshadwonthecompetitionthreeyearsinarow.賽事獎杯PublisherJamesGordonBennett’sbulldogexpressioninthis1916photographbefitshisreputationasatenacious,aswellasgenerous,patron贊助人

ofearly-20thCenturysport.Inadditiontoendowingtheannualballoonracethatborehisname,Bennettestablishedsimilarprizesforairplane,automobileandyachtracing.AnAmericanLT.FrankLahm,wonthefirstBennettBalloonRaceinFrancein1906.著名金主Cartoonofaerialtrafficjam,flyingpoliceman飛行警察BalloonmeetatChateaud’Oex,ahighlypopularballooningcenterintheSwissAlps.Somehot-airballoonshavefancifulshapes,reflectingthewhimsofenthusiasts.Thankstotheadventofcomputersoftwaretocontrolthecuttingofthedifferentsectionsofthefabric,thedesignsofspecially-shapedadvertisingballoonsarelimitedonlybytheinspirationoftheircreators.奇幻氣球LTA飛行之二非剛性的和半剛性的可駕駛飛船Adirigibleisasteerable可駕駛

lighter-than-aircraftthatmovesunderitsownpoweragainstthewind.Oneoftheprimaryshortcomingsofaballoonwasthatitwentwhereverthewindtookit.Theideaofcombiningaboatwithaballoonwasanaturalconcept.Peopleenvisioned想象

propellingsuchacraftwithextremelylightpaddles劃槳

oroars櫓

thatlookedlikehugefeathers,orsails帆.Forsteeringtheynaturallythoughtintermsofarudder舵.Suchideaswerefarmoredifficulttoachieveinpracticethantothinkabout.BlanchardandJeffriesleavethecliffsofDoverbehindenroutetoFranceinthisoilpainting.Theboat-shapedgondolawasequippedwithoarsforsteering,buttheyproveduseless.Thesternsailwastheproductoftheartist’simagination.最初的想象BornonJune191754,atTours,France,JeanBaptisteMarieMeusnierwasaFrenchaeronauticaltheoristandmilitarygeneral.Hewasthefirsttoenvisionanelongated伸長的

airshipinplaceofthesphericalballoon.Heconceivedtheelliptical-shapedairshipin1784,soonafterthefirstflightsoftheMontgolfiers‘balloons.Heproposedtheuseofthreepropellersforpropulsionthatwouldbedrivenbythemanualpowerofeightymen.His“ballonet”氣袋

consistedofasmallerbaginsidealargerone.Itsinflationordeflationwouldcontrolthealtitudeoftheairship.Hisdesignincludedhorizontalfins鰭

forstabilityandatriangularsuspension懸浮

systemforthecar.HenriGiffardadoptedmuchofMeusnier'sdesigninhisfirstsuccessfulpoweredairship.將軍的設想JeanBaptisteMeusnier‘sproposeddirigible,1784.Heevenconceivedalargeshed棚

inwhichsuchadirigiblecouldbehoused.This1785watercolorbyFrenchsoldier-engineerJean-Baptiste-MarieMeusnierdetailapeaked-roofedhangartohouseit..This1785watercolorbyFrenchsoldier-engineerJean-Baptiste-MarieMeusnierdetailapeaked-roofedhangartohouseit..HenriGiffard,aFrenchman,trainedasamechanicalengineerandhavingafirmgraspofthermodynamics,thoughtthatasmallbutpowerfulsteamenginewouldbeneededtopoweradirigible,whichwouldhavetocarryfuel,water,andaboiler鍋爐.Itwouldbesteeredbyatriangularsail-likerudder.第一個制造者Thespidery蜘蛛網狀

constructionofGiffard’sdirigiblewhichflewin1854,wasabletosupporttheweightofasmallsteamenginetoprovidepower.Notethepointed,streamlinedshapeofthegasbag,whichcontainedtwosphericalgasbagscalledballonets,tohelpprovidetheshapehewanted,andthelongkeel龍骨

suspendedunderthegasbag.Unfortunatelyitcouldnotsuccessfullynavigateagainstthewind,andheultimatelycommittedsuicide.RénardandKrebs’dirigiblehadadifferentshapefromGiffard’s,andusedanelectricmotordrivenbylightweightbatteries.GastonandAlbertTissandier’sgondola狹頭小船

waslargeenoughtocarrybanksofheavybatteriestoprovideitspower.Aninternalcombustionengineusestherepeatedexplosionofafuelinsideacylindertodriveapistonbackandforth.Gunpowder,conceivedasasuitablepowersourcebyaFrenchman,DenisPapin,wastoogranulartobefeedintobothendsofacylinderintinyquantitiesandexplodedrepeatedly.Coalgaswasmuchmoresuitable.ABelgianinventor,Lenoirinventedasimpletwo-strokeengineinwhichsmallquantitiesofcoalgaswereignitedonalternatesidesofapiston,butitdidnotprovidethepowerneededforsuccessfuloperation.內燃機的使用Lenoir’stwo-strokeengine.Steamengineswhichhadtoberelativelyheavyandelectricalstoragebatterieswhichhadtobeextremelynumeroustoprovideanythinglikethepowerneededtopropeladirigible,weretechnologicaldeadends.Whatwasneededwasarelativelylightenginethathadanextremelyfavorablepower-to-weightratio.Theinternalcombustionengine,developedinitsreallysuccessfulforminthe1870sbyaGermanengineerNikolausOttoandconceivedforuseinfactoriesledswiftlytomotorcycles,automobiles,anddirigibles.NikolausOtto,inventorofthefirsteffectiveinternalcombustionengine-18761)Intake–Asmallquantityofcoalgasisadmittedthroughavalveintooneendofthecylinder.2)Compression-Bymeansofmotionimpartedbyaspeciallydesignedcrankshaftthepistoncompressesthecoalgas.3)Ignition–Thecoalgasisexplodedcausingthepistontomovetotheoppositeendofthecylinderwithgreatforce.4)Exhaust–Thespentgasesareexpelledthroughavalve.Thesameprocessisrepeatedbyadmittingcoalgasintotheendofthecylinderwhereexhausthasjusttakenplace,usingthesamefourcyclesandperformingthesamesequenceofoperationsinreverse.Throughthecoordinateduseofmechanicalcomponents,thissequencecouldberepeatedthousandsoftimeseachminute;thusarosetheconceptofRPMs(revolutionsperminute).Otto’senginelikeLenoir’shadasinglecylinderandusedcoalgas(sometimescalledilluminatinggas)butprovidedthepowerneededforsuccessfuloperation.Otto’ssecretwascompressingthecoalgasbeforeignitingit,makingithitthecylinderwitha“bounce.”Hisengineoperatedonafour-strokeprincipleasfollows:內燃機原理Otto’sfourstrokecycle.Coalgaswasgoodforastationaryengine,butwasnotanidealfuelforamovingvehicle.Thesolution:gasoline汽油

vapormixedwiththerightamountofair,workedverywell.Gasoline,previouslyawastematerialproducedbyrefiningpetroleum精煉油

andburnedintheambientairtogetridofit,suddenlybecameanextremelydesirableproduct.Storedinatank,mixedwithairinavaporizedformbyacomponentcalledacarburetor汽化器,andfedintooneormorecylinders氣缸,providedtherangeandpowerneededbymovingvehiclesincludingmotorcycles.Asmallbutpowerfulmotorcycleengineprovidedthepowerneededtopropeladirigibleagainstthewindunlockingthepathtothefuture.前路無限Aluminum鋁的使用Anotherthingneededforstrongbutlightdirigiblestructureswasametalthatwouldstandupbetterthanwoodagainstthebuffetingofhighwinds.Aluminum,whichexistsinvastquantitiesinanore礦石

calledbauxite釩土,wastheanswer,butseparatingthealuminumfromothermaterialsintheorewasanapparentlyinsolubleproblemuntilthecomingofthedynamo電機

madeitpossibletoproducemassiveamountsofelectricalcurrent.Inthemid1880sanAmerican,CharlesMartinHall,andaFrenchman,PaulHeroult,virtuallysimultaneouslylearnedhowtosegregatealuminumfromothermaterialsbyelectrolysis.Thisprocessrequiredhugeamountsofelectricityandlargeinvestments投資.FinanciersincludingtheMellonfamilyofPittsburghsuppliedthecapital資金

forwhatultimatelybecametheAluminumCompanyofAmerica(ALCOA)helpinglaunchaneweraindirigibledesign.CharlesMartinHall(left)andPaulHeroult(right)AirBattleenvisionedby

JulesVerneHeavier-than-aircraft

envisionedbyJulesVerneAlbertoSantos-Dumont’sAirshipnumber6roundstheEiffelTowerhalfwaythroughitsprize-winningflightof19October1901.成功飛行Amedallionstrucktocommemoratetherecord-breakingflightofAlbertoSantos-Dumont.紀念章Santos-Dumont,showninthiscaricature漫畫,wasthesonofarichBraziliancoffeeplanter.HewenttoPariswithalotofmoneyandpoureditintoaseriesofdirigiblesuntilhewontheDeutschPrizeforcirclingtheEiffelTowerinaflightofatleastonemile.Santos-Dumontwasidolized崇拜

byParisianswholookeduponhimastheworld’sgreatestaeronaut.AParsevalshort-rangereconnaissance偵察

airshipfliesovertheGermancountrysidein1909.Thenonrigiddirigiblesperformedsowellthatby1914Parsevalshadbeenpurchasedbythearmiesofsevennations.ArrivingoverLondonfromParisonthe16thofOctober,1910,theFrench-builtClément-BayardIIbecomesthefirstairshiptomaketheflightfromtheContinent.Thedirigiblehadcovered244milesinsixhours.跨洲飛行Thefirsttruenon-rigidairshipmadebytheLebaudybrothersfortheFrenchArmy,nicknamedLeJaunebecauseofthebrightyellowcolorofitsenvelope,wentonshowatthe1903ParisExposition.Stoppedbyenginefailure,headwindsandfoginanattempttoocrosstheAtlanticin1910,thecrew成員

oftheairshipAmericalowersitslifeboatneararescuevessel,thesteamshipTrent.TheAmericanhadflownfor71?hours,anewendurancerecord.DetailsoftheCaliforniaArrowdirigibledevelopedinAmericabyThomasBaldwinattheturnofthe20thcentury..CountFerdinandvonZeppelin,shownhereinoldage,visitedtheUnionArmyintheCivilWarasarepresentativeofSwabia(Wuerttemburg),sawballoonsinaction,anddevotedhimselftodevelopingdirigiblesformilitaryuse.Heconceivedtheideaofthefullyrigiddirigible,withconcentricaluminumgirdersofdecreasingdiameter.Multiplegasbags,filledwithhydrogen,withintheship,wouldprovidelift.Atfirstridiculed嘲笑,hisideasblossomedintogiantairshipsthatbecamethemarveloftheworld.剛性飛船出現(xiàn)BythetimeZeppelinhadbuilttheLZ4,hisairshipswerecapableofmakinglong-distanceendurancetripstoimpresstheGermanArmy,butwerestillfatallyvulnerable易受攻擊

tobadweather.Withtheaidofaagiftedengineer,LudwigDürr,andasuperbadministrator,HugoEckener,Zeppelindevelopedanon-scheduledairline,DELAG(DeutscheLuftschiffAktiengesellschaft)thattookpassengersonexcursionflightsaroundGermany,butheneverwantedhisairshipstobecommercialinnature.Notwantingtoputallitseggsinonebasket,Germanyalsoinvestedinairplanes(heavierthanair)aftertheWilburWrightcametoEuropein1908andconclusivelydemonstratedtheirpromise.InWorldWarIairplanes,aswewillsee,provedmoresuccessfulasbombers轟炸機

thandidZeppelins.Thisisastorywewilltelllater.飛船航線HugoEckener–prophetofthecommercialrigiddirigible.UltimatelytheGermanNavyledbyAdmiralAlfredvonTirpitz(left)convincedKaiserWilhelmII(right)oftheutilityofwhatwerenowcalledZeppelins齊柏林飛艇

asaerialscoutvesselsandlong-rangebombers.TheGermanArmyalsoadoptedthembutmorereluctantly不情愿的.H.G.Wells’novelTheWarInTheAir(1908)envisionedaworldwarbreakingoutwithaGermanZeppelinraid襲擊

onNewYorkCity.ZeppelinLZ10mademorethan200longdistanceflightsandcarriedmorethan1500passengers.EyesoftheFleet艦隊:navaluserswantedairshipslikethisBritishrigiddirigibleflyingoverRoyalNavywarships,asananswertotheeternalproblemoftrackingtheenemy.AfterthewartheBritishdevelopedsomelong-rangerigidairships,particularlytheR100andtheR101forcarryingpassengerstofar-flungoutpostsoftheBritishEmpire.ZeppelinbomberbeingshotdowninflamesbyaBritishfighterplane.BritishairshipR100atthemooringmast裝桅桿

inMontreal,followinghersuccessfulAtlanticcrossing.Inacalculatedexperiment,theR100whichprovedoutstandinglysuccessfulinitsshortcareer,wasbuiltbyprivateenterprise.

TheR101favoredbyanewgovernmentheadedbytheLabourParty,embodiedsomanyspecialfeaturesthatitwasseriouslyover-weightandcrashedonitsmaidenvoyage處女航

toIndiagettingonlyasnorthernFrance,whereitcamedowninastorm.Hereistheburned-outwreckageoftheR101nearBaeuvais.TheUSSShenandoahwithtwoCurtissbiplanefightersapproachingthetrapezegear吊桿(justaheadoftheleadingengines)frombehindandbelow.TheUSSShenandoah.Promiseblighted毀滅的

–theUSSAkronandUSSMacon.USSMacon.AfighterfromtheUSSMaconhooksontothetrapezegear.AllthreeofthegiantAmericanairshipsyouhavejustseencrashedinstorms.TheonlyAmericanairshipthatdidnotwastheLosAngeles,whichwasbuiltinGermanyandgiventotheUnitedStatesaspartofGermanreparations賠款

undertheTreatyofVersailles凡爾賽條約.毀于風暴LedbyHugoEckener(ZeppelinhimselfdiedinWorldWarI),theGermans,developedthebestlong-rangerigiddirigibles.HereisacutawayviewoftheLZ130,alsoknownastheGrafZeppelin,themostsuccessfulcommercialrigidairshipinhistory.Amongotheraccomplishments,itflewaroundtheworldinaspectacular引人入勝

demonstrationflightin1929.Medallionstrucktocommemoratetheround-theworldflightofGrafZeppelinin1929.TheGrafZeppelinattractsadmiringcrowdsonavisittoEngland.GrafZeppelinandpartofthelargecrewneededtomaneuver機動

theairshipontheground.ControlpositionofLZ127GrafZeppelin.Luxury奢華

inflight–theGrafZeppelin’sdiningroom.EncouragedbythesuccessoftheGrafZeppelin,theGoodyearRubberCompanyofAkron,Ohioplannedtodeveloplong-rangepassengerairshipswithGermanguidance,resultingintheGoodyear-Zeppe