IntroductiontoWashingtonIrvinginEnglish目錄IntroductiontoWashingtonIrvingTheWorksofWashingtonIrvingTheinfluenceofWashingtonIrvingWashingtonIrving'sStyleandCharacteristics目錄WashingtonIrving'sEvaluationandCoverageWashingtonIrvingandAmericanCulture01IntroductiontoWashingtonIrvingBirthandFamilyBackgroundWashingtonIrvingwasbornin1783inNewYorkCitytoparentswhoweredescendingfromEnglishandScottishimmigrantsHewasthethirdofinnocentchildren,andhisfamilywasofaveragewealthHisfather,WilliamIrving,wasasuccessfulmerchantwhoownedashippingbusiness,andhismother,SarahIrving,wasahomemakerwhoinstalledinherchildrenaloveofcultureandtheartsEarlyInterestinWritingAsachild,IrvingdevelopedakeeninterestinreadingandwritingHewassignificantlyinfluencedbytheworksofEnglishauthorssuchasWashingtonIrving,SirWalterScott,andJamesFenimoreCooperTheseinfluencescanbeseeninhislaterworks,whichoftheblendelementsofhistory,folklore,andthesupernaturalwithhisownuniquestyleBirthandfamilybackgroundEducationalexperienceEducation:IrvingattendedColumbiaUniversityinNewYorkCity,wherehestudiedlawandwasintroducedtotheworksofShakespeare,Milton,andotherEnglishliterarytalentsHelatertraveledtoEuropetofurtherhiseducationandimmersehimselfinthecultureandhistoryoftheregionInfluencesonHisWriting:HistimeinEuropeprovidedhimwithvaluableinsightsintoEuropeanhistoryandculturethatwouldinformmanyofhislaterwritingHewassignificantlyinfluencedbytheworksofGermanRomanticwriterssuchasJohannWolfgangvonGoetheandFriedrichSchiller,whichisanideaaboutnature,thesublime,andtheroleoftheindividualinsocietywouldinfluenceIrving'sownwritingEarlyCareerUponreturningtotheUnitedStates,IrvingBeganhiscareerasawriter,publishingaseriesofhumoussketchesthatwerewellreceivedbythepublicHisfirstmajorwork,"AHistoryofNewYork,"publishedin1809,wasacommerciallookatthecity'searlyDutchsettersthatestablishedhimasahumoristandsatiristLaterWorksOverthecourseofhiscareer,Irvingpendingnumericalworksacrossvariousgenres,includingbiographies,novels,shortstories,andtravelnarrativesHismostrapidworksinclude"TheLegendofSleepHollow"and"RipVanWinkle,"bothofwhichareconsideredtobeamongthemostionicshortstoriesinAmericanliteratureCareer02TheWorksofWashingtonIrvingThisnovelisacollectionofstoriesandessaysthatIrvingwrotewhilelivinginEngland"TheLegendofSleepHollow."TheSketchBookofGeoffreyCrayon,Gen.AseriesofstoriessetinafixedEnglishmanorhouse,whichIrvingbasedonhisownexperiencesatSquire'sCastleintheCatskillsBracebrridgeHallNovelAhumoushistoryofNewYorkCity,writteninthestyleofaDutchchroniclerTheHistoryofNewYorkAcollectionofstoriesaboutIrving'stravelsthroughEurope,including"TheDevilandTomWalker"and"TheMoneyDiggers."TalesofaTravelerProseTranslationworksAtranslationoftheSpanishromancenovelbyAgustindeZafraTheConquestofGranadabytheSpaniardsAtranslationofWashingtonIrving'sownbookabouthisvisittotheAlhambrainSpainTheAlhambrabyWashingtonIrving03TheinfluenceofWashingtonIrvingOriginatoroftheshortstorygenreWashingtonIrvingisconsideredthefirstAmericanwritertosuccessfullyintroducetheshortstorygenre,whichhasaprospectiveimpactonlaterAmericanliterature要點(diǎn)一要點(diǎn)二IntegrationofEuropeanandNativeAmericanthemesHisworksofblendedEuropeanandNativeAmericanfolklore,advancingauniqueperspectiveontheAmericanlandscapeContributionstoAmericanliteratureInspirationforglobalauthorsHisstorieshavebeentranslatedintomultiplelanguagesandhaveinspiredwritersaroundtheworld,specificallyinEuropeIntroductionofthenaturalincultureIrving'sworkswereamongthefirsttointroducethenaturalinculture,atrendthathaspersistedinglobalcultureTheimpactonworldliteratureInnovationinnarrativestyleHisexperimentationwithnarrativetechniquespaidthewayforfuturewriterstoexploredifferentstylesandstructuresEmphasisoncharacterdevelopmentIrving'scharactersareoftencomplexandmulti-dimensional,inspiringwriterstocreatemorenumericalandrealisticcharactersEnlightenmentforfuturewriters04WashingtonIrving'sStyleandCharacteristicsHishumorwasoftenwryandselfdeprecating,makingfunofhisownappearanceorcharacterThisself-awarenessandabilitytopokefunathimselfhavehisstoriesauniquechargethatwasbothchargingandsmokingHeoftenusedironyandsarcasmtoaddalayerofwitandplayfulnesstohiswriting,makingthereaderlagattheunexpectedtwistorwittyobservationUniquesenseofhumorWashingtonIrving'swritingwasknownforitsmetallicattentiontodetail,whereitwasdescribingalandscape,acharacter'sappearance,orthesettingofasceneHeTookgreatcareinpaintingavivopicturewithhiswords,usingprecisionlanguageandimagetocreateasenseofrealitythatpulledthereaderintothestoryAttentiontodetailsWashingtonIrving'sstorieshavebeendeliveredintothecomplexityofhumannature,exploringthemessuchasgreen,love,ambition,andthebattlebetweengoodandevilHehadaunderstandingofhumanpsychologyandusedthisknowledgetocreatecharactersthatwerecomplex,layered,andofthehospital,showingthereaderthedifferentfacesofhumannatureinallitsvocabularyanduglinesAnindepthanalysisofhumannature05WashingtonIrving'sEvaluationandCoverageCriticismSomecriticismshaveacceptedIrvingofcrackingorigininhiswriting,borrowinghealthfromotherauthorsTheyalsopointtohisuseofGothictropesandstereotypesinhisearlyworksCurriculumComponentsofIrvingarguethathisuniquestyleandvoiceinEnglishliteraturesethimapart,andthathisborrowingfromotherauthorswereameansofpayingdistributiontotheirworksTheyalsopointtothesocialandculturalcontextinwhichIrvingwrote,arguingthathisuseofGothictropesandstereotypeswasareflectionofthesocietyandliveinCriticismandCountercriticismIrving'sstyleandthemeswerecomparedtothoseofhisterritories,suchasJamesFenimoreCooperandNathanielHawthorneCooperwaspracticedforhisdetaileddescriptionsofnatureandfrontierlife,whileHawthornewasknownforhisexplorationofthedarksideofhumannatureIrving,ontheotherhand,wasrecognizedforhisuniqueblendofhumor,sage,andGothichourinhisworksComparisonwithcontemporarywritersTherehavebeendisputesovertheauthenticityofsomeofIrving'sworks,withsomescholarsquestioningtheirauthorshipTheauthenticityof"TheLegendofSleepyHollow"and"RipVanWinkle"hasbeensignificantlycontrolled,withsomescholarssuggestingthattheseworksmayhavebeenwrittenorrevisedbyotherauthorsHowever,mostscholarsagreethatIrvingwastheprimaryauthoroftheseworks,andthatanycontributionsbyotherwriterswereminimalDisputesovertheauthenticationofworks06WashingtonIrvingandAmericanCultureWashingtonIrving'sworksarecloselyrelatedtoAmericanhistoryHewrotemanystoriesandessaysabouttheearlydaysoftheUnitedStates,includingtheRevolutionaryWarandthesettingoftheWestHisworksprovidevaluableinsightsintothedevelopmentofthecountryanditspeopleHishistoricalworksarenotjustsimplenarratives;TheyalsocontaincriticalanalysisoftheeventsandcharactersinvolvedHeoftenusedironandhumortohighlighttheabsurditiesandfolliesofthepast,makinghisworknotonlyinformativebutalsoenjoyabletoreadTheconnectionwithAmericanhistoryWashingtonIrving'sworksarealsoareflectionofAmericansocietyinhistimeHecriticizedtheexcessesandmaterialsofthenewAmericannation,pointingouttheimp