新人教選擇性必修三Unit3EnvironmentalProtection重點(diǎn)詞匯詳解+語法+重點(diǎn)句式知識清單PartoneWordsandPhrases單元重點(diǎn)詞匯講解一詞多義1.release

vt.&n.排放；釋放；發(fā)布①Firefighterstooktwohoursto

release

thedriverfromthewreckage.(vt.釋放)②Undertheagreement，releases

ofcancercausingchemicalswillbecutbyabout80percent.(n.排放)③Heis

releasing

analbumoflovesongs.(vt.發(fā)布)2.seize

vt.抓??；奪取；控制①“Leigh，”hesaid，seizing

myarmtoholdmeback.

(vt.抓住)②Troopshave

seized

theairportandrailwayterminals[vt.(鐵路樞紐).奪取]③UNofficialssaytwomilitaryobserverswere

seizedbytheKhmerRougeyesterday.(vt.控制)詞匯講解1.starvevi.&vt.(使)挨餓；餓死Thenewjobdoesn'tpayasmuchbutwewon'tstarve!新工作的工資不多，不過我們不至于挨餓！Anumberoftheprisonerswesawarestarving.我們看到的一些囚犯快要餓死了。[造句]如果你再浪費(fèi)糧食，我就讓你挨餓。Ifyouwasteanyfoodagain，Iwillstarveyou.[知識拓展]starvetodeath餓死starvefor...渴望；急需→starvedadj.感到很餓的bestarvedtodeath被餓死bestarvedof/for...極需；缺乏→starvationn.挨餓；餓死dieofstarvation餓死→starvingadj.饑餓的；挨餓的[小片段助記]Mr.Whiteearnsonlyalittlewage，sohestarvesforajobwithbetterpay.Yousee，noonelikestostarvetodeath.2.referto...查閱，參考；涉及，關(guān)于；提到，談起，指的是；提交Ipromisednottorefertothematteragain.我答應(yīng)過不再提這事了。Pleaserefertotherighthandcolumnofpage200ofthisdictionary.請參看這本詞典第二百頁右面一欄。[造句]那句話與她無關(guān)。Thatremarkdoesnotrefertoher.→

referencen.

提到;談及;參考;查詢;查閱forreference作參考keepitforreference備作參考inreferencetothatincident關(guān)于那件事withoutreferenceto...不管,不論,與…無關(guān)3.betrappedin被困在……中Ifthebuswastrappedinthesnow，therewasvirtuallynowaytoevacuatethosefourkids.如果公共汽車被困在暴風(fēng)雪中，那么幾乎沒有方法使這四個(gè)孩子撤離。Hewastrappedinanunhappymarriage.他陷入不幸的婚姻之中。[造句]她被困在燃燒著的房子里了。Shewastrappedintheburninghouse.[小片段助記]Thehuntersetatrapwhichwasusedtotraptheanimalintomovingintothetrap.Butthelittleboyfellintothetrapbyaccident.4.resultin...導(dǎo)致；造成Foodallergiescanresultinanenormousvarietyofdifferentsymptoms.食物過敏會(huì)引發(fā)很多不同的癥狀。Thesepoliciesresultedinmanyelderlypeoplefeelinghappy.這些政策使得許多老人感到幸福。[造句]

當(dāng)你有信心的去做某事，就會(huì)成功。Whenyoudosomethingwithfaith，itwillresultinsuccess.[知識拓展]resultfrom...由……引起，由……產(chǎn)生Successresultsfromhardwork.成功來自努力的工作。Hisillnessresultedfrombadfood.他的病是由于吃了變質(zhì)的食物所致。asaresult

因此asaresultof...由于...Hewasill.

Asaresult，hewaslateforclass.＝Asaresultof

hisillness，hewaslateforclass.5.restrictvt.限制；限定；束縛Havingsmallchildrentendstorestrictyourfreedom.有年幼的孩子往往會(huì)限制你的自由。Thelongskirtrestrictedhermovements.長裙妨礙了她的行動(dòng)。[造句]不要限制她的適當(dāng)?shù)幕顒?dòng)。Don'trestrictherproperactivities.[知識拓展]restrict...to...把……限制在……berestrictedto...

限于restrictsb./oneselftodoingsth.約束……干……Irestrictmyselftoonecupofcoffeeaday.Werestrictthenumberofstudentsperclassto10.→restrictionn.限制規(guī)定；限制法規(guī)；控制withoutrestriction毫無限制

Theparkisopentothepublicwithoutrestriction．→restrictiveadj.限制(性)的；約束(性)的6.seizevt.抓?。粖Z?。豢刂芐hetriedtoseizethegunfromhim.她試圖搶奪他的槍。Thearmyhasseizedcontrolofthecountry.軍隊(duì)已經(jīng)控制全國。[造句]這是我們要明智把握的一個(gè)共同機(jī)遇。Thisisajointopportunitythatwearewisetoseize.7.submitvt.&vi.提交；呈遞；屈服；順從；認(rèn)為pletedprojectsmustbesubmittedby10March.完成的方案必須在3月10日前提交上來。ButIcannotsubmit，Icanbeemyownmaster.但我并不會(huì)屈服的，我會(huì)成為自己的主人的。[造句]被告律師認(rèn)為這一證據(jù)不可采納。Counselforthedefencesubmittedthattheevidencewasinadmissible.[小片段助記]Thegeneralhadtosubmittheagreementtotheenemies.Thatistosay，hesubmittedtothem.[知識拓展]submitoneselfto...甘受……；服從……

submit...to...向……提交……→submissionn.提交的文件；屈服；服從8.besensitiveto...對……敏感Ilearnedthatafishisakindofcoldbloodedanimalandthereforeisverysensitivetowatertemperature.→sensibleadj.明智的；意識到的besensibleof...意識到……；認(rèn)識到……Ifyouarenotsensibleofthedangersofyourposition,youwillsufferalotsoonerorlater.→sensen.感覺；見識；意義；理智vt.感覺到makesense講得通；有道理makesenseof...理解；弄懂inasense在某種意義上innosense決不(置于句首句子用倒裝)Innosensecantheissuebesaidtoberesolved.9.endup＋adj./v.ing最后/最終……endupas...最終成為或變成……endupwith...以……結(jié)束(后接表示具體事物的名詞)endupin...以……結(jié)束(后接表示抽象概念的名詞)endupwith...后接表示具體事物的名詞，該名詞是事情發(fā)展的最后一部分；endupin...后接表示抽象概念的名詞，該名詞是指事情發(fā)展的結(jié)果。ParttwoGrammar直接引語與間接引語引述某人的話一般采用兩種形式：一種是直接引語（DirectSpeech），即原封不動(dòng)地引用原話，把它放在引號內(nèi)；另一種是間接引語（IndirectSpeech），即用自己的話加以轉(zhuǎn)述，被轉(zhuǎn)述的內(nèi)容不放在引號內(nèi)。一、直接引語變間接引語A．陳述句的間接引語直接引語是陳述句，變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，在多數(shù)情況下都構(gòu)成一個(gè)that引導(dǎo)的賓語從句，引述動(dòng)詞通常是say,tell等。與此同時(shí)，間接引語中的人稱、時(shí)態(tài)和其他方面也要相應(yīng)有所變化。Theforeigneraidtome,IlikeBeijingverymuch.那老外告訴我：我很喜歡北京。→TheforeignertoldmethatheshelikedBeijingverymuch.那老外告訴我說他（她）很喜歡北京。Shesaid,Weareveryfondofsports.她說：我們都喜歡體育運(yùn)動(dòng)。→Shesaidthattheywereveryfondofsports.她說他（她）們都喜歡體運(yùn)動(dòng)。I'llgooverthegrammarlessononceagain,hesaid.他說：我將把語法課再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。→Hesaidhewouldgooverthegrammarlessononceagain.他說他將要把語法課再復(fù)習(xí)一遍。（that可省略）B．疑問句的間接引語1．一般疑問句和反意疑問句一般疑問句改為間接引語時(shí)，要用陳述語序，并要加連詞if或whether，其主句動(dòng)詞常用ask,wonder,wanttoknow,didn'tknow等。句末不用問號。Myteacheraskedme,DoyoulikeAmericancountrymusic我老師問我：你喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂嗎？→MyteacheraskedmeifwhetherIlikedAmericancountrymusic.我老師問我是否喜歡美國鄉(xiāng)村音樂。Youhaven'tbeentoBeijing,haveyouaskedhe.他問：你沒去過北，是嗎？→HeaskedmeifwhetherIhadbeentoBeijing.他問我是否去過北京。2．否定的一般疑問句和選擇問句如果直接引語為否定的一般問句或選擇疑問句時(shí)，用whether?or連接。Shesaid,Don'tyouknowmytelephonenumber她說：你難道不知道我的號碼嗎？→SheaskedmewhetherIknewhertelephonenumberornot.她問我是知道她的號碼。DoyoulikethisoneorthatoneTomasked.湯姆問：你是喜歡這個(gè)還是那個(gè)？→TomaskedmewhetherIlikedthisoneorthatone.湯姆問我是喜歡這個(gè)還是那個(gè)。3．特殊疑問句間接引語為特殊疑問句時(shí)，間接引語前仍然用特殊疑問詞作為連詞引導(dǎo)賓語從句，注意從句必須用陳述語序，主句謂語動(dòng)詞常用ask。Heasked,Howdoyoulikeit他問：你覺得怎樣？→HeaskedmehowIlikedit.他問我覺得它怎樣。Sheaskedme,What'sthematterwithyou她問我：你怎么啦？→Sheaskedmewhatwasthematterwithme.她問我我怎么啦。Howmanybooksdoyouhavesheasked.她問：你有多少本書？→SheaskedmehowmanybooksIhad.她問我有多少本。4.其它英語中有些疑問句并非提出疑問，而是表示請求、勸告、建議等。這種疑問句變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，往往采用其他的形式。①．suggestdoingShallweallgotothefilmtonightsaidMichael.邁克爾說：我們今晚都去看電影，好嗎？→Michaelsuggestedgoingtothefilmtonight.邁克爾建議今晚都去看電影。Whatabouthavingadrinkheasked.他問：喝杯怎么樣？Hesuggestedhavingadrink.他建議喝一杯。②．a(chǎn)dvisesbtodoWhydon'tyougohikingaskedJames.詹姆士問：你為什么不徒步旅行？Jamesadvisedmetogohiking.詹姆士建議我去徒步旅行。③.offertodoHesaid,Wouldyoulikemetoposttheletter他說：你要我寄信嗎？Heofferedtoosttheletter.他主動(dòng)提出寄信。④．a(chǎn)sksbtodoWillyoupleasebringyourreferencebookheretomorrowshesaidtome.她對我說：勞駕你明天把你的參考書帶來好嗎？→Sheaskedmetotakemyreferencebooktherethenextday.她讓我第二天把我的參考書帶去。C．祈使句的間接引語1．直接引語為祈使句時(shí)，間接引語往往用復(fù)合賓來表示，其結(jié)構(gòu)為主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補(bǔ)足語（動(dòng)詞不定式）。引述動(dòng)詞可根據(jù)口氣選用tell,ask,order,mand,request等詞，句中please去掉。Shesaidtome,Pleasehavearest.她對我說：請休息一下?！鶶heaskedmetohavearest.她要求我休息一下。Don'tallansweratonce,shesaidtothepupils.她對學(xué)生說：大家不要齊聲回答?！鶶hetoldthepupilsnottoanswerallatonce.她叫學(xué)生不要齊聲回答。2．帶有l(wèi)et的祈使句（表示請求，建議或命令），可用suggest+ing形式或suggest+that從句來表示其相應(yīng)的意思。Let'sgoforawalk,saidthegirl.那姑娘說，讓我們?nèi)ド⑸⒉桨?。→Thegirlsuggestedgoingforawalk.這女孩建議去散散步。Theteachersai,LetLilytidytheclassroom.老師說：讓莉莉整理教室。→TheteachersuggestedthatLilyshouldtidytheclassroom.老師建議讓莉莉整理教室。D．感嘆句的間接引語1．直接引語是感嘆句變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，多采用賓語從句結(jié)構(gòu)，既可用what或how引導(dǎo)，也可用that引導(dǎo)。Whatacleverboyyouare!myteachersaidtohim.老師對他說，你是個(gè)聰明的孩子啊！→Myteachertoldhimwhatacleverboyhewas.老師對他說他是一個(gè)多聰明的孩子啊?！鶰yteachertoldhimthathewasaverycleverboy.老師說他是一個(gè)非常聰明的孩子。Hesaid,Howwellyoulook!他說：你看起來氣色多好?。　鶫esaidhowwellIlooked.他說我看起來是氣色多好啊。→HesaidthatIookedverywell.他說我看起來氣色很好。2．有些感嘆句可以根據(jù)原句的意思，采用適當(dāng)?shù)膭?dòng)詞變?yōu)殛愂鼍洌恍栌瞄g接賓語來轉(zhuǎn)述。Help!hecried.他喊到：救命啊！→Hecalledforhelp.他大聲呼救。Whatterribleweatheritis!hesaid.他說：多么糟糕的天氣！→Heplainedabouttheterribleweather.他抱怨這糟糕的天氣。HappyChrismas!hesaid.他說：圣誕快樂！HewishedmeahappyChristmas.他祝我圣誕快樂。二、間接引語中的詞語變化直接引語變?yōu)殚g接引語時(shí)，間接引語中的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)、人稱代詞、物主代詞、指示代詞、時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語以及主謂語詞序往往要作相應(yīng)的變化。A．時(shí)態(tài)的變化1．時(shí)態(tài)的變化①現(xiàn)在時(shí)間推移到過去時(shí)間直接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)Theoldmansaid,Ihavelivedinthisstreetsince1960.→Theoldmansaidthathehadlivedinthatstreetsince1960.那老人說他自從196年起就住在那條街上了。Hesaid,Isitraining

→Heaskedifitwasraining.他問是不是正在下雨。②過去時(shí)間推移到過去的過去直接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)一般過去時(shí)過去完成時(shí)過去進(jìn)行時(shí)間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)過去完成時(shí)過去完成時(shí)（不變）過去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)或不變Shesaidtome,Iwrotealettertomyparentsthreedaysago.→Shetoldmethatshehadwrittenalettertoherparentsthreedaysbefore.她告訴我她三天前已給她母親寫了一封信。Whatwereyoudoingatsevenp.m.yesterdayheasked

→HeaskedmewhatIwasdoingatsevenp.m.thedaybefore.他問我前一天晚上七點(diǎn)在干什么。③將來時(shí)間推移到過去將來時(shí)間直接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)一般將來時(shí)Is/am/aregoingtodoIs/am/aretodo間接引語中的時(shí)態(tài)過去將來時(shí)Was/weregoingtodoWas/weretodoHesaid,Weshallgetreadybyeighto'clock.

→Hesaidthattheyouldgetreadybyeighto'clock.他說他們將在8點(diǎn)前準(zhǔn)備好。Wearetomeetattheschoolgate,shesaidtome.

→Shtoldmethattheyweretomeetattheschoolgate.她告訴我他們約定在校門口見面。④間接引語中保持原來時(shí)態(tài)不變

在下列情況下，間接引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)可以保持不變。a.主句為現(xiàn)在時(shí)或?qū)頃r(shí)，間接引語的時(shí)態(tài)保持不變。Hethinks,Shewillbebackinamonth.

→Hethinksshewillbebackinamonth.他想她將在一個(gè)月后回來。Hesays,Ihaveacceptedherinvitation.

→Hesayshehasacceptedherinvitation.他說他已接受了她的邀請。比較：間接引語中的謂語動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)對比。Sarahsaidtome,Ihavetwobrothers.

莎莎對我說：“我有兩個(gè)弟弟?！盨arahtoldmethatshehastwobrothers.

莎莎告訴我說她有兩個(gè)弟弟。（說話才認(rèn)為這情況是真實(shí)的）Sarahtoldmethatshehadtwobrothers.

莎拉告訴我說她有兩個(gè)弟弟。（說話者對此沒有什么把握）b.間接引語表示的是現(xiàn)在的習(xí)慣動(dòng)作、科學(xué)真理、客觀事實(shí)、格言等。Thegeographyteachersaidtothestudents,Theearthmovesroundthesun.→Thgeographyteachertoldthestudentsthattheearthmovesroundthesun.老師告訴學(xué)生地球圍繞太陽轉(zhuǎn)。Hesaid,Everydoghashisday.

→Hesaidthateverydoghashisday.他說是人皆有出頭日。c.間接引語中動(dòng)詞表示的動(dòng)作說話時(shí)仍在進(jìn)行或狀態(tài)仍然存在，時(shí)態(tài)可保持不變。Hesaid,Thewindowisbrokn.

→Hesaidthatthewindowisbroken.他說玻璃窗碎了。JustnowBrownsaid,Mysonisilltoday.

→Browntoldmejustnowthathissonisilltoday.布朗剛才告訴我說，他兒子今天病了。d.間接引語中有明確的過去時(shí)間狀語，仍可用一般過去時(shí)，不必改為過去完成時(shí)。Thegirlsaid,Iwasbornin1978.

→Thegirlsaidthatshewasbornin1978.那女孩說她生于1978年。Shesaid,Myteacherwasbusyyesterday.→Shesaidthatherteacherwasbusyyesterday.她說她老師昨天很忙。2．情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的變化情態(tài)動(dòng)詞在間接引語中都可以改為過去式，must表示必、推測、禁止等意思時(shí)，可不變；表示必須時(shí)可不變，也可用hadto或wouldhaveto。Theseniorsaid,Allmenmustdie.

→Theseniorsaidthatallmenmustdie.那老者說人總是要死的。Shesaid,Imustgotoseethedoctortomorrowafternoon.→Shesaidshemustwouldhavetogotoseethedoctorthenextafternoon.她說第二天下午她一定得去看醫(yī)生。Hesaidtome,Weusedtogothereeveryyear.

→Hetoldmethattheyusedtoehereeveryyear.他對我說他們過去每年都來這里。（usedto在間接引語中不變）B．代詞的變化1．人稱代詞的變化①當(dāng)主句的主語是第一人稱時(shí)，引語中的人稱代詞不變。Isaid,Youdidquitewellintheexamyesterday.

→Isaidthatyouhaddonequitewellintheexamthedaybefore.我說你那天考得不錯(cuò)。②直接引語中主語是第一人稱時(shí)，在改為間接引語時(shí)，其人稱與主句中的主語的人稱一致。HesaidtoTom,I'lldomybesttocatchupwithothers.→HetoldTomthathewoulddohisbesttocatchupwithothers.

他告訴湯姆他將盡他所能趕上其他人。③直接引語中主語是第二人稱時(shí)，在改為間接引語時(shí)，其人稱和主句的賓語相一致。Hesaidtoher,Wheredidyouputtheglasses

→Heaskedherwhereshehadputtheglasses.他問她，她把杯子放哪兒了。提示：如果主句中無賓語，應(yīng)根據(jù)語境或想象，自添適當(dāng)?shù)馁e語；如果直接引語中有呼語，則將其改為間接引語的賓語。Motherasked,Wherehaveyoubeen

→MoheraskedmewhereIhadbeen.母親問我去哪兒了。Whyareyoulateagain,Johntheteacherasked.→TheteacheraskedJohnwhyhewaslateagain.老師問約翰為什么他又遲到。④直接引語中主語是第三人稱時(shí)，在改為間接引語時(shí)不發(fā)生變化。HesaidtoTom,Shecanhelpthem.

→HetoldTomthatshecouldhelpthem.他告訴湯姆她能夠幫助他們。2．物主代詞的變化Youshouldnotoverlookyourfault,Mumsaidtome.→MumtoldmethatIshouldnotoverlookmyfault.媽媽對我說我不應(yīng)該忽略我的缺點(diǎn)。Thetwoboyssaid,Wehavelosturdog.

→Thetwoboyssaidtheyhadlosttheirdog.這兩個(gè)男孩說他們的狗丟了。3．指示代詞的變化直接引語中的指示代詞thisthese間接引語中的指示代詞thatthoseShesaid,ThisisthehouseinwhichLuXunoncelived.→ShesaidthatthatwathehouseinwhichLuXunhadoncelived.她說那是魯迅曾經(jīng)住過的房子。Iboughttheseflowersforyou,Janesaid.

Janesaidthatshehadboughtthoseflowersforme.簡說那些花是她為我買的。Igrowthesetomatoesmyself,hesaid.

→Heaidthathegrewthosetomatoeshimself.他說那些胡蘿卜是他自己種的。C．時(shí)間和地點(diǎn)狀語的變化1．時(shí)間狀語的變化Hesaid,Ispoketothemyesterday.

→Hesaidthathhadspokentothemthedaybefore.他說他前一天跟他們講過話了。Thestudentsaid,Wehavelearnedabout3,000Englishwordssofar.

→

Thestudentsaidthattheyhadlearnedabout3,000Englishwordsbythen.那學(xué)生說到那時(shí)為止他們已學(xué)會(huì)了3,000個(gè)英語單詞。2．地點(diǎn)狀語的變化當(dāng)直接引語變間引語時(shí)，地點(diǎn)狀語here通常變?yōu)閠here。但如果說話人所在地點(diǎn)就是引述人所地點(diǎn)，那么仍然使用here.ehere,please,hesaid.

→Heaskedmetoehere.他叫我到這里來。（引述人地點(diǎn)不變）→Heaskedmetogothere.他叫我到那里去。（引述人地點(diǎn)發(fā)生變化）Heresheburstoutintoafloodoftears,hesaidtome.

→Hetoldmethatshehadburstoutintoafloodoftearsthere.他告訴我說，談到那個(gè)地方她就放聲大哭了起來。Partthreesentence重點(diǎn)句式1.Thereislittledoubtthat...[教材原句P26]ThereislittledoubtthatEarthisgettingwarmerandwarmer.毫無疑問，地球正變得越來越暖和。句式分析：Thereislittle/nodoubtthat...毫無疑問……；doubt后面用that引導(dǎo)同位語從句；當(dāng)doubt用于否定句和疑問句時(shí)，后面的從句用that引導(dǎo)；用于肯定句時(shí)，后面的從句用whether引導(dǎo)。[例1]Thereisnodoubtthatitwasastrangeandin